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AIRBUS R&D Initiatives vs. Ice CrystalsSession 4: Research & Development Programs

November 2011Aerospace ice crystal conference - EYAK5 - Ref. X30PR1119048 - Issue 1

Presented byAlice GRANDIN / Ice and Rain Protection Engineer

Aerospace Ice Crystal Testing Issues and Challenges

Acknowledment: Fabien DEZITTER / AIRBUS Ice and Rain protection

© AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.


Agenda

• Introduction

• HAIC Research Project

• EASA.2011.OP.28 “HighIWC - Ice Water Content of clouds at High altitude”

• AIRBUS vision

• Way forward


Commercial aircraft have been experiencing in-service events while flying in the vicinity of deep convective cloud since at least the early 1990s.

In 2004, an industry working group was established to look at the effects of supercooled large droplets and mixed phase icing conditions on engines. This working group established that this suspected engine icing phenomenon was present in both commuter and large transport category aircraft, and in all types/manufacturers of engine.

The areas of aircraft that have shown sensibility to ice particles icing threat are heated probes and engines.

Ice accretion will depend on surface temperature, Liquid Water Content, Ice Water Content, air speed, etc. but there is actually no model to simulate ice accretion due to ice particles icing.

Introduction

Aerospace ice crystal conference - EYAK5 - Ref. X30PR1119048 - Issue 1 November 2011


Introduction

NPRM10-10 had been issued by FAA on June 2010 and NPA11/03 and NPA11/04 by EASA on March 2011 to propose a new regulation to cover, among other things, ice particles threat to Aircraft.

FAR33 Appendix D (Ice Crystals & Mixed Phase):

This new envelope is for the moment dedicated to Engines, but should be applicable soon to other Aircraft equipments as Air Data Probes (Eurocae WG89 is working on an update of ETSO C16a, SAE AC-9C on update of AS8006).



Introduction

The whole aeronautical industry needs to anticipate the regulation change, and to develop acceptable

means of compliance.




Agenda

• Introduction



• AIRBUS vision

• Way forward


HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsTechnical & Dissemination Objectives

Different technical aspects have to be studied to allow compliance with new rule (1/2):

• Characterize, optimize, enhance and select the most sophisticated cloud microphysics probes to measure mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions during flight tests and to calibrate icing wind tunnels.

• Measure and Characterize the microphysical properties of core or near-core regions of deep convective clouds, including cloud liquid and ice water contents, particle size distributions and particle shapes.

• Upgrade European icing wind tunnels to allow reproduction of mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions to allow the Aeronautical industry performing qualification of equipments..

• Understand and model involved physical phenomena and Develop numerical tools to simulate the impact of mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions on aircraft components (mainly engines and probes) for supporting both design and certification phases.



HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsTechnical & Dissemination Objectives

Different technical aspects have to be studied to allow compliance with new rule (2/2):

• Develop and validate mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions awareness and detection technologies to alert the crew of flight in these particular icing conditions or to adapt the flight path well in advance in order to avoid such weather conditions.

• Assess the proposed mixed phase and glaciated icing environment as defined in Appendix D and P in light of the analysis of the research flight tests performed as part of the HAIC project and provide recommendations to regulatory bodies..



HAIC – High Altitude Ice Crystals

In coordination with airworthiness authorities, engine manufacturers, systems suppliers, airframers, research

institutes and universities, Airbus proposes to lead a L2 project proposal on

High Altitude Ice CrystalsHigh Altitude Ice Crystals



HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsContext – FP7 Workprogramme 2012

• Activity in Work Programme: ACTIVITY 7.1.3. ENSURING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND SAFETY

• Area in Work Programme: AREA 7.1.3.3. Aircraft safety

• Topic in Workprogramme : AAT.2012.3.5-1. Integrated approach to safe flights under icing conditions

• Content and scope: Research will target the development of measurement techniques and instrumentation for research purposes and for use on-board of commercial aircraft (detection and crew alert). Measurements of the physical characteristics of glaciated and mixed phase icing conditions will be performed in high altitude clouds. This knowledge will be used to improve the representativity of ground testing (wind tunnels) and modelling capacities. Selected icing tunnels should be modified to reproduce more faithfully conditions encountered in high altitude cloud and the computer based modelling will be refined to better include actual physical phenomena. An integrated cross-validation will be performed between in flight measurements, wind-tunnel measurements and model predictions. Results will be analysed in the light of the current regulatory framework and should lead to new recommendations.

• Expected impact: The work should aim at providing European aircraft manufacturers with enhanced understanding, measurement and modelling capacities of near icing or icing conditions at high altitude. The objective is to reduce the risk of incidents when an aircraft is flying in such weather conditions.

• Implementation and management: Cooperation with international working groups on this topic is encouraged as well as cooperation with North America.



HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsTechnical Description

• The work is split into 7 sub-projects:


SP7 Consortium Management, Technical Management and Integration

SP2 High IWC F/T Campaigns

SP1 Instrumentation SP6 High IWC Tools & Simulation Development

SP5 High IWC Test capability Enhancement

SP4 High IWC Detection & Awareness Technology

SP3 Spaceborne Observation & Nowcasting of High IWC regions

WP1.1 SP1 Coordination

WP1.2 Instrumentation Specification

WP1.3 Selection of instrumentation for F/T

Campaigns

WP1.4 Selection of instrumentation for IWT

calibration

WP1.5 Intercomparison of F/T and IWT/T instrumentation


WP3.2 Geostationary spaceborneretrievals of High IWC

WP3.3 Polar orbiting spaceborneretrievals of High IWC

WP3.4 Nowcasting of tropical convection

WP7.1 : Strategic & Technical Management WP7.2 : Consortium Administration WP7.3 : Dissemination & Plans for exploitation

WP4.1 SP4 Coordination WP6.1 SP6 Coordination


WP2.1 SP2 Coordination WP2.2 F/T for High IWC characterization

WP2.3 F/T for validation of new technologies

WP2.4 Microphysical properties of HighIWC regions

WP6.2 Tools Specification

WP6.3 Ice particles trajectory model

WP6.4 Ice particles impingement model

WP6.5 Ice particles accretion model

WP6.6 Integration into industrial environment

WP6.7 Capability Assessment

WP4.2 Awareness & Detection Technology specification

WP5.2 Test capability specification

WP5.3 Technology ice crystal generation

WP5.4 Calibration of test facilities

WP5.5 WT/T for technology validation

WP4.3 Awareness System Development (Radar)

WP4.4 Detection System Development


HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsRoadmap


SP1 – Instrumentation

SP2 – High IWC F/T Campaigns

SP3 – SpaceborneObservation & Nowcasting

of High IWC regions

SP4 – High IWCDetection & Awareness Technology

SP5 – High IWC Test Capability Enhancement

SP6 – HIWC Tools & Simulation Development

M1-3

M6-15 M15-27 M27-M39 M39-48

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

HAIC – High Altitude Ice Crystals

HAIC F/THIWC F/T

Detection Technology –Specification & Proof of concept

Awareness Technology (Radar) –Specification & Proof of concept

European Ice Particles and accretion Models & Tools development

European Ice Particles and accretion Models & Tools validation

TRL3

TRL6

Detection Technology Development

Detection Technology Validation

Awareness Technology Development

AwarenessTechnology Validation

TRL3 TRL5+/6

Atmosphere characterization

Geostationnary spaceborne retrievals of high IWC

Nowcasting of tropical convection

Instrumentation validation & intercomparison

Instrumentation Improvement and selection for F/T and IWT/T

TRL4 TRL5

TRL5

Atmosphere characterization –

preliminary & update

TRL2

Recommendations

wrt App D/P

Polar Orbiting spaceborne retrievals of high IWC

European IWT Development European IWT Calibration

Tests in IWT : Instrumentation, Detection & Models Validation

(V&V)TRL3 TRL5 TRL6

WT/T Instrumentation

F/T Instrumentation

TRL3

spaceborne retrievals & Nowcasting of

tropical convectionValidation TRL5+/6TRL5


HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsPartners


Consortium

Advisory BoardTransport Canada Environment Canada

* ICC *

Executive Board


HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsResults

• The results of this work will provide (1/3):• A characterization of the microphysical properties of core or

near-core regions of deep convective clouds based on a unique flight test dataset in deep oceanic convective storms.

• A set of experimental and numerical capabilities as Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) for the qualification and certification of future aircraft products (mainly probes and engines)• Four complementary upgraded European icing test facilities (TRL6)

with improved representativeness of simulated mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions and covering the whole flight and icing envelope (Low speed / High speed ; Sea level / Altitude),

• A unique numerical model for ice particle trajectory, impingement and accretion and mature research and industrial simulation tools (TRL6) to support pre-design, design and certification of equipments and systems (mainly engine and probes).




• The results of this work will provide (2/3):• A set of awareness and detection technologies to be fitted on

aircraft and able to alert the flight crew when an aircraft is flying in such weather conditions.• A pre-operational space-borne remote detection and nowcasting

application of glaciated icing conditions (TRL6) based on imagery of geostationary MSG-SEVIRI satellite observations, validated with space-borne active and passive cloud observations from LEO and GEO missions and integrated into a pre-operational application for detection of Rapidly Developing Thunderstorm (RDT),

• An upgraded on-board weather radar (TRL6), based on current state-of-the-art X-band airborne weather radar equipment, to raise awareness to the flight crew of the encounter of glaciated icing conditions and ultimately to adapt well in advance the flight path to avoid such weather conditions

• Two to four mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions detectors (TRL6), depending on selection performed as part of the project, to alert the crew of flight in these particular icing conditions




• The results of this work will provide (3/3):• An assessment of the relevance of the proposed mixed phase

and glaciated icing environment as defined in Appendix D and P and a set of recommendations to regulatory bodies (EASA/FAA) in light of the atmosphere characterization performed as part of the project



HAIC – High Altitude Ice CrystalsStatus & Way Forward

• Detailed HAIC synopsis distributed W23

• 1st HAIC Workshop planned July 4th at Airbus, Toulouse

• FP7 Transport Info Days on July 18-19• Presentation of the HAIC project proposal

• 2nd HAIC Workshop on November 3-4 2011• First Draft proposal available : Technical content, Budget,...

Final proposal to be submitted on 1st December 2011

• Evaluation by Q1 2012

• Start, if successful, expected in June-Sep 2012




Agenda

• Introduction



• AIRBUS vision

• Way forward


EASA issued a tender for a research project on “high IWC — ice water content of clouds at high altitude” on the 13th of September 2010 in EU-Tenders-Electronically-Daily.

“Short description of the contract or purchase(s)

The objective of the research project is validation of the mixed phase and glaciated icing environment envelope as proposed for revision of the respective regulations, assessment of the necessity of further amendment/extension of the envelope, definition of necessary actions for more detailed characterisation supported by flight trial measurements, in particular — the determination of the composition of cloud masses at high altitude with the appropriate precision.

Tenders must reach EASA by 18.10.2011 - 17:00

This project may result in EASA rulemaking activities on Part 25 requirements.”

EASA.2011.OP.28 – High IWC Project



The detailed objectives of the EASA-HighIWC proposal are to:• Assess the proposed mixed phase and glaciated icing environment as

defined in Appendix D and P in light of the analysis of the test flights conducted by Airbus over Darwin and Cayenne in 2010. This study will generate new insights in engineering and scientific issues related to the characteristics of convective clouds and the microphysical properties and structure of deep convective cloud systems over land and over the warm tropical ocean,

• Validate or propose modification of the mixed phase and glaciated icing environment as defined in Appendix D and P,

• Identify areas which require a further amendment / extension of the envelope,

• Define necessary actions for a more detailed flight test characterisation with in particular the determination microphysical structure of cloud masses at high altitude with the appropriate precision.




Airbus-CNRS-BOM proposal

The results of this work will provide:• A literature survey of existing reports, publications and data dealing with the

variety of fundamental scientific issues related to the microphysical properties and structure of deep convective cloud systems over land and over the warm tropical ocean (including Airbus Flight Tests analysis).

• An analysis of the gathered/available data by appropriate scientists and meteorologists with the objective to preliminary characterize glaciated and mixed phase icing conditions in terms of particle sizes and total condensed water concentrations.

• An assessment of the gathered/available data against the environment proposed in the NPA 2011-03 (Appendix P) defining mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions.

• A gap analysis of the environment proposed in the NPA 2011-03 (Appendix P) defining mixed phase and glaciated icing conditions and the data already available.

• A detailed action plan to close these gaps in particular by supplementary research flight trials

• The preparation of a ready to fly aircraft (French Falcon 20 aircraft) to support and complement the international field experiment named the HighIWC Study planned over Darwin, Australia, in January-March 2013.






In-Service events

EHWG &

RecommendationsNPRM10-10

NPA 2011-03/04

HighIWCInternational F/T Campaign - 2013

Airbus F/T Campaign - 2010

Data Analysis, Assessment vs App P,

Gap Analysis & Recommendations

F/T development plan

& ready to fly

aircraft

EASA-HighIWC

HAIC L2 Project

Assessment & gap analysis of the

environment proposed in the NPA 2011-03

(Appendix P)

Validation or Amendment of Appendix P (or D)





WP1 Preliminary analysis of the microphysical

properties of the HighIWC regions

using existing airborne in-situ

observations (A-F)

WP3 Management, Reporting & Recommendations (LAMP)

WP2 Falcon 20 Flight Tests Development

Plan (LAMP)

- Falcon 20 Flight Tests Development Plan

Data exchange

- Literature review-Data collection

-Ready to fly aircraft & Demonstration flights

-Assessment of the data against the Appendix P-Gap analysis

-Administration & reporting-Deliverables-Recommendations & Conclusions

EASA-HighIWC Workbreakdown Structure 2011

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11WP1: Preliminary analysis of the microphysical properties of the HighIWC regions

M1 M6

Task 1.1: Literature survey & Data acquisition M1 M3

Task 1.2: Analysis of the microphysical properties of the HighIWC regions M1 M6

WP2: Falcon 20 Flight Tests Development Plan M1 M10

Task 2.1: Recommendation & Development plan for research activities and F/T M1 M7

Task 2.2: Feasibility study & Demonstration M1 M10

WP3: Management, Reporting & Recommendations M1 M11

Task 3.1: Management & Reporting M1 M11

Task 3.2: Recommendations M8 M11

2012 Start Month

End Month

1st Interimreport

2nd Interimreport

Final report&

Presentation

– One year project –

Airbus-BOM-CNRS proposal has been selected and is expected to start by beg Jan 2012



EASA.2011.OP.28 – High IWC ProjectStatus & Way Forward

• EASA Invitation to Tender: EASA.2011.OP.28, “HighIWC — Ice Water Content of clouds at High altitude” on the 13th of September 2011

Final AIRBUS, CNRS and BOM (sub-contractor) proposal submitted on 18th October 2011

• Deadline for submission proposal on 18th of October 2011

• Opening session for evaluation = 25 October 2011

• Completion date for evaluation of tenders = November 2011

• AIRBUS, CNRS and BOM proposal technically accepted on 21st November 2011

• Signature of contracts = December 2011 (Estimated) – under going




Agenda

• Introduction



• AIRBUS vision

• Way forward



AIRBUS vision

Despite the large scope of already proposed research projects, some items still need additional research activities.

• Technologies RobustnessCritical Point AnalysisDefine design rules for technologies in order to enhance

robustness and ensure proper behaviour under such icing conditions.

• Scaling MethodsDefine scaling methods to allow tests similarities (e.g. altitude

scaling, TAT conservation method, Reynolds Number, etc…)

• Cloud Modelling to enhance forecastingUnderstand the formation of ice crystals (nucleation, ice particle

shape, location of High IWC area, etc.)



AIRBUS vision

• Real-time information via ATMProvide High IWC regions data to ATM that can be forwarded to

aircraft to support flight path selection

• Pilots trainingDefinition of international training for pilotsDefine procedures when flying through such conditions or to avoid

such conditions

All these topics have to be addressed at international level, and AIRBUS is looking forward any further collaboration to cover these topics.



Agenda

• Introduction



• AIRBUS vision

• Way forward


Way Forward

Pursue AIRBUS ice crystals linked activities• EIWG participation

• ICC activities (understanding of physics of phenomenon)

• Eurocae WG89 (chairman)

• SAE AC-9C

• SAE EG-1E participation to be put in place

• HIWC project for atmosphere characterization

Submit HAIC proposal for evaluation by European Commission.

Finalize contracts with EASA for EASA.2011.OP.28 – High IWC Project.

Preparation of new AIRBUS measurement campaign.




© AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.

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