agma - catalog of technical publications 1990 - 2003

iJuly 2003 Publications Catalog

AGMACatalog of Technical Publications

1990 -- 2003

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page

American Gear Manufacturers Association ii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How to Purchase Documents iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Number 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Topic 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aerospace 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Couplings 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design and Assembly -- Bevel 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design -- Fine Pitch 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design -- Sound and Vibration 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design -- Spur and Helical 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design -- Wormgear 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Drive Components 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Enclosed Drives 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Failure Modes 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gearmotors and Shaft Mounted Units 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High Speed Units 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inspection and Tolerances 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lubrication 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Materials 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Metric Usage 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mill Gears 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Nomenclature 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plastics Gears 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Powder Metallurgy Gears 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Proportions 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rating: Spur, Helical and Bevel Gears 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Style Manual 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vehicle 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wind Turbine Units 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wormgears 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AGMA Standards and Information Sheets 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ISO Standards by Technical Committee 60 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gear Software 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fall Technical Meeting Papers: 1990 -- 2002 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2002 Papers 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2001 Papers 19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2000 Papers 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1999 Papers 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1998 Papers 24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1997 Papers 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1996 Papers 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1995 Papers 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1994 Papers 32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1993 Papers 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1992 Papers 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1991 Papers 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1990 Papers 39. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prices (see AGMA website www.agma.org) 43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ii July 2003Publications Catalog

American Gear Manufacturers Association

AGMA is a voluntary association of companies, consultants and academicians with a direct interest in the design,manufacture, and application of gears and flexible couplings. AGMA was founded in 1916 by nine companies inresponse to the market demand for standardized gear products; it remains a member-- and market--drivenorganization to this day. AGMA provides a wide variety of services to the gear industry and its customers andconducts numerous programs which support these services. Some of these services and programs are:

D STANDARDS: AGMA develops all U.S. gear related standards through an open process under theauthorization of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

D ISO PARTICIPATION: AGMA is Secretariat to TC60, the committee responsible for developing allinternational gear standards. TC60 is an ISO (International Organization of Standardization) committee.

D MARKET REPORTS AND STATISTICS: AGMA’s Operating Ratio Report, Wage & Benefit Survey, andMonthly Market Trend Reports help you stay competitive by giving you up--to--date information on the gearindustry.

D THEMARKETINGAND STATISTICAL COUNCILS enhance your competitiveness by sharing informationand by developing creative solutions to common industry problems.

D THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS COUNCIL gives you an active voice in Washington, promoting the gear industry toour nation’s legislators and regulators.

D GEAR EXPO: This is the only trade show dedicated solely to the gear industry.

D TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS are the core of the open AGMA standard writing process keepingmembers abreast of new developments while ensuring that AGMA standards are kept current.

D THE AGMA TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GEAR MANUFACTURING uses current technology to offerhands--on training in hobbing, shaping, and inspection. At the ”Gear School”, operators learn how tomaximize their productivity. Enrollment is open to all.

D NEWSDIGEST,AGMA’s quarterly newsletter, offers you timely, useful information youcanuse immediately.

If youwould like additional information about our programs, or on how to become amember of AGMA, please contactAGMA Headquarters.

American Gear Manufacturers Association500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350

Alexandria, VA 22314--1560

Phone: (703) 684--0211FAX: (703) 684--0242

E--Mail: [email protected]: www.agma.org

Leading the Gear Industry Since 1916

iiiJune 2003 Publications Catalog

How to Purchase Documents

Unless otherwise indicated, all current AGMAStandards, Information Sheets and paperspresented at Fall Technical Meetings areavailable for purchase, in electronic form,through the AGMA website, www.agma.org.

Out of print or obsoletedocuments areavailableonly by contactingAGMAHeadquarters directly(703--684--0211).

iv July 2003Publications Catalog

The AGMA Foundation exists for your benefit.It focuses only on the gear industry.

More specifically, it focuses on thoseopportunities you might miss as you dealwith the everyday demands of gear manufacturing.

On your behalf, the Foundation exploresthe new ideas, the outside--the--box approaches,and the cutting edge technologies that could transformyour future.

With your help, the AGMA Foundation canexpand the opportunities for the gear industry.

Become a partner with the AGMA Foundation,and help us advance the World of Gearing!

To find out how you can participate in the Foundation,please visit the Foundation’s website atwww.agmafoundation.org or contact Executive DirectorCindy Bennett at (703) 684--0211 or by e--mail atbennett @agma.org.

1July 2003 Publications Catalog

Obsolete documents should not be used, please use replacements. Most obsoleteand superseded documents are available for puchase. Contact AGMA Headquarters

for price and availability.

Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by NumberItalicizing denotes a current standard

Number Page Title or reference

110.04 Replaced by 1010--E95112.05 Incorporated into 1012--F90114.02 Replaced by 910--C90115.01 Replaced by 933--A03116.01 Incorporated into 1012--F90118.01 Replaced by 906--A94120.01 Withdrawn121.02 Replaced by 120.01122.02 Replaced by 120.01123.01 Replaced by 120.01124.01 Replaced by 120.01141.01 Withdrawn151.02 Replaced by 420.04170.01 Replaced by 6002--B93201.02 Withdrawn202.03 Replaced by 2005--C96203.03 Withdrawn207.06 Replaced by 1003--G93208.03 Replaced by 2005--C96209.04 Replaced by 2005--C96210.02 Replaced by 218.01211.02A Replaced by 420.04212.02 Replaced by 2003--B97215.02 Replaced by 218.01 &

2003--B97216.01 Replaced by 2003--B97216.01A Replaced by 420.04217.01 8 Gear Scoring Design Guide

for Aerospace Spur andHelical Power Gears

218.01 Replaced by 2001--C95 &908--B89

220.02 Replaced by 218.01221.02A Replaced by 420.04222.02 Replaced by 2003--B97223.01A Replaced by 420.04223.02 Replaced by 2003--B97224.01 Incorporated into 240.01225.01 Replaced by 226.01226.01 Replaced by 908--B89230.01 Replaced by 2007--C00231.52 Replaced by 2002--B88234.01 Replaced by 390.03a


235.02 Replaced by 2000--A88

236.05 Replaced by 390.03a237.01 Replaced by 390.03239.01 Replaced by 2000--A88

239.01A Replaced by 390.03a240.01 Replaced by 2004--B89241.01 Incorporated into 240.01

242.02 Incorporated into 240.01243.01 Incorporated into 240.01243.51 Incorporated into 240.01243.61 Incorporated into 240.01

243.71 Incorporated into 240.01244.02 Incorporated into 240.01245.01 Incorporated into 240.01

246.01 Incorporated into 240.01246.02A Replaced by 926--A99247.01 Incorporated into 240.01

248.01 Incorporated into 240.01249.01 Incorporated into 240.01250.04 Replaced by 9005--E02

251.02 Replaced by 9005--E02254.01 Incorporated into 250.04254.04 Incorporated into 251.02

255.03 Replaced by 6001--D97260.02 Replaced by 6001--D97265.01 Replaced by 6001--D97

271.03 Replaced by 420.04291.01 Replaced by 420.04295.04 Replaced by 6025--D98

297.01 Replaced by 6025-- D98298.01 Replaced by 6025-- D98299.01 8 Gear Sound Manual:

Fundamentals of Sound asRelated to Gears, Sources,Specifications, andGear--Noise Control

321.05 Replaced by 6004--F88323.01 Replaced by 6005--B89330.01 Replaced by 2005--C96

331.01 Replaced by 2008--C01341.02 Replaced by 6022--C93342.02 Replaced by 6035--A02



2 July 2003Publications Catalog


360.02 Withdrawn370.01 Replaced by 917--B97374.04 Withdrawn390.03 Replaced by 390.03a &

2000--A88390.03a Replaced by 2009--B01 and

2011--A98411.02 Replaced by 911--A94420.4 Replaced by 6010--F97421.06 Replaced by 6011--H98422.03 Withdrawn423.01 Replaced by 420.04424.01 Withdrawn425.01 Replaced by 420.04426.01 Replaced by 6000--B96427.01 Incorporated into 6011--H98430.03 Replaced by 420.04431.01 Withdrawn440.04 Replaced by 6034--A87441.04 Replaced by 6035--A02442.01 Replaced by 6035--A02460.05 Replaced by 6019--E89461.01 Replaced by 6035--A02480.06 Replaced by 6021--G89481.01 Replaced by 6021--G89510.03 Replaced by 9009--D02511.02 Replaced by 9002--A86512.01 Replaced by 9002--A86513.01 Replaced by 9002--A86514.02 Withdrawn515.02 Replaced by 9000--C90516.01 Replaced by 9008--B00600.01 Replaced by 904--B89900--G00 8 Style Manual for the

Preparation of Standards,Information Sheets andEditorial Manuals

901--A92 8 Procedure for thePreliminary Design ofMinimum Volume Gears

904--C96 8 Metric Usage906--A94 Withdrawn908--B89 8 Geometry Factors for

Determining the PittingResistance and BendingStrength of Spur, Helicaland Herringbone GearTeeth


910--C90 8 Formats for Fine--PitchGear Specification Data

911--A94 8 Design Guidelines forAerospace Gearing

913--A98 8 Method for Specifying theGeometry of Spur andHelical Gears

915--1--A02 8 Inspection Practices -- Part1: Cylindrical Gears --Tangential Measurements

915--3--A99 9 Inspection Practices -- GearBlanks, Shaft CenterDistance and Parallelism

917--B97 9 Design Manual for ParallelShaft Fine--Pitch Gearing

918--A93 9 Numerical ExamplesDemonstrating theProcedures for CalculatingGeometry Factors for Spurand Helical Gears

920--A01 9 Materials for Plastic Gears

921--A97 9 Design and Specification ofGearboxes for Wind TurbineGenerator Systems

922--A96 9 Load Classification andService Factors for FlexibleCouplings

923--A00 9 Metallurgical Specificationsfor Steel Gearing

925--A03 9 Effect of Lubrication onGear Surface Distress

926--C99 9 Recommended Practice forCarburized AerospaceGearing

927--A01 9 Load Distribution Factors --Analytical Methods forCylindrical Gears

931--A02 10 Calibration of GearMeasuring Instruments andTheir Application to theInspection of Product Gears

933--A03 10 Basic Gear Geometry

1003--G93 10 Tooth Proportions forFine--Pitch Spur and HelicalGears

1006--A97 10 Tooth Proportions for PlasticGears

1010--E95 10 Appearance of Gear Teeth --Terminology of Wear andFailure

1012--F90 10 Gear Nomenclature,Definitions of Terms withSymbols





1106--A97 10 Tooth Proportions for PlasticGears

1328--1 10 Cylindrical Gears -- ISOSystem of Accuracy -- Part1: Definitions and AllowableValues of DeviationsRelevant to CorrespondingFlanks of Gear Teeth

1328--2 10 Cylindrical Gears -- ISOSystem of Accuracy -- Part2: Definitions and AllowableValues of DeviationsRelevant to RadialComposite Deviations andRunout Information

2000--A88 10 Gear Classification andInspection Handbook --Tolerances and MeasuringMethods for UnassembledSpur and Helical Gears(Including MetricEquivalents)

2001--C95 11 Fundamental Rating Factorsand Calculation Methods forInvolute Spur and HelicalGear Teeth

2002--B88 11 Tooth ThicknessSpecification andMeasurement

2003--B97 11 Rating the PittingResistance and BendingStrength of GeneratedStraight Bevel, Zerol Bevel,and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth

2004--B89 11 Gear Materials and HeatTreatment Manual

2005--C96 11 Design Manual for BevelGears

2007--C00 11 Surface Temper EtchInspection After Grinding

2008--C01 11 Assembling Bevel Gears2009--B01 11 Bevel Gear Classification,

Tolerances, and MeasuringMethods

2010--A94 11 Measuring InstrumentCalibration ---- Part I,Involute Measurement

2011--A98 11 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and InspectionMethods

2015--1--A01 12 Accuracy ClassificationSystem -- TangentialMeasurements forCylindrical Gears


Supplementto 2015/915--1--A02

12 Accuracy ClassificationSystem -- TangentialMeasurement ToleranceTables for Cylindrical Gears

2101--C95 12 Fundamental Rating Factorsand Calculation Methods forInvolute Spur and HelicalGear Teeth (Metric)

2110--A94 12 Measuring InstrumentCalibration ---- Part I,Involute Measurement(Metric)

2111--A98 12 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and InspectionMethods (Metric)

2113--A97 12 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear ToothAlignment

2114--A98 12 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear Pitch andRunout Measurements

6000--B96 12 Measurement of LinearVibration on Gear Units

6001--D97 12 Design and Selection ofComponents for EnclosedGear Drives

6002--B93 12 Design Guide for VehicleSpur and Helical Gears

6004--F88 12 Gear Power Rating forCylindrical Grinding Mills,Kilns, Coolers and Dryers

6005--B89 13 Power Rating for Helicaland Herringbone Gearingfor Rolling Mill Service

6008--A98 13 Specifications for PowderMetallurgy Gears

6009--A00 13 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and ScrewConveyor Drives

6010--F97 13 Standard for Spur, Helical,Herringbone, and BevelEnclosed Drives

6011--H98 13 Specification for High SpeedHelical Gear Units

6017--E86 Replaced by 6035--A02

6019--E89 Replaced by 6009--A00

6021--G89 Replaced by 6009--A00

6022--C93 13 Design Manual forCylindrical Wormgearing

6023--A88 13 Design Manual for EnclosedEpicyclic Gear Drives





6025--D98 13 Sound for Enclosed Helical,Herringbone and SpiralBevel Gear Drives

6030--C87 Replaced by 6035--A026032--A94 13 Standard for Marine Gear

Units: Rating6033--B98 13 Materials for Marine

Propulsion Gearing6034--B92 14 Practice for Enclosed

Cylindrical WormgearSpeed Reducers andGearmotors

6035--A02 14 Design, Rating andApplication of IndustrialGloboidal Wormgearing

6109--A00 14 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and ScrewConveyor Drives (Metric)

6110--F97 14 Standard for Spur, Helical,Herringbone, and BevelEnclosed Drives (Metric)

6123--A88 14 Design Manual for EnclosedEpicyclic Metric ModuleGear Drives

6133--B98 14 Materials for MarinePropulsion Gearing (Metric)

6135--A02 14 Design, Rating andApplication of IndustrialGloboidal Wormgearing(Metric)


9000--C90 14 Flexible Couplings --Potential UnbalanceClassification

9001--B97 14 Flexible Couplings --Lubrication

9002--A86 14 Bores and Keyways forFlexible Couplings (InchSeries)

9003--A91 15 Flexible Couplings --Keyless Fits

9004--A99 15 Flexible Couplings -- MassElastic Properties and OtherCharacteristics

9005--E02 15 Industrial Gear Lubrication9008--B00 15 Flexible Couplings – Gear

Type – Flange Dimensions,Inch Series

9009--D02 15 Flexible Couplings --Nomenclature for FlexibleCouplings

10064--1 15 Cylindrical Gears -- Code ofInspection Practice -- Part 1:Inspection of CorrespondingFlanks of Gear Teeth

10064--2 15 Cylindrical Gears -- Code ofInspection Practice -- Part 2:Inspection Related to RadialComposite Deviations,Runout, Tooth Thicknessand Backlash


Index of AGMA Standards and Information Sheets by Topic

Aerospace

AGMA 217.01 Information Sheet -- Gear ScoringDesign Guide for Aerospace Spur and Helical PowerGears. Refer to page 8.

AGMA 911--A94 Design Guidelines for AerospaceGearing. Refer to page 8.

AGMA 926--C99 Recommended Practice forCarburized Aerospace Gearing. Refer to page 9.

Couplings

AGMA 922--A96 Load Classification and ServiceFactors for Flexible Couplings. Refer to page 9.

ANSI/AGMA 9000--C90 Flexible Couplings --Potential Unbalance Classification. Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 9001--B97 Flexible Couplings --Lubrication. Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 9002--A86 Bores and Keyways forFlexible Couplings (Inch Series). Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 9003--A91 Flexible Couplings -- KeylessFits. Refer to page 15.

ANSI/AGMA 9004--A99 Flexible Couplings -- MassElastic Properties and Other Characteristics. Refer topage 15.

ANSI/AGMA 9008--B00 Flexible Couplings – GearType – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series. Refer topage 15.

ANSI/AGMA 9009--D02 Flexible Couplings --Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings. Refer topage 15.

Design and Assembly - Bevel

ANSI/AGMA 2005--C96 Design Manual for BevelGears. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01 Assembling Bevel Gears.Refer to page 11.

Design - Fine Pitch

AGMA 910--C90 Formats for Fine--Pitch GearSpecification Data. Refer to page 8.

AGMA 917--B97 Design Manual for Parallel ShaftFine--Pitch Gearing. Refer to page 9.

Design - Sound and Vibration

AGMA 299.01 Gear Sound Manual: Section I,Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears SectionII, Sources Specification, and Levels of Gear SoundSection III, Gear--Noise Control. Refer to page 8.

ANSI/AGMA 6000--B96 Specification forMeasurement of Linear Vibration onGearUnits. Referto page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98 Sound for Enclosed Helical,Herringbone, and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives. Refer topage 13.

Design - Spur and Helical

AGMA 901--A92 A Rational Procedure for thePreliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears. Referto page 8.

AGMA 913--A98Method for Specifying the Geometryof Spur and Helical Gears. Refer to page 8.

Design - Wormgear

ANSI/AGMA 6022--C93 Design of General IndustrialCoarse--PitchCylindricalWormgearing. Refer to page13.

Drive Components

ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97 Design and Selection ofComponents for Enclosed Gear Drives. Refer to page12.

Enclosed Drives

ANSI/AGMA 6010--F97 Standard for Spur, Helical,Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives. Refer topage 13.

ANSI/AGMA 6023--A88 Design Manual for EnclosedEpicyclic Gear Drives. Refer to page 13.

ANSI/AGMA 6110--F97 Standard for Spur, Helical,Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives (Metric).Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 6123--A88 Design Manual for EnclosedEpicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives. Refer topage 14.

Failure Modes

ANSI/AGMA 1010--E95 Appearance of Gear Teeth --Terminology of Wear and Failure. Refer to page 10.

Gearmotors and Shaft Mounted Units

ANSI/AGMA 6009--A00 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives. Refer topage 13.

ANSI/AGMA 6109--A00 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives (Metric).Refer to page 14.

High Speed Units

ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98 Specification for High SpeedHelical Gear Units. Refer to page 13.

Inspection and Tolerances

AGMA 915--1--A02 Inspection Practices -- Part 1:Cylindrical Gears -- Tangential Measurements. Referto page 8.


AGMA 915--3--A99 Inspection Practices -- GearBlanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism. Referto page 9.

AGMA 931--A02 Calibration of Gear MeasuringInstruments and Their Application to the Inspection ofProduct Gears. Refer to page 10.

ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1 Cylindrical Gears -- ISOSystem of Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions andAllowable Values of Deviations Relevant toCorresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth. Refer topage 10.

ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2 Cylindrical Gears -- ISOSystem of Accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions andAllowable Values of Deviations Relevant to RadialComposite Deviations and Runout Information. Referto page 10.

ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88 Gear Classification andInspection Handbook -- Tolerances and MeasuringMethods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears(including Metric Equivalents). Refer to page 10.

ANSI/AGMA 2002--B88 Tooth ThicknessSpecification and Measurement. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2007--C00 Surface Temper EtchInspection After Grinding. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 Bevel Gear Classification,Tolerances, and Measuring Methods. Refer to page11.

ANSI/AGMA 2010--A94 Measuring MachineCalibration -- Part I, Involute Measurement. Refer topage 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2011--A98 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and Inspection Methods. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 Accuracy ClassificationSystem -- Tangential Measurements for CylindricalGears. Refer to page 12.

Supplemental Tables for AGMA 2015/915--1--A02Accuracy Classification System -- TangentialMeasurement Tolerance Tables for Cylindrical Gears.Refer to page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 2110--A94 Measuring InstrumentCalibration -- Part I, Involute Measurement (Metric).Refer to page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 2111--A98 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and Inspection Methods (Metric). Refer topage 12.

ANSI/AGMA 2113--A97 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear Tooth Alignment Measurement.Refer to page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 2114--A99 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear Pitch and Runout Measurements.Refer to page 12.

AGMA ISO 10064--1 Cylindrical Gears -- Code ofInspection Practice -- Part 1: Inspection ofCorresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth. Refer topage 15.

AGMA ISO 10064--2 Cylindrical Gears -- Code ofInspection Practice -- Part 2: Inspection Related toRadial Composite Deviations, Runout, ToothThickness and Backlash. Refer to page 15.

Lubrication

ANSI/AGMA 9005--E02 Industrial Gear Lubrication.Refer to page 15.

Materials

AGMA 920--A01Materials for Plastic Gears. Refer topage 9.

AGMA 923--A00Metallurgical Specifications for SteelGearing. Refer to page 9.

ANSI/AGMA 2004--B89 Gear Materials and HeatTreatment Manual. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 6033--B98 Materials for MarinePropulsion Gearing. Refer to page 13.

ANSI/AGMA 6133--B98 Materials for MarinePropulsion Gearing (Metric). Refer to page 14.

Metric Usage

AGMA 904--C96 Metric Usage. Refer to page 8.

Mill Gears

ANSI/AGMA 6004--F88 Gear Power Rating forCylindrical Grinding Mills, Kilns, Coolers and Dryers.Refer to page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 6005--B89 Power Rating for Helical andHerringbone Gearing for Rolling Mill Service. Refer topage 13.

Nomenclature

AGMA933--A03Basic Gear Geometry. Refer to page10.

ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90 Gear Nomenclature,Definitions of Terms with Symbols. Refer to page 10.

Plastics Gears

AGMA 920--A01Materials for Plastic Gears. Refer topage 9.

ANSI/AGMA 1006--A97 Tooth Proportions for PlasticGears. Refer to page 10.


Powder Metallurgy Gears

ANSI/AGMA 6008--A98 Specifications for PowderMetallurgy Gears. Refer to page 13.

Proportions

ANSI/AGMA 1003--G93 Tooth Proportions forFine--Pitch Spur and Helical Gears. Refer to page 10.


ANSI/AGMA 1106--A97 Tooth Proportions for PlasticGears (Metric Edition). Refer to page 10.


Rating: Spur, Helical and Bevel Gears

AGMA 908--B89 Information Sheet--GeometryFactors for Determining the Pitting Resistance andBending Strength of Spur, Helical and HerringboneGear Teeth. Refer to page 8.

AGMA 918--A93 A Summary of Numerical ExamplesDemonstrating the Procedures for CalculatingGeometry Factors for Spur andHelical Gears. Refer topage 9.

AGMA925--A03Effect of Lubrication onGear SurfaceDistress. Refer to page 9.

AGMA 927--A01 Load Distribution Factors --Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears. Refer topage 9.

ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 Fundamental Rating Factorsand Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and HelicalGear Teeth. Refer to page 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2003--B97Rating the Pitting Resistanceand Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel,ZEROL Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth. Refer topage 11.

ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 Fundamental Rating Factorsand Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and HelicalGear Teeth. Refer to page 12.

ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94 Standard for Marine GearUnits: Rating. Refer to page 13.

Style Manual

AGMA 900--G00 Style Manual for the Preparation ofStandards and Editorial Manuals. Refer to page 8.

Vehicle

ANSI/AGMA 6002--B93 Design Guide for VehicleSpur and Helical Gears. Refer to page 12.

Wind Turbine Units

AGMA/AWEA 921--A97 Recommended Practices forDesign and Specification of Gearboxes for WindTurbine Generator Systems. Refer to page 9.

Wormgears

ANSI/AGMA 6034--B92 Practice for EnclosedCylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducers andGearmotors. Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 Design, Rating andApplication of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing.Refer to page 14.

ANSI/AGMA 6135--A02 Design, Rating andApplication of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing(Metric). Refer to page 14.

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AGMA Standards and Information SheetsMany standards require additional documents for their proper use. A list of these standards are normallysupplied after the scope, in the normative references section of a document. Be sure to inquire whether thestandard you need requires other documents listed herewith.

AGMA 217.01 (R1999) Information Sheet - GearScoring Design Guide for Aerospace Spur andHelical Power Gears

Covers all aerospace spur and helical power gearslubricated with MIL--L--7808 and MIL--0--50--81,Grade 1005 oils and presents an improved flashtemperature index formula and a recommendedoperating index range. Guides designers indetermining the scoring resistance of spur and helicalgear sets intended for use in aerospace applications.ISBN: 1--55589--020--2 Pages: 22

AGMA 299.01 (R1999) Gear Sound Manual:Section I, Fundamentals of Sound as Related toGears; Section II, Sources, Specifications, andLevels of Gear Sound; Section III, Gear-NoiseControl

Discusses how noise measurement and controldepend upon the individual characteristics of theprimemover, gear unit, and drivenmachine ---- aswellas their combined effects in a particular acousticalenvironment. Indicates certain areas that mightrequire special consideration.ISBN: 1--55589--528--4 Pages: 56

AGMA 900--G00 Style Manual for the Preparationof Standards, Information Sheets and EditorialManuals

Presents the requirements for preparing AGMAstandards, editorial manuals, and other technicalliterature. A new annex ”ISO symbols used in metricdocuments”, has been added, which includes acomprehensive listing of the symbols used in ISOgear rating standards. Revision of AGMA 900--F96.ISBN: 1--55589--775--4 Pages: 38

AGMA 901--A92 (R1997) A Rational Procedure forthe Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears

Presents a simple, closed--form procedure as a firststep in the minimum volume spur and helical gearsetdesign. Includesmethods for selecting geometry anddimensions, consideringmaximumpitting resistance,bending strength, and scuffing resistance, andmethods for selecting profile shift.ISBN: 1--55589--579--4 Pages: 37

AGMA 904--C96 Metric UsageServes as a guide in preparing AGMA metricstandards.ISBN: 1--55589--681--2 Pages: 20

AGMA 908--B89 (R1999) Information Sheet -Geometry Factors for Determining the PittingResistance and Bending Strength of Spur, Helicaland Herringbone Gear Teeth

Gives the equations for calculating the pittingresistance geometry factor, I, for external and internalspur and helical gears, and the bending strengthgeometry factor, J, for external spur and helical gearsthat are generated by rack--type tools (hobs, rackcutters or generating grinding wheels) or pinion--typetools (shaper cutters). Includes charts which providegeometry factors, I and J, for a range of typical gearsets and tooth forms.ISBN: 1--55589--525--5 Pages: 78

AGMA 910--C90 (R2003) Formats for Fine-PitchGear Specification Data

Consists of a series of printed forms for gear drawingsthat contain the appropriate data the gear designermust tabulate for the gear manufacturer. Includes aseries of definitions of the various tabulated items.Appendix contains blank, pre--printed forms that caneasily be copied for the user’s drawings.ISBN: 1--55589--571--9 Pages: 29

AGMA 911--A94 (R2000) Guidelines for AerospaceGearing

Covers current gear design practices as they areapplied to air vehicles and spacecraft. Goes beyondthe design of gear meshes. Presents the broadspectrum of factors which combine to produce aworking gear system, whether it be a powertransmission or special purposemechanism. Coversonly spur, helical and bevel gears. (Does not coverwormgears, face gears, and various proprietary toothforms). Replaces AGMA 411.02.ISBN: 1--55589--629--4 Pages: 97

AGMA 913--A98 Method for Specifying theGeometry of Spur and Helical Gears

Provides information to translate tooth thicknessspecifications which are expressed in terms of tooththickness, center distanceordiameter intoprofile shiftcoefficients. It describes the effect that profile shifthas on the geometry and performance of gears.Annexes are provided which contain practicalexamples on the calculation of tool proportions andprofile shift.ISBN: 1--55589--714--2 Pages: 25

AGMA 915--1--A02 Inspection Practices - Part 1:Cylindrical Gears - Tangential Measurements

Provides a code of practice dealing with inspectionrelevant to tangential element and compositedeviations of cylindrical involute gears(measurements referred to single flank contact).Supplement to ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01.ISBN: 1--55589--798--3 Pages: 39



AGMA 915--3--A99 Inspection Practices - GearBlanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism

Provides recommended numerical values relating tothe inspection of gear blanks, shaft center distanceand parallelism of shaft axes. Discussions includesuch topics as methods for defining datum axes oncomponents; the use of center holes and mountingsurfaces during manufacturing and inspection; and,recommended values of in--plane and out--of--planedeviations of shaft parallelism. Modified adoptionofISO/TR 10064--3:1996.ISBN: 1--55589--738--X Pages: 9

AGMA917--B97 (R2003)DesignManual for ParallelShaft Fine-Pitch Gearing

Provides guidance for the design of spur and helicalgearing of 20 through 120 diametral pitch includinginternal and rack forms. Manual contains suchspecialized subjects as inspection, lubrication, gearload calculation methods, materials, including a widevariety of plastics. Replaces AGMA 370.01.ISBN: 1--55589--694--4 Pages: 84

AGMA 918--A93 (R1998) A Summary of NumericalExamples Demonstrating the Procedures forCalculating Geometry Factors for Spur andHelicalGears

Provides numerical examples for calculating thepitting resistance geometry factor, I, and bendingstrength geometry factor, J, for typical gearsets thatare generated by rack-- type tools (hobs, rack cuttersor generating grinding wheels) or pinion--type tools(disk--type shaper cutters).ISBN: 1--55589--617--0 Pages: 42

AGMA 920--A01 Materials for Plastic GearsThis document serves to aid the gear designer inunderstanding the unique physical, mechanical andthermal behavior of plastic materials. Topics coveredinclude general plastic material behavior, gearoperating conditions, plastic gear manufacturing,tests for gear related material properties, and typicalplastic gear materials.ISBN: 1--55589--778--9 Pages: 40

AGMA/AWEA 921--A97 Recommended Practicesfor Design and Specification of Gearboxes forWind Turbine Generator Systems

It provides information for specifying, designing,manufacturing, procuring, operating and maintainingreliable speed increasing gearboxes or wind turbinegenerator system service with power capabilities inthe range of 40 kW to 750 kW. In addition, thedocument includes information on wind turbinearchitecture, environmental considerations, windturbine load description, quality assurance, operationand maintenance, minimum purchaser--gearboxmanufacturer ordering data, and lubrication selectionand condition monitoring.ISBN: 1--55589--689--8 Pages: 58

AGMA 922--A96 Load Classification and ServiceFactors for Flexible Couplings

This Information Sheet provides load classificationsand relatedservice factors that are frequently used forvarious flexible coupling applications. Typicalapplications using smooth prime movers and specialconsiderations involving unusual or more severeloading are discussed. Update of AGMA 514.02.ISBN: 1--55589--680--4 Pages: 6

AGMA 923--A00 Metallurgical Specifications ofSteel Gearing

This document identifies gearmaterial characteristicswhich are important to performance. AGMAstandards for gear load capacity calculations requireallowable stress numbers related to material grade,which are basedon type andheat treatment. For eachheat treatment method and AGMA grade number,acceptance criteria are given for various materialcharacteristics identified in this document.ISBN: 1--55589--777--0 Pages: 31

!! NEW !!

AGMA 925--A03 Effect of Lubrication on GearSurface Distress

This document provides currently availableinformation pertaining to oil lubrication of industrialgears for power transmission applications. It isintended to serveas ageneral guidelineand sourceofinformation about gear oils, their properties, and theirtribological behavior in gear contacts. Equationsprovided allow the calculation of specific filmthickness and instantaneous contact (flash)temperature for gears in service, and to help assessthe potential risk of surface distress (scuffing,micropitting and macropitting, and scoring) involvedwith a given lubricant choice.ISBN: 1--55589--815--7 Pages: 51

AGMA 926--C99 Recommended Practice forCarburized Aerospace Gearing

Establishes recommended practices for materialcase and core properties, microstructure andprocessing procedures for carburized AISI 9310aerospacegears. This document is not intended tobea practice for any gears other than those applied toaerospace. Replaces AGMA 246.02a.ISBN: 1--55589--758--4 Pages: 9

AGMA 927--A01 Load Distribution Factors -Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears

Describes an analytical procedure for the calculationof face load distribution factor. The iterative solutionthat is described is compatible with the definitions ofthe term face loaddistributionofAGMAstandardsandlongitudinal load distribution of the ISO standards.The procedure is easily programmable and flowcharts of the calculation scheme, aswell as examplesfrom typical software are presented.ISBN: 1--55589--779--7 Pages: 31



AGMA 931--A02 Calibration of Gear MeasuringInstruments and Their Application to theInspection of Product Gears

Provides guidelines for the alignment of suchinstrument elements as centers, ways and probesystems. The instrument accuracy requirementsneeded to meet the accuracy of product gears isdiscussed. It also covers the application of gearartifacts to determine instrument accuracy. Thisinvolved the calculation ofU95 uncertainty at all stepsfrom the artifact to the final product gears. Thisdocument serves to supplement current calibrationstandards ANSI/AGMA 2110--A94, ANSI/AGMA2113--A97, and ANSI/AGMA 2114--A98ISBN: 1--55589--799--1 Pages: 29

!! NEW !!

AGMA 933--B03 Basic Gear GeometryThis information sheet illustrates importantgeometrical relationships which provide a soundbasis for a thoroughly logical and comprehensivesystem of gear geometry. Replaces AGMA 115.01.ISBN: 1--55589--814--9 Pages: 18

ANSI/AGMA 1003--G93 (R1999) Tooth Proportionsfor Fine-Pitch Spur and Helical Gears

Includes spur and helical gearing of 20 through 120diametral pitch with tooth proportions of 20 degreepressure angle and having 7 or more teeth. Toothproportions shown may also be suitable for geardesigns of finer than 120 diametral pitch.ISBN: 1--55589--015--6 Pages: 24

ANSI/AGMA 1006--A97 (R2003) Tooth Proportionsfor Plastic Gears

Presents a new basic rack, AGMA PT, which, with itsfull round fillet, may be preferred inmany applicationsof gears made from plastic materials. It contains adescription, with equations and sample calculations,of how the proportions of a spur or helical gearmay bederived from the design tooth thickness and the basicrack data. In several annexes, there are discussionsof possible variations from the basic rack and also aprocedure for defining tooth proportionswithout usingthe basic rack concept.ISBN: 1--55589--684--7 Pages: 47

ANSI/AGMA 1010--E95 (R2000) Appearance ofGear Teeth -Terminology of Wear and Failure

This standard provides nomenclature for generalmodes of gear tooth wear and failure. It classifies,identifies and describes the most common types offailure and provides information which will, in manycases, enable the user to identify failure modes andevaluate the degree or progression of wear.Replaces ANSI/AGMA 110.04.ISBN: 1--55589--665--0 Pages: 40

ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90 Gear Nomenclature,Definitions of Terms with Symbols

Provides the agreed upon definitions and usage forterms, symbols and abbreviations used by the gear

industry, as well as terms commonly used in gear loadrating.ISBN: 1--55589--551--4 Pages: 64

ANSI/AGMA 1106--A97 (R2003) Tooth Proportionsfor Plastic Gears

Presents a new basic rack, AGMA PT, which, with itsfull round fillet, may be preferred inmany applicationsof gears made from plastic materials. It contains adescription, with equations and sample calculations,of how the proportions of a spur or helical gearmay bederived from the design tooth thickness and the basicrack data. In several annexes, there are discussionsof possible variations from the basic rack and also aprocedure for defining tooth proportionswithout usingthe basic rack concept. Metric edition ofANSI/AGMA 1006--A97.ISBN: 1--55589--685--5 Pages: 47

ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1 Cylindrical Gears - ISOSystem of Accuracy - Part 1: Definitions andAllowable Values of Deviations Relevant toCorresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth

Contains the ISO system of accuracy relevant tocorresponding flanks of individual cylindrical gears. Itprovides definitions for gear toothaccuracy terms, thestructure of the gear accuracy system and theallowable values of pitch, profile and helix deviations.A normative annex for tangential compositetolerances and an informative annex for allowablevalues of profile form, profile slope, helix form andhelix slope deviations are provided. Identicaladoption of ISO 1328--1:1995.ISBN: 1--55589--733--9 Pages: 28

ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2 Cylindrical Gears - ISOSystem of Accuracy - Part 2: Definitions andAllowable Values of Deviations Relevant to RadialComposite Deviations and Runout Information

Contains the ISO system of accuracy relevant toradial (double flank) composite deviations ofindividual cylindrical gears. It provides definitions forgear tooth accuracy terms, the structure of the gearaccuracy system and the allowable values of radialcomposite deviations. An informative annex isincluded that provides equations for determiningallowable values of runout. Identical adoption ofISO 1328--2:1997.ISBN: 1--55589--734--7 Pages: 11

ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88 Gear Classification andInspection Handbook - Tolerances andMeasuringMethods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears(Including Metric Equivalents)

Correlates gear quality levels with gear toothtolerances. Provides information on manufacturingprocedures, master gears, measuring methods andpractices. Appendix material provides guidance onspecifying levels and information on additionalmethods of gear inspection. Partial replacement ofAGMA 390.03.ISBN: 1--55589--495--X Pages: 156



ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 Fundamental RatingFactors andCalculationMethods for Involute Spurand Helical Gear Teeth

Presents a comprehensive method for rating thepitting resistance and bending strength of spur andhelical involute gear pairs. Includes detaileddiscussions of factors influencing gear survival andcalculation methods. Revision of ANSI/AGMA2001--B88.ISBN: 1--55589--647--2 Pages: 70

ANSI/AGMA 2002--B88 (R1996) Tooth ThicknessSpecification and Measurement

Presents procedures for determining tooth thicknessmeasurements of external and internal cylindricalinvolute gearing. Includes equations and calculationprocedures for commonly used measuring methods.ISBN: 1--55589--503--4 Pages: 47

ANSI/AGMA 2003--B97 (R2003) Rating the PittingResistance and Bending Strength of GeneratedStraight Bevel, Zerol Bevel, and Spiral Bevel GearTeeth

Presents amethod for rating thepitting resistanceandbending strength of generated straight bevel, zerolbevel, and spiral bevel gear teeth. Includes a detaileddiscussion of factors influencing gear survival and acalculation method. Revision of ANSI/AGMA2003--A86.ISBN: 1--55589--692--8 Pages: 75

ANSI/AGMA 2004--B89 (R2000)Gear Materials andHeat Treatment Manual

Provides information pertaining to engineeringmaterials and material treatment used in gearmanufacture. Includes definitions, selectionguidelines, heat treatment, quality control, lifeconsiderations and a bibliography. Material selectionincludes ferrous, nonferrous and nonmetallicmaterials. Examines wrought, cast, and fabricatedgear blanks. Includes heat treatment sections onthrough hardened, flame hardened, inductionhardened, carburized, carbonitrided, and nitridedgears. Discusses quenching, distortion and shotpeening. Also discusses quality control as related togearblanks,processcontrol,andmetallurgical testingon the final products.ISBN: 1--55589--524--7 Pages: 78

ANSI/AGMA 2005--C96 Design Manual for BevelGears

Provides the standards for designing straight bevel,zerol bevel, spiral bevel and hypoid gears along withinformation on fabrication, inspection and mounting.Covers preliminary gear design parameters, blankdesign including standard taper, uniform depth,duplex taper and tilted root. Also includes drawingformat, inspection, materials, lubrication, mountingsand assembly. An Annex contains examples for ease

of understanding. Revision of ANSI/AGMA2005--B88.ISBN: 1--55589--667--7 Pages: 94

ANSI/AGMA 2007--C00 Surface Temper EtchInspection After Grinding [Same as New ISO14104]

Explains the materials and procedures to determineand evaluate localized overheating on groundsurfaces. Includes a system to describe and classifythe indications produced during this inspection.However, does not provide specific acceptance orrejection criteria. Revision of ANSI/AGMA2007--B92.ISBN: 1--55589--761--4 Pages: 6

ANSI/AGMA 2008--C01 Assembling Bevel GearsPrepared expressly for the assembly man in thefactory and the service man in the field. Eachdefinition, explanation, and instruction is directedtoward the physical appearance of the gears as theyare inspected and assembled by these personnel.Supersedes ANSI/AGMA 2008--B90.ISBN: 1--55589--795--9 Pages: 30

ANSI/AGMA 2009--B01 Bevel Gear Classification,Tolerances, and Measuring Methods

Establishes a classification system which may beused to communicate geometrical accuracyspecifications of unassembled bevel gearing. It alsoprovides information on measuring methods andpractices to promote uniform measurementprocedures. Eight accuracy grades are defined,numbered B3 through B10, in order of DECREASINGprecision. Equations for the tolerances are providedin metric terms. Supersedes ANSI/AGMA2009--A98.ISBN: 1--55589--794--0 Pages: 68

ANSI/AGMA 2010--A94 (R2000) MeasuringInstrument Calibration - - Part I, InvoluteMeasurement

Applies solely to the qualification of gear tooth profileinspection instruments. Provides procedures for thedesign, calibration and traceability of involute, pin andplane (flank) masters. Also covers conditionevaluationof involutemeasuring instruments, suchasprobe location, gain, hysteresis, etc.ISBN: 1--55589--630--8 Pages: 39

ANSI/AGMA 2011--A98 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and Inspection Methods

Establishes a classification system for thegeometrical accuracyspecificationofwormgearing. Italso provides uniform measurement proceduresincluding discussions on single and double flankcomposite testing and tooth thicknessmeasurements. The standard establishes tenaccuracy grades, W3 through W12, based on therelative effect of geometrical errors on conjugateaction for wormgear sets.ISBN: 1--55589--716--9 Pages: 43



ANSI/AGMA 2015--1--A01 Accuracy ClassificationSystem - Tangential Measurements for CylindricalGears

This standard, for spur and helical gearing, correlatesgear accuracy grades with gear tooth tolerances. Itprovides information on minimum requirements foraccuracy groups aswell asgearmeasuringpractices.Annex material provides guidance on filtering andinformation on comparison of gear inspectionmethods. Users of this standard should have a copyof the companion information sheet, AGMA915--1--A02. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88.ISBN: 1--55589--797--5 Pages: 37

!! NEW !!

Supplemental Tables for AGMA 2015/915--1--A02Accuracy Classification System - TangentialMeasurement Tolerance Tables for CylindricalGears

Provides tolerance tables as a supplement to AGMA2015--1--A01, Accuracy Classification System --Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears.ISBN: 1--55589--813--0 Pages: 101

ANSI/AGMA 2101--C95 Fundamental RatingFactors andCalculationMethods for Involute Spurand Helical Gear Teeth

Presents a comprehensive metric method for ratingthe pitting resistance and bending strength of spurand helical involute gear pairs. Includes detaileddiscussions of factors influencing gear survival andcalculation methods. Metric edition of ANSI/AGMA2001--C95.ISBN: 1--55589--648--0 Pages: 70

ANSI/AGMA 2110--A94 (R2000) MeasuringInstrument Calibration - - Part I, InvoluteMeasurement (Metric)

Applies solely to the qualification of gear tooth profileinspection instruments. Provides procedures for thedesign, calibration, and traceability of involute, pin,and plane (flank) masters. Also covers conditionevaluation of involutemeasuring instruments such asprobe location, gain, hysteresis, etc. Metric editionof ANSI/AGMA 2010--A94.ISBN: 1--55589--631--6 Pages: 39

ANSI/AGMA 2111--A98 Cylindrical WormgearingTolerance and Inspection Methods

Establishes a classification system for thegeometrical accuracyspecificationofwormgearing. Italso provides uniform measurement proceduresincluding discussions on single and double flankcomposite testing and tooth thicknessmeasurements. The standard establishes tenaccuracy grades, W3 through W12, based on therelative effect of geometrical errors on conjugateaction for wormgear sets. Metric edition ofANSI/AGMA 2011--A98.ISBN: 1--55589--717--7 Pages: 43

ANSI/AGMA 2113--A97 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear Tooth Alignment Measurement

Provides procedures for the design, calibration andtraceability of involute, pin and plane (flank) masters.It covers the condition evaluation of involutemeasuring instruments such as probe location, gain,hysteresis, etc. Recommendations are included forestablishment of a proper environment and forstatistical data evaluation procedures. This standardis applicable solely to the qualification of gear toothprofile inspection instruments.ISBN: 1--55589--687--1 Pages: 33

ANSI/AGMA 2114--A98 Measuring InstrumentCalibration, Gear Pitch and RunoutMeasurements

Provides qualification procedures for gearmeasuringinstruments that are used for evaluation of pitch andrunoutmeasurements. This includes instruments thatmeasure runout directly, or compute it from indexmeasurements. It also covers condition evaluation ofthe measuring instrument. Recommendations areincluded for establishment of a proper environmentand for statistical data evaluation procedures.ISBN: 1--55589--732--0 Pages: 33

ANSI/AGMA 6000--B96 (R2002) Specification forMeasurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units

Presents amethod formeasuring linear vibration on agear unit. Recommends instrumentation, measuringmethods, test procedures and discrete frequencyvibration limits for acceptance testing. Annexes listsystem effects on gear unit vibration and systemresponsibility. The ISO vibration rating curves fromISO 8579--2, Acceptance code for gears -- Part 2:Determination of mechanical vibrations of gear unitsduring acceptance testing are introduced.ISBN: 1--55589--666--9 Pages: 21

ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97 (R2003) Design andSelection of Components for Enclosed GearDrives

Outlines the basic practices for the design andselection of components (other than gearing) whichare used in commercial and industrial enclosed geardrives. Discusses bearings, bolting, keys and themost recent theories on shafting among othercomponents. Revision of ANSI/AGMA 6001--C88.ISBN: 1--55589--683--9 Pages: 41

ANSI/AGMA 6002--B93 (R2001) Design Guide forVehicle Spur and Helical Gears

A guide to the design, fabrication, and inspection ofspur and helical gears for vehicles and for powertransmission on vehicles.ISBN: 1--55589--009--1 Pages: 38

ANSI/AGMA 6004--F88 (R1996) Gear Power Ratingfor Cylindrical Grinding Mills, Kilns, Coolers andDryers

Covers open and semi--enclosed gear drives. Doesnot include enclosed speed reducers or gearmotors.ISBN: 1--55589--499--2 Pages: 27



ANSI/AGMA 6005--B89 (R1996) Power Rating forHelical and Herringbone Gearing for Rolling MillService

Specifies a method for rating the pitting resistanceand bending strength of herringbone, double helicaland helical involute gear pairs as applied to metalrolling mills.ISBN: 1--55589--530--1 Pages: 33

ANSI/AGMA 6008--A98 Specifications for PowderMetallurgy Gears

Defines the minimum detailed information to beincluded in the powdermetallurgy gear specificationssubmitted by the gear purchaser to the gear producer.Specifications on gear tooth geometry are describedin detail for external spur and helical gears and forstraight bevel gears. In addition, there arediscussions on specifications for gear drawings andgear material data. The standard applies to gearsmade by the conventional P/M process consisting ofcompaction followed by sintering and, in some cases,by post sintering treatments.ISBN: 1--55589--713--4 Pages: 17

ANSI/AGMA 6009--A00 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives

Defines a rating and selection practice for the entitledgear units. It provides information on pittingresistance and bending strength rating, lubrication,component ratings, thermal ratings, storage andinstallation. Annex material includes applicationclassification and class numbers, detail ratingexamples, and recommended bore sizes for shaftmounted units. SupersedesANSI/AGMA6019--E89and ANSI/AGMA 6021--G89.ISBN: 1--55589--759--2 Pages: 61

ANSI/AGMA 6010--F97 (R2003) Standard for Spur,Helical, Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives

Presents amethod for rating thepitting resistanceandbending strength of spur, helical, herringbone andbevel gears used for enclosed speed reducers andincreasers. Includes information on unit rating,lubrication, components, thermal rating, storage andinstallation. Replaces ANSI/AGMA 6010--E88.ISBN: 1--55589--690--1 Pages: 56

ANSI/AGMA 6011--H98 Specification for HighSpeed Helical Gear Units

Provides information on the design, lubrication,bearings, testing and rating for single and doublehelical, external tooth, parallel shaft speed reducersand increasers. The units covered by this standardinclude those operatingwith at least one stagehavinga pitch line velocity equal to or greater than 35metersper second or rotational speeds greater than 4000rpmandother stageshavingpitch line velocitiesequalto or greater than 8 meters per second. ReplacesANSI/AGMA 6011--G92.ISBN: 1--55589--693--6 Pages: 46

ANSI/AGMA 6022--C93 (R2000) Design Manual forCylindrical Wormgearing

Covers the design of general industrial coarse--pitchcylindrical worms and throated gears mounted withaxes at a 90 degree angle and having axial pitches of3/16 inch and larger.ISBN: 1--55589--041--5 Pages: 10

ANSI/AGMA 6023--A88 (R2000) Design Manual forEnclosed Epicyclic Gear Drives

Covers designs for drives employing epicyclic geararrangements. Includes descriptions of epicyclicdrives, nomenclature, application information, anddesign guidelines with reference to other AGMAStandards. See ANSI/AGMA 6123--A88.ISBN: 1--55589--504--2 Pages: 50

ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98 Sound for EnclosedHelical, Herringbone and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives

Describes a recommended method of acceptancetesting and reporting of the sound pressure levelsgenerated by a gear speed reducer or increaserwhentested at the manufacturer’s facility. The resultsobtained through the use of this standard shouldrepresent only the sound of the gear unit, as othersystem influences, such as prime mover or drivenequipment are minimized. Annexes to the standardpresent sound power measurement methods for usewhen required by specific contract provisionsbetween the manufacturer and purchaser. ReplacesANSI/AGMA 6025--C90.ISBN: 1--55589--718--5 Pages: 21

ANSI/AGMA 6032--A94 (R2000) Standard forMarine Gear Units: Rating

Considers rating practices for marine mainpropulsion, power take--off and auxiliary propulsionservice. Allowable contact stress numbers andallowable bending stress numbers for materials areincluded. Also addresses bearings, clutches,lubricating oil systems, shafts and certain aspects ofvibration.ISBN: 1--55589--633--2 Pages: 57

ANSI/AGMA 6033--B98 Materials for MarinePropulsion Gearing

Identifies commonly used alloy steels, heattreatments and material inspection requirements formain propulsion marine service through hardened,casehardenedandsurfacehardenedgearing forover1500 horsepower. Forged and hot rolled alloy steelbar stock are specified to three metallurgical qualitygrades (I, II and III) according to cleanliness and testrequirements. Cast steel gearing is specified to asingle metallurgical quality level. Mechanical,metallurgical and nondestructive test requirementsare provided for various heat treat processes andmetallurgical quality grades of gearing. ReplacesANSI/AGMA 6033--A88.ISBN: 1--55589--711--8 Pages: 48



ANSI/AGMA 6034--B92 (R1999) Practice forEnclosed Cylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducersand Gearmotors

Covers thedesignand ratingof cylindrical-- wormgearspeed reducers, having either solid or hollow outputshafts of the followingspecific types: single reduction;double reduction incorporating cylindricalwormgearing for each reduction; and doublereduction incorporating cylindrical wormgearing asfinal and helical gearing as initial reduction.ISBN: 1--55589--494--1 Pages: 37

!! NEW !!

ANSI/AGMA 6035--A02 Design, Rating andApplication of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing

This standard provides guidelines for the design,rating and application of globoidal wormgearingmounted at a 90 degree angle. Specific definitions forgloboidal wormgearing terms are presented, alongwith formulas for determining the geometric sizes ofthe major features for the worm and gear. Designconsiderations, design procedures, gear blanks andself--locking conditions are also discussed.Procedures for rating the load capacity of globoidalwormgearing are included. Replaces ANSI/AGMA6017--E86 and ANSI/AGMA 6030--C87.ISBN: 1--55589--792--4 Pages: 45

ANSI/AGMA 6109--A00 Standard for Gearmotor,Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives

Defines a rating and selection practice for the entitledgear units. It provides information on pittingresistance and bending strength rating, lubrication,component ratings, thermal ratings, storage andinstallation. Annex material includes applicationclassification and class numbers, detail ratingexamples, and recommended bore sizes for shaftmounted units. Metric version of ANSI/AGMA6009--A00. Supersedes ANSI/AGMA 6019--E89and ANSI/AGMA6021--G89.ISBN: 1--55589--760--6 Pages: 61

ANSI/AGMA 6110--F97 (R2003) Standard for Spur,Helical, Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives

Presents amethod for rating thepitting resistanceandbending strength of spur, helical, herringbone andbevel gears used for enclosed speed reducers andincreasers. Includes information on unit rating,lubrication, components, thermal rating, storage andinstallation. Metric version of ANSI/AGMA6010--F97.ISBN: 1--55589--691--X Pages: 56

ANSI/AGMA 6123--A88 (R2000) Design Manual forEnclosed Epicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives

Provides guidelines for designing drives employingepicyclicgeararrangements. Includesdescriptionsofepicyclic drives, nomenclature, applicationinformation and design guidelines, with reference tootherAGMAStandards. SeeANSI/AGMA6023--A88.ISBN: 1--55589--505--0 Pages: 50

ANSI/AGMA 6133--B98 Materials for MarinePropulsion Gearing

Identifies commonly used alloy steels, heattreatments and material inspection requirements formain propulsion marine service through hardened,casehardenedandsurfacehardenedgearing forover1500 horsepower. Forged and hot rolled alloy steelbar stock are specified to three metallurgical qualitygrades (I, II and III) according to cleanliness and testrequirements. Cast steel gearing is specified to asingle metallurgical quality level. Mechanical,metallurgical and nondestructive test requirementsare provided for various heat treat processes andmetallurgical quality grades of gearing. Metricedition of ANSI/AGMA 6033--B98.ISBN: 1--55589--712--6 Pages: 48

!! NEW !!

ANSI/AGMA 6135--A02 Design, Rating andApplication of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing(Metric Version)

This standard provides guidelines for the design,rating and application of globoidal wormgearingmounted at a 90 degree angle. Specific definitions forgloboidal wormgearing terms are presented, alongwith formulas for determining the geometric sizes ofthe major features for the worm and gear. Designconsiderations, design procedures, gear blanks andself--locking conditions are also discussed.Procedures for rating the load capacity of globoidalwormgearing are included. Replaces ANSI/AGMA6017--E86 and ANSI/AGMA 6030--C87. Metricedition of ANSI/AGMA 6035--E02.ISBN: 1--55589--793--2 Pages: 45

ANSI/AGMA 9000--C90 (R2001) Flexible Couplings- Potential Unbalance Classification

Offers standard criteria for the unbalanceclassification of flexible couplings. Considers theeffects of hardware and eccentricity to give a moreaccurate value. Presents revised examples in theappendices that illustrate the calculation methods.Revision of AGMA 515.02.ISBN: 1--55589--549--2 Pages: 41

ANSI/AGMA 9001--B97 (R2003) Flexible Couplings- Lubrication

Examines proper lubrication andwhy it is an essentialelement for satisfactory performance and long life.Looks at the requisites for proper lubrication,including: selection of proper lubricant, awell--designed lubrication system, and an adequatemaintenanceprogram,arediscussed in this standard.Revision of ANSI/AGMA 9001--A86.ISBN: 1--55589--686--3 Pages: 6

ANSI/AGMA 9002--A86 (R2001) Bores andKeyways for Flexible Couplings (Inch Series)

Provides designers and users standard dimensionsand tolerances for inch bores, keys and keyways forflexible couplings. Includes dimensions thatrepresent the dimensions and tolerances used withinthe industry for pre--engineered couplings, but thatcan also be used for custom engineered couplingproducts.ISBN: 1--55589--175--6 Pages: 24



ANSI/AGMA 9003--A91 (R1999) Flexible Couplings- Keyless Fits

Presents information on design, dimensions,tolerances, inspection, mounting, removal andequipment that is in commonusewith keyless taperedand keyless straight (cylindrical) bore hubs for flexiblecouplings.ISBN: 1--55589--572--7 Pages: 21

ANSI/AGMA 9004--A99 Flexible Couplings - MassElastic Properties and Other Characteristics

Provides information and calculation methods tosystem designers for the selection of systemcomponents and natural frequency calculations.Mass elastic properties discussed include couplingweight, WR2, center of gravity, axial stiffness, axialnatural frequency, lateral stiffness, lateral naturalfrequency and torsional stiffness.ISBN: 1--55589--715--0 Pages: 39

!! NEW !!

ANSI/AGMA 9005--E02 Industrial Gear LubricationThis standard provides the end user, originalequipment builder, gear manufacturer and lubricantsupplier with guidelines for minimum performancecharacteristics for lubricants suitable for use withenclosed and open gearing which is installed ingeneral industrial power transmission applications. Itprovides recommendations for selecting lubricantsbased on current theory and practice in the industry,and attempts to align with current ISO standards. It isnot intended to supplant specific instructions from thegear manufacturer. Replaces ANSI/AGMA9005--D94.ISBN: 1--55589--800--9 Pages: 31

ANSI/AGMA 9008--B00 Flexible Couplings – GearType – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series

Defines the North American industry practice for theinterface dimensions of the sleeve and rigid hubs ofboth shrouded and exposed bole, inch series, geartype couplings.ISBN: 1--55589--736--3 Pages: 3

ANSI/AGMA 9009--D02 Flexible Couplings -Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings

Presents the nomenclature common to flexiblecouplings as used in mechanical power transmissiondrives. It was prepared to reduce the languagebarriers that arise between designers, manufacturersanduserswhenattempting todesignate various typesof flexible couplings and their elements. It does notaddress nomenclature for flexible shafts, quill shafts,universal joints or devices which exhibit slip such asclutches, fluid couplings, magnetic couplings ortorque converters.ISBN: 1--55589--796--7 Pages: 17

AGMA ISO 10064--1 Cylindrical Gears - Code ofInspection Practice - Part 1: Inspection ofCorresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth

Provides a codeof practice dealingwith the tangentialmeasurementsof cylindrical involutegear tooth flanks(pitch deviations, profile deviations, helix deviationsand tangential composite deviations), andservesasasupplement to ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, CylindricalGears -- ISOSystem of Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitionsand Allowable Values of Deviations Relevant toCorresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth. This AGMAInformation Sheet is an identical adoption of ISO/TR10064--1.ISBN: 1--55589--735--5 Pages: 26

AGMA ISO 10064--2 Cylindrical Gears - Code ofInspection Practice - Part 2: Inspection Related toRadial Composite Deviations, Runout, ToothThickness and Backlash

Provides a code of practice dealing with inspectionrelevant to radial composite deviations, runout, tooththickness and backlash of cylindrical involute gear(measurements referred to double flank contact), andserves as a supplement to ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2,Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy -- Part 2:Definitions and Allowable Values of DeviationsRelevant to Radial CompositeDeviations andRunoutInformation. This AGMA Information Sheet is anidentical adoption of ISO/TR 10064--2.ISBN: 1--55589--737--1 Pages: 25


ISO Standards by Technical Committee 60

Technical Committee 60 is responsible for the development of all international gear--related standards.

Manystandards requireadditional documents for their properuse. A list of thesestandardsarenormally suppliedafter thescope, in the normative references section of a document. Be sure to inquire whether the standard you need requiresother documents listed herein.

53:1998 Cylindrical gears for general and heavyengineering – Standard basic rack tooth profile

54:1996Cylindrical gears for general engineering and forheavy engineering -- Modules

677:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineeringand heavy engineering -- Basic rack

678:1976 (1996) Straight bevel gears for generalengineering and heavy engineering -- Modules anddiametral pitches

701:1998 International gear notation -- Symbols forgeometric data

1122--1:1998Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1: Definitionsrelated to geometry

1122--2:1999 Vocabulary of gear terms -- Part 2:Definitions related to worm gear geometry

1328--1:1995Cylindrical gears -- ISOsystemof accuracy-- Part 1: Definitions and allowable values of deviationsrelevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth (SeeANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1)

1328--2:1997Cylindrical gears -- ISOsystemof accuracy-- Part 2: Definitions and allowable values of deviationsrelevant to radial composite deviations and runoutinformation (See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2)

1340:1976 Cylindrical gears -- Information to be given tothe manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain thegears required

1341:1976Straight bevel gears -- Information to be givento themanufacturer by thepurchaser in order to obtain thegears required

2490:1996Single--start solid (monoblock) gear hobswithtenon drive or axial keyway, 1 to 40 module -- Nominaldimensions

TR4467:1982 Addendum modification of the teeth ofcylindrical gears for speed--reducing andspeed--increasing gear pairs

4468:1982 Gear hobs -- Single start -- Accuracyrequirements

6336--1:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Part 1: Basic principles, introduction andgeneral influence factors

6336--2:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Part 2: Calculation of surface durability(pitting)

6336--3:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth bendingstrength

6336--5:2003 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Part 5: Strength and quality of materials

8579--1:2002 Acceptance code for gears -- Part 1:Determination of airborne sound power levels emitted bygear units

8579--2:1993 Acceptance code for gears -- Part 2:Determinationofmechanical vibrationofgearunitsduringacceptance testing

9083:2001 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Application to marine gears

9084:2000 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gear -- Application to high speed gears and gearsof similar requirements

9085:2002 Calculation of load capacity of spur andhelical gears -- Application for industrial gears

TR10064--1:1992 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspectionpractice -- Part 1: Inspection of corresponding flanks ofgear teeth (See AGMA ISO 10064--1)

TR10064--2:1996 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspectionpractice -- Part 2: Inspection related to radial compositedeviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash (SeeAGMA ISO 10064--2)

TR10064--3:1996 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspectionpractice -- Part 3: Recommendations relative to gearblanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes

TR10064--4:1998 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspectionpractice -- Part 4: Recommendations relative to surfacetexture and tooth contact pattern checking

10300--1:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevelgears -- Part 1: Introduction and general influence factors

10300--2:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevelgears -- Part 2: Calculation of surface durability (pitting)

10300--3:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevelgears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth root strength

10347:1999 Worm gears -- Geometry of worms -- Nameplates for worm gear units, centre distances, informationto be supplied to gear manufacturer by the purchaser

TR10495:1997 Cylindrical gears-- Calculation of servicelife under variable loads -- Conditions for cylindrical gearsaccording to ISO 6336

10825:1995 Gears -- Wear and damage to gear teeth --Terminology

TR10828:1997Wormgears -- Geometry of worm profiles

TR 13593:1999 Enclosed gear drives for industrialapplications

13691:2001 Petroleumand natural gas industries -- Highspeed special--purpose gear units


TR13989--1:2000Calculation of scuffing load capacity ofcylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears – Part 1: Flashtemperature method

TR13989--2:2000Calculation of scuffing load capacity ofcylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears – Part 2: Integraltemperature method

14104:1995 Gears -- Surface temper etch inspectionafter grinding

TR 14179--1:2001 Gears -- Thermal capacity -- Part 1:Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium at 95°C sumptemperature

TR 14179--2:2001 Gears -- Thermal capacity -- Part 2:Thermal load--carrying capacity

14635--1:2000 Gears – FZG test procedures – Part 1:FZG method A/8, 3/90 for relative scuffing load carryingcapacity of oils

Gear SoftwareISO 6336 Software by AGMA

The ISO6336 standard is being adopted by countriesthroughout the world. It is the most massive andcomplex gear standard ever. Because of the largenumber of inputs and formulas and because of thechoices inmethodology, the newstandard is definitelynot for the beginningengineer. Calculating bymethodB requires more than 80 input values!

Fortunately, the American Gear ManufacturersAssociation is ready with valuable new software,which lets you master ISO 6336.

Developed and tested over several years by a groupof fourteen AGMA men and women working closelywith the developers by the international standard, thesoftware addresses ISO 6336 method B, the mostcomprehensive, analytical calculation method. Itenables you to:

D determine gear capacity in accordance with theISO 6336 standard quickly and accurately;

D compare your own design and practiceswith ISO6336 results;

D understand your competitor’s ratings.

The time this program will save you is exponential.Don’t spend days pouring over documents andrunning calculations! AGMA’s clear, logical Windowsscreens lead you through all the necessary inputs,grouping geometry, materials and operatingcharacteristics. TheDOSprogramevenallows you tocalculate multiple gear sets with a batch input file!

The manual alone is worth the price! In addition toexplaining the software, this handy document is agreat tool for learning how to use ISO 6336, guidingyou through the complexities and teaching you thecorrect inputs,especially in theexactingareasof toothgeometry and tooling.

AGMA’s Gear Rating SuiteTwo of the most recognized standards in the worldtoday for determining the rating of spur and helicalgears are ANSI/AGMA 2001--C95 and ISO 6336.

Now for the first time, software to calculate ratings inaccordance with each standard is available in onepackage fromAGMA. Entitled theGearRatingSuite,the software allows the user to input data once foreach gearset, and obtain ratings to both standards.

BeginningwithAGMA’s ISO6336Software,whichhasgained international acceptance since its release in1998, the Gear Rating Suite adds an equallycomprehensive module to calculate ratings perANSI/AGMA2001--C95. Among themany features ofthe software package are:

D An in--depth User’s Manual, and all requiredAGMA and ISO standards.

D User friendly I/O that provides an intuitive userinterface,with drop--downboxes, look--up tables,and graphical guides used to assist in data entry.

D Dual input units which allow the user to switchbetween SI and inch units.

D Error and warning messages are provided withinboth the input and rating routines to help identifyproblems.

D A help program is incorporated within thesoftware.

D Long and short form outputs are provided.

In addition to the gear rating routines and aids, thepackage also provides:

D A Geometry Checker for checking input data toensure they are within allowable ranges. TheGeometry Checker will help identify data entry errorsand unusual gear designs.

D Tolerance worksheets which allow the user tocalculate tooth tolerances from quality numbers,convert quality numbers between AGMA and ISO,and to display tolerances for adjacent grades.

The potential of the Gear Rating Suite to improveyour efficiency and save you time in performing theserigorous calculationsmakes this a “must have” tool forall gear engineers.



Fall Technical Meeting Papers: 1990 -- 2002

2002 PAPERS

02FTM1. The Effect of Chemically AcceleratedVibratory Finishing on Gear MetrologyAuthors: Lane Winklemann, Mark Michaud, GarySroka, Joseph Arvin and Ali Manesh

Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing is acommercially proven process that is capable ofisotropically superfinishing metals to an Ra < 1.0 ìin.Gears have less friction, run significantly cooler andhave lower noise and vibrationwhen this technology isapplied.Scuffing,contact fatigue(pitting), andbendingfatigue are also reduced or eliminated both inlaboratory testing and field trials. This paper presentsstudies done on aerospace Q13 spiral bevel gearsshowing that the amount of metal removed tosuperfinish the surface is both negligible andcontrollable. Media selection and metal removalmonitoringproceduresaredescribedensuringuniformsurface finishing, controllability and preservation ofgear metrology.ISBN: 1--55589--801--7 Pages: 18

02FTM2. Development and Application ofComputer--Aided Design and Tooth Contact Analysisof Spiral--Type Gears with Cylindrical WormAuthors: V.I. Goldfarb and E.S. Trubachov

This paper presents the method of step--by--stepcomputer--aided design of spiroid--type gears, whichinvolvesgear schemedesign, geometric calculationofgearing, drive design, calculation of machine settingsand tooth--contact analysis. Models of operating andgenerating gearing have been developed, includingmodelsofmanufactureandassemblyerrors, forceandtemperature deformations acting in real gearing, anddrive element wear. Possibilities of CAD--techniqueapplication are shown to solve design andmanufacture tasks for gearboxes and gear--motorswith spiroid--type gears.ISBN: 1--55589--802--5 Pages: 15

02FTM3. The Application of Statistical Stability andCapability for Gear Cutting Machine AcceptanceCriteriaAuthor: T.J. (Buzz) Maiuri

Over the years the criteria for gear cutting machineacceptance has changed. In the past, cutting astandard test gear or cutting a customer gear to theirspecification was all that was expected for machineacceptance.Today, statistical process control (SPC) isrequired for virtually every machine runoff. This paperwill cover the basic theory of stability and capabilityand its application to bevel and cylindrical gear cuttingmachine acceptance criteria. Actual case studies willbe presented to demonstrate the utilization of theseSPC techniques.ISBN: 1--55589--803--3 Pages: 26

02FTM4. Multibody--System--Simulation of DriveTrains of Wind TurbinesAuthor: Berthold Schlecht

During the last years amultitude of wind turbines havebeen put into operation with continuously increasedpower output. Wind turbines with 6 MW output are inthe stage of development, a simple extrapolation tolarger dimensions of wind turbines on the basis ofexisting plants and operational experiences isquestionable. This paper deals with the simulation ofthe dynamic behavior of the complete drive train of awind turbine by using a detailed Multi--System--Modelwith special respect of the gear box internals. Startingwith the model creation and the analysis of the naturalfrequencies, various load cases in the time domainwillbe discussed.ISBN: 1--55589--804--1 Pages: 13

02FTM5.Crack Length and DepthDetermination in anIntegrated Carburized Gear/BearingAuthors: Raymond Drago and James Kachelries

In an effort to determine if processing cracks posed asafety of flight concern, several gears that containedcracks were designated to undergo a rigorous benchtest. Prior to the start of the test, it was necessary todocument, nondestructively, all of the crackdimensions. This paper will present a speciallymodified magnetic rubber inspection technique todetermine crack lengths as short as 0.006 inch, and aunique, highly sensitive, laboratory eddy currentinspection technique to estimate crack depths up to+/-- 0.003 inch.ISBN: 1--55589--805--X Pages: 9

02FTM6. Contemporary Gear Hobbing -- Tools andProcess StrategiesAuthor: Claus Kobialka

Gear manufacturing without coolant lubrication isgetting more and more important. Modern hobbingmachines are designed to cope with dry hobbing. Inthe last years, carbide hobs were prevailing inhigh--speed hobbing due to their excellent thermalstability. Today, this high performance rate isconfronted with rather high tool costs and critical toolhandling. Powder metallurgical HSS combined withextremely wear resistant coating on the base of (Ti,Al)N offer interesting alternatives for dry hobbing. It isevident that existing conventional hob geometries canbe optimized respecting limiting factors like maximumchip thickness and maximum depth of scallops.ISBN: 1--55589--806--8 Pages: 11



02FTM7. Selecting the Best Carburizing Method forthe Heat Treatment of GearsAuthors: Daniel Herring, Gerald Lindell, David Breuerand Beth Madlock

Vacuum carburizing has proven itself a robust heattreatment process and a viable alternative toatmosphere carburizing. This paper will presentscientific data in support of this choice. A comparisonof atmosphere carburized gears requiring pressquenching toachievedimensional tolerances ina “onepiece at a time” heat treating operation, with a vacuumcarburized processing a full load of gears that havebeen high gas pressure quenched within requiredtolerances.ISBN: 1--55589--807--6 Pages: 13

02FTM8. Compliant Spindle in Lapping and TestingMachinesAuthor: Bill McGlasson

This paper presents theory, analysis and results of anovel spindle design with application to bevel gearlapping and testing machines. The spindle designincludes a rotationally compliant element which cansubstantially reduce the dynamic forces inducedbetween the gear members while rolling under load.The theory of this spindle concept is presented usingsimplified models, providing the explanation for theprocess benefits it brings. Analysis and simulationsgive additional insight into the dynamics of the system.Finally, actual lapping and testing machine results arepresented.ISBN: 1--55589--808--4 Pages: 11

02FTM9. Gear RollScan for High Speed GearMeasurementAuthor: Andreas Pommer

Thispresentation featuresarevolutionarynewmethodfor the complete topographicalmeasurement of gears.TheGearRollScan system is similar to one--flank gearrolling inspection. However, the master gear hasmeasuring tracks on selected flanks. With two mastergears in roll contact, both the left and right flanks of thespecimen can be inspected simultaneously. After aspecified number of rotations, every measuring trackon the master gears will contact every flank of thespecimen this measuring device will always find theworst tooth.ISBN: 1--55589--809--2 Pages: 10

02FTM10. Comparing the Gear Ratings from ISO andAGMAAuthor: Octave LaBath

In theearly1980’sseveral technical papersweregivencomparing gear ratings from ISO and AGMA showingsome interesting and diverse differences in the trendswhen the gear geometry was changed slightly. Thesechanges includedaddendummodification coefficientsand helix angle. Differences also existed when thehardness andhardeningmethodswere changed. Thispaperwill use ratingprogramsdevelopedby anAGMAcommittee to compare AGMA and ISO ratings whilehaving the same gear geometry for both ratings. Thiswill allow consistent trend analysis by only changingone gear geometry parameter while holding othergeometry items constant.ISBN: 1--55589--810--6 Pages: 17

02FTM11. Gear Design Optimization Procedure thatIdentifies Robust, Minimum Stress and MinimumNoise Gear Pair DesignsAuthor: Donald Houser

Typical gear design procedures are based on aniterative process that uses rather basic formulas topredict stresses. Modifications such as tip relief andlead crowning are based on experience and thesemodifications are usually selected after the design hasbeen considered. In this process, noise is usually anafter thought left to be chosenby the designer after thegeometric design has been established. This paperstarts with micro--topographies in the form of profileand lead modifications. Then, evaluations are madeon the load distribution, bending and contact stresses,transmission error, film thickness, flash temperature,etc. for a large number of designs. The key to thisanalysis is the rapid evaluation of the load distribution.ISBN: 1--55589--811--4 Pages: 15

02FTMS1Design and Stress Analysis of New Versionof Novikov--Wildhaber Helical GearsAuthor: Ignacio Gonzalez--Perez

This paper covers design, generation, tooth contactanalysis and stress analysis of a new type ofNovikov--Wildhaber helical gear drive. Greatadvantages of thedevelopedgeardrive in comparisonwith the previous ones will be discussed, including:reduction of noise and vibration caused by errors ofalignment, thepossibilityofgrinding,andapplicationofhardened materials and reduction of stresses. Theseachievements are obtained by application of: newgeometry based on application of parabolicrack--cutters,double--crowningofpinionandparabolictype of transmission errors.ISBN: 1--55589--812--2 Pages: 25

2001 PAPERS

01FTM1. Carbide Hobbing Case StudyAuthor: Yefim Kotlyar

Carbide hobbing improves productivity and cost,however many questions remain regarding the bestapplication, carbidematerial, hob sharpening, coatingand re--coating, hob handling, consistency andoptimum hob wear, best cutting conditions, andconcerns for the initial cutting tool investment. Thispaper is a case study of a successful implementationof carbide hobbing for an annual output of 250,000gears, average lot size of about 200--300 gears,producing gears of about 150 different sizes andpitches, with 4 setups per day on average.ISBN: 1--55589--780--0 Pages: 16

01FTM2. The Ultimate Motion Graph for “Noiseless”GearsAuthors: Hermann J. Stadtfeld and Uwe Gaiser

Gear noise is a common problem in all bevel andhypoid gear drives. A variety of expensive geargeometry optimizations are applied daily in all hypoidgear manufacturing plants, to reduce gear noise. Inmany cases those efforts have little success. Thispaper will present ”The Ultimate Motion Graph”, aconcept for modulating the tooth surfaces that usesmodifications to cancel operating dynamicdisturbances that are typically generated by any geartypes.ISBN: 1--55589--781--9 Pages: 16



01FTM3. Automated Spiral Bevel Gear PatternInspectionAuthors: S.T. Nguyen, A. Manesh, K. Duckworth andS. Wiener

Manufacturing processes for precision spiral bevelgears are operator intensive,making themparticularlycostly in today’ssmall lot productionenvironment.Thisproblem is compounded by production requirementsfor replacement parts that have not been produced formany years. The paper will introduce a new closedloop system capable of reducing development costsby 90% and bevel gear grinder setup time by 80%. Inaddition, a capability to produce non--standarddesigns without part data summaries is reviewed.Advancements will also be presented for acceptingprecision gears using an electronic digital master inlieu of a physical master.ISBN: 1--55589--782--7 Pages: 15

01FTM4. How to Inspect Large Cylindrical Gears withan Outside Diameter of More Than 40 InchesAuthor: Güenter Mikoleizig

This paper discusses the design and function of therelevant machines used for individual errormeasurements suchas leadandprofile formaswell asgear pitch and runout. The author will cover differenttypes of inspection machines such as: stationary,CNC--controlled gear measuring centers, andtransportable equipment for checking individualparametersdirectlyon thegear cuttingorgeargrindingmachine.ISBN: 1--55589--783--5 Pages: 20

01FTM5. Traceability of Gears ---- New Ideas, RecentDevelopmentsAuthors: Frank Härtig and Franz Wäldele

Some national standard tolerances for cylindricalgears lie in, and even below, the range of instrumentmeasurement uncertainties. This paper presents aconcept based on three fundamental goals: reductionof measurement uncertainty, construction ofworkpiece--like standards, and shortening of thetraceability chain. One of the focal points is thedevelopment of a standard measuring device as anadditional metrological frame integrated into acoordinate measuring machine.ISBN: 1--55589--784--3 Pages: 6

01FTM6.Performance--BasedGear--Error Inspection,Specification, andManufacturing--SourceDiagnosticsAuthors: William D. Mark and Cameron P. Reagor

This paper will show that a frequency--domainapproach for the specification of gear tooth tolerancelimits is related to gear performance and transmissionerrors. In addition, it is shown that one can compute,from detailed tooth measurements, the specific tootherror contributions that cause any particularlytroublesome rotational harmonic contributions totransmission error, thereby permitting manufacturingsource identification of troublesome operation.ISBN: 1--55589--785--1 Pages: 15

01FTM7. Chemically Accelerated Vibratory Finishingfor the Elimination of Wear and Pitting of Alloy SteelGearsAuthors: Mark Michaud, Gary Sroka and LaneWinkelmann

Chemically accelerated vibratory finishing eliminateswear and contact fatigue, resulting in gears survivinghigher power densities for a longer life compared totraditional finishes. Studies have confirmed thisprocess is metallurgically safe for both throughhardened and case carburized alloy steels. Thesuperfinish can achieve an Ra < 1.5 minch, whilemaintaining tolerance levels. Metrology, topography,scanning electron microscopy, hydrogenembrittlement, contact fatigue and lubrication resultsare presented.ISBN: 1--55589--786--X Pages: 16

01FTM8. The Effect of Spacing Errors and Runout onTransverse Load Sharing and the Dynamic Factor ofSpur and Helical GearsAuthors: Husny Wijaya, Donald R. Houser and JonnyHarianto

This paper addresses the effect of two commonmanufacturing errors on the performance of spur andhelical gears; spacing error and gear runout. Inspacing error analysis, load sharing for twoworst--casescenariosare treated, onewherea tooth isout of position and the second where stepped indexerrors are applied. The analyzed results are then usedas inputs to predict gear dynamic loads, dynamic toothstresses and dynamic factors for gear rating.ISBN: 1--55589--787--8 Pages: 16

01FTM9. New Opportunities with Molded GearsAuthors: Roderick E. Kleiss, Alexander L. Kapelevichand N. Jack Kleiss Jr.

Unique tooth geometry that might be difficult or evenimpossible to achieve with cut gears can be applied tomolded gears. This paper will investigate two types ofgears that have been designed, molded and tested inplastic. The first is an asymmetricmeshwith dissimilar23 and 35 degree pressure angles. The second is anorbiting transmissionwith a 65degree pressure angle.Both transmissions have higher load potential thantraditional design approaches.ISBN: 1--55589--788--6 Pages: 11

01FTM10. Design Technologies of High Speed GearTransmissionAuthor: Jeff Wang

This paper discusses a few critical factors and theireffects on high speed gear transmissions. The firstfactor is centrifugal force and its effect on tooth rootstrength, tooth expansion and backlash and theinterference fit between gear and shaft. The second issystem dynamics, including critical speed, dynamicbalancing and the torsional effects of flexiblecouplings. The third is the windage loss with differentcombinations of helix and rotation direction, lubricantflow rate, flow distribution and their effects on toothbulk temperature field and tooth thermal expansion.ISBN: 1--55589--789--4 Pages: 8



01FTM11. Kinematic and Force Analysis of a SpurGear System with Separation of Sliding and Rollingbetween Meshing ProfilesAuthor: D. E. Tananko

This paper describes a comprehensive study of thenovel gear design with physical separation betweensliding and rolling motions of the mesh gear contactpoint. The sliding motion is accommodated by sheardeformation of a thin--layered rubber--metal laminateallowing very high compression loads. Severalimportant advantages will be presented whencomparing the composite gear design to theconventional involute profile.ISBN: 1--55589--790--8 Pages: 50

01FTMS1. Optical Technique for Gear ContouringAuthor: Federico Sciammarella

This paper presents an optical technique (projectionmoiré) that is compact and canprovide a quick full fieldanalysis of high precision gears. Comparisons aremade between mechanical and optical profilesobtained of a gear tooth.ISBN: 1--55589--791--6 Pages: 12

2000 PAPERS

2000FTM1. Minimization of In--Process Corrosion ofAerospace GearsAuthors: S.T. Nguyen, A. Manesh, and J. Reeves

This paper discusses problems and root causesassociated with the corrosion of aerospace gearsduring the manufacturing process.

Specimens of common base materials used inprecision gearing were subjected to processconditions that contribute to corrosion initiationincluding: different coolant types and concentrations,material heat treat conditions, base materialmagnetism, surface finishand ironparticles in coolant.ISBN: 1--55589--762--2 Pages: 7

2000FTM2. The Calculation of Optimum SurfaceCarbon Content for Carburized Case HardenedGearsAuthor: P.C. Clarke

At present, there is not amethod to calculate eutectoidcarbon from chemical analysis and the eutectoidcarbon is not the best element upon which to basesurface carbon requirements. This paper will definethe conditions and propose a method to calculate anoptimum carbon level to minimize the possibilities ofretained austenite, cementite and bainite.ISBN: 1--55589--763--0 Pages: 8

2000FTM3. Comparison of New Gear MetallurgyDocuments, ISO 6336--5 and AGMA 923 with GearRating Standards AGMA 2001 and 2003Author: A.A. Swiglo

This paper will compare and contrast these fourdocuments. What’s new, what’s different and what’shidden in the footnotes.Knowing thedifferenceswill beimportant to the users of these documents.ISBN: 1--55589--764--9 Pages: 110

2000FTM4. Parametric Influences in the ISO ProjectConcerning Worm Gear RatingAuthor: M. Octrue

This paper analyzes the influence of differentparameters in CD ISO 14561 Load CapacityCalculation of Worm Gears such as; efficiency, wearload capacity, pitting, deflection and tooth root stress.The influencing parameters are divided into differentcategories such as external parameters of loadingconditions, environmental parameters of lubricanttemperature and driving and driven machines.ISBN: 1--55589--765--7 Pages: 10

2000FTM5. Systematic Investigations on theInfluence of Viscosity Index Improvers on EHL--FilmThicknessAuthors: B.--R. Hohn, K. Michaelis and F. Kopatsch

This paper compares film thickness calculations tomeasurements taken using polymer containing oils ina twin disk machine. Results will show all polymercontaining oils form lower film thicknesses thanstraight mineral oils of the same viscosity aftershearing. A polymer correction factor is derived fromtest results improving the accuracy of film thicknesscalculation.ISBN: 1--55589--766--5 Pages: 11

2000FTM6. Did the Natural Convection Exist inMechanical Power Transmissions? Theoretical andExperimental ResultsAuthor: M. Pasquier

ISO TR14179 parts 1 and 2, give values of total heatexchangecoefficients in thecaseofnaturalconvectionand forced convection. This paper will compare thevalues of total heat exchange obtained from atheoretical study to the values given in the ISOTechnical Reports.ISBN: 1--55589--767--3 Pages: 10

2000FTM7. An Analytical -- FEM Tool for the Designand Optimization of Aerospace Gleason Spiral BevelGearsAuthor: C. Gorla, F. Rosa, and P.G. Schiannini

To save time and money during the design process atool based on analytical algorithms and on FEMmodels is introduced. As a first step, the conjugatesurfaces theory is applied to a bevel set. An analyticaltooth contact analysis is performed to determine thetheoretical contact points on flank surfaces versus themeshing points. Information is then derived by thecontact analysis and used to generate Finite Elementmodels of the gear pair on the basis of the theoreticalcontact pattern. A final simulation by means of FEMmodels takes into account load sharing between toothpairs.ISBN: 1--55589--768--1 Pages: 12

2000FTM8. Stock Distribution Optimization in FixedSetting Hypoid PinionsAuthor: C. Gosselin and J. Masseth

This paper presents an algorithm used to optimize thestock distribution between the roughing and finishingcuts for fixed setting spiral bevel and hypoidmembers.The optimization is based on the Surface Matchalgorithm, where differences between the roughingand finishing spiral angle, pressure angle and toothtaper are minimized in order to obtain rough andfinished tooth flanks that are parallel.ISBN: 1--55589--769--X Pages: 8



2000FTM9. Cylindrical Gear Inspection and BevelGear Inspection -- A Simple Task by Means ofDedicated CNC--Controlled Gear InspectionMachinesAuthor: G. Mikoleizig

This paper will discuss the design, function, softwaremanagement and probe systems of the inspectionmachines. Analytical tooth contact analysis of acylindrical gear set by means of the combined effectsof gear and pinion is shown on the basis of individualprofile andalignmentmeasurements.A fullyautomaticcorrection system will be introduced for checking theflank form on spiral bevel gears.ISBN: 1--55589--770--3 Pages: 25

2000FTM10. Bending Fatigue Investigation underVariable Load Conditions on Case Carburized GearsAuthors: B.--R. Hohn, P. Oster, K. Michaelis,Th. Suchandt and K. Stahl

Variable loadspectrum tests are carriedout at differentload levels in a step program and at random loading.The results of step programmed tests show asubstantial influence of the period of the programmedsubsequence of fatigue life. Fatigue life decreaseswhen the subsequence period is shortened. Withsubstantially shortened subsequences in stepprogrammed test nearly the same fatigue life isreached as in random load tests.ISBN: 1--55589--771--1 Pages: 14

2000FTM11. UltraSafe Gear Systems -- Single ToothBending Fatigue Test ResultsAuthors: R.J. Drago, A. Isaacson and N. Sonti

This paperwill discuss a system froma point of view of”what happens when a failure occurs”. Gears weremanufactured with seeded faults to simulateunexpected defects in various portions of the highlyloadedgear tooth and rimsections.Crackpropagationwas monitored by measuring effective mesh stiffnessand applied loading to provide both warning of animpending failure and a reasonable period operationafter initiation of a failure for a safe landing.ISBN: 1--55589--772--X Pages: 9

2000FTM12. The Finite Strips Method as anAlternative to the Finite Elements in Gear Tooth Stressand Strain AnalysisAuthors: C. Gosselin and P. Gagnon

The Finite Strip Method (FSM), which may beconsidered a subset of the Finite Element Method(FEM), is presented as an alternative to (FEM) thatrequires very littlemeshing effort and canbeapplied tovirtually any tooth geometry while offering precisioncomparable to that of Finite Elements. This paper willcover the (FSM) model for spur and helical gears,plates of variable thickness such as the teeth of facegear members and for spiral bevel and hypoid gears.ISBN: 1--55589--773--8 Pages: 11

2000FTMS1. Effects of Helix Slope and FormDeviation on the Contact and Fillet Stresses of HelicalGearsAuthors: R. Guilbault

An investigation is conducted on the effects of helixslope and form deviation tolerances specified forgrades 5 and 7 of the ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1 forcylindrical gears. The results show and almost linear

correspondence between deviation amplitude andtooth load and fillet stress increases: using grade 7instead of grade 5 can double the tooth flank loadincrease and associated fillet stress increase. Resultsalso show that effects are evenmore significant on themaximum contact pressure.ISBN: 1--55589--774--6 Pages: 21

1999 PAPERS

99FTM1. The Barkhausen Noise Inspection Methodfor Detecting Grinding Damage in GearsAuthors: J.S. Ceurter, C. Smith and R. Ott

When grinding hardened steel there is always thepossibility for surface damage in the form of residualstress and microstructural changes. Methods fordetecting this sort of damage may have drawbacks,such as production time, complexity, subjectivity anduse of hazardous chemicals. The authors present arelatively new method, known as the Barkhausennoise analysis, that may meet the demand formeasuring defects in ground steels.ISBN: 1--55589--739--8 Pages: 10

99FTM2. Traceability Strategies for the Calibration ofSpline and Serration GaugesAuthor: W. Beyer

Formandshapeof running gearsare often toleranced.The same features of splines and serration gaugesmay need to have the same permissible geometricaltolerances as those for running gears. Examples aregiven in the paper which prove that, in view of oftensmall required tolerances, it will often be necessary tocalibrate splines and serration gauges with thesmallest possible uncertainty.ISBN: 1--55589--740--1 Pages: 5

99FTM3. Measurement Uncertainty for Pitch andRunout ArtifactsAuthor: B. Cox

Primary--level calibration of pitch and runout artifactsrequire quantifying the measurement uncertainty onthe artifact being calibrated by a method that does notrely on a transfer comparison. The measurementdecompo--sition method, developed jointly by (NIST)and (ORMC) personnel, is used to determine theuncertainty of each component of the measurementtask.ISBN: 1--55589--741--X Pages: 14

99FTM4. Gear Oil Micropitting EvaluationAuthors: A.B. Cardis and M.N. Webster

Besides operating conditions such as load, speed,sliding and specific film thickness, the chemicalcomposition of a lubricant has been found to influencemicropitting of case hardened gears. Thedevelopment of micropitting resistant lubricants hasbeen limited both by a lack of mechanismunderstanding and a lack of a readily availablelubricantmicropitting test. This paper reports efforts todevelop alternate methods to study micropittingperformance of individual additives and combinationsof additives with a roller discmachine. Concurrently, afull--scale gear test using ”real world” gearing iscovered.ISBN: 1--55589--742--8 Pages: 16



99FTM5. Analysis of Micropitting on PrototypeSurface Fatigue Test GearsAuthor: M.R. Hoeprich

Experimental gears designed for surface fatiguestudies by the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committeeand tested in a FZG test rig were evaluated by theauthor. This paper presents results obtained throughoptical profilometry, SEM and metallographicexaminations.ISBN: 1--55589--743--6 Pages: 11

99FTM6. The Submerged Induction Hardening ofGearsAuthor: D.W. Ingham

With examples of field failures directly attributable tothe Tooth by Tooth Induction Hardening, there hasbeenanegative feelingagainst theuseof thisprocess.This paper shows successes of the process foundedon Process Development and Quality Control. Theauthor presents a case for and against Tooth by ToothInduction Hardening.ISBN: 1--55589--744--4 Pages: 12

99FTM7. Ductile Iron as a Material for Open GearingAuthor: P. Graham

This paper covers an outline of ductile iron and thephysical properties that can beexpected fromdifferentgrades. The types of heat treatment, properties thatcan be expected and also hardness values areprovided for typical gear blanks.ISBN: 1--55589--745--2 Pages: 15

99FTM8. Power--Dry--Cutting of Bevel GearsAuthor: H.J. Stadtfeld

Highspeedmachiningusingcarbideshasbeenknownfor some decades for milling and turning operations.Improvements in carbide grades and sinteringprocesses in combination with new coating methodsand the use of CNC machines has lead to asignificantly new trend in cutting bevel gears. Thispaper discusses bevel gear dry cutting methods withsurface cutting speeds of 1000 ft./min. for continuousface hobbing and plunge cutting single index facemilling.ISBN: 1--55589--746--0 Pages: 10

99FTM9. Dry Hobbing Process Technology RoadMapAuthors: G. Schlarb and K. Switzer

Technology in today’s gear cutting industry makes itimpossible to assume that there is one processcapable of meeting the requirements of eachapplication. This paper discusses extensive tooldevelopments that have takenplace in recent years aswell as the explosion of new technology with bothcoatings as well as new materials. The authordiscusses how to determine the best combinationpossible for a given application.ISBN: 1--55589--747--9 Pages: 10

99FTM10. Design and Testing of a Marine GearboxAuthor: J. Bos

This paper gives an overview of design andback--to--back testing results for gearboxes that are

designed for low noise and vibration levels. Designaspects such as tooth corrections, tooth loading, gearlay--out, balancing, lubricating systems and a resilientmounting systemwill be discussed. Specific attentionfor the design was given to minimize the number ofrotating elements under load, to have optimalcorrections for loaded conditions and to optimize thetooth loading.ISBN: 1--55589--748--7 Pages: 13

99FTM11. Performance Study of Nitrided Gears inHigh Speed Epicyclic Gearbox Used in GasTurbogenerators -- A Case StudyAuthor: A.K. Rakhit

Nitrided gears are preferred in some designs due totheir low heat treat distortion characteristics andresistance to scuffing under low oil--film thickness, aninherent phenomenon at sun gear mesh--planet meshin epicyclics. This paper discusses and verifies theseproperties plus the tendency of these gears to failunder heavy shock loads.ISBN: 1--55589--749--5 Pages: 4

99FTM12. Gearbox Field Performance from aRebuilder’s PerspectiveAuthor: C. Schultz

The focus of this paper is the actual field performanceof a variety of over 2000 different gearboxes that havebeen repaired over the last 15 years. The informationpresentedconsists of a statistical reviewof the typesofgearboxes repaired and the typical failure modes.Among the problems described in detail are toothbreakage, tooth wear, housing bore damage, sealwear and lube system failure.ISBN: 1--55589--751--7 Pages: 6

99FTM13. Failures of Bevel--Helical Gear Units onTraveling Bridge CranesAuthor: J.M. Escanaverino

Frequent failures of bevel gear units in traveling drivesof bridge cranes pose a difficult problem formaintenance and discussions on the necessary gearunit Service or Application Factor selection. Thispaper focuses on the origin of the troubles, with aninsight on the dynamics of the drive train.ISBN: 1--55589--750--9 Pages: 6

99FTM14. The Effect of Material Defects on GearPerformance -- A Case StudyAuthors: R.J. Drago and A.F. Filax

The mechanism by which failures occur due tomaterial defects is often circuitous and not readilyapparent. In this case study, the authors examine thefailure of a medium--sized pinion used in a miningapplication. The mode of failure was rathercatastrophic in nature but did not follow any of thetypically understood mechanisms such as toothbending, surface distress, wear, etc. This paperpresents a summary of the failure, its investigationandthe methods proposed for its resolution.ISBN: 1--55589--752--5 Page 7



99FTM15. Theoretical Model for Load Distribution onCylindrical Gears: Application to Contact StressAnalysisAuthors: J.I. Pedrero, M. Pleguezuelos, M. Artés, A.Fuentes, and C. García--Masiá

The elastic models of gear tooth behavior are usuallybased on the hypothesis of uniform load distributionalong the line of contact. The calculation methods ofISO and AGMAassume that the load per unit of lengthis equal to the total load divided by the length ofcontact. In this paper, the load sharing along the lineofcontact is determined from the hypothesis ofminimumelastic potential. From this nonuniform loaddistribution and Hertz’s equation, a method fordetermining both the value and the location of thecritical contact stress is described.ISBN: 1--55589--753--3 Pages: 13

99FTM16. The Multi--Objective Optimization ofNonstandard Gears Including RobustnessAuthors: D.R. Houser, A.F. Luscher, I.C. Regalado

The design of gears involves the optimization ofdifferent objectives, and the presence of errors in themanufacturing and operating conditions affects theperformance of the gears; therefore, a robustoptimizationprocedureapplyingTaguchimethodswasused as a tool in the design of nonstandard cylindricalgears. This paper presents an outlineof theprocedureand discusses some of the results.ISBN: 1--55589--754--1 Pages: 14

99FTM17. Synthetic Oils for Worm Gear LubricationAuthor: U. Mann

This paper shows several synthetic gear oils and theirinfluenceonwear andefficiency of highly loadedwormgears. The results are based on measurementscarried out on the Kluber worm gear test rig. This testrig allows the measurement of input speed, inputtorque, output torque, bulk and sump temperature.The measured results are compared with otherinvestigations such as measurements of frictioncoefficients and DIN 3996.ISBN: 1--55589--755--X Pages: 9

99FTM18. Effects of Wear on the Meshing Contact ofWorm GearingAuthors: D. Houser, M. Vaishya and X. Su

Worm gear contact stresses are the major contributortowormgearwearanddurability failures. In thispaper,a combination of loaded tests, coordinatemeasurements, surface reverse engineering and aspecial finite elementmethod is employed to study theeffect of break--in wear on meshing contact betweenthe mating surfaces of worm gearing parts. Threedifferent wheel tooth geometries are investigated inthis paper.ISBN: 1--55589--756--8 Pages: 11

99FTMS1. Modeling and Measurement of SlidingFriction for Gear AnalysisAuthors: M. Vaishya and D.R. Houser

This student paper discusses background studiesneeded for the prediction of sliding resistance on gearteeth. Various elastohydrodynamic and mixedlubrication theories for coefficient of traction areexamined. These theories are evaluated with respectto experimental results from two--disk tests for several

parameters that simulate the continuously varyingproperties during gear engagement. Based on thecomparison of theoretical predictions and test resultson a spur gear pair, the lubrication models areevaluated, with special emphasis being placed on thedynamic modeling of friction.ISBN: 1--55589--757--6 Pages: 12

1998 PAPERS

98FTM1. A Method for Predicting the Dynamic RootStresses of Helical Gear TeethAuthors: D.R. Houser and J. Harianto

The AGMA dynamic factor has traditionally beentreated as a ”dynamic” load factor where tooth load isthesumofall the tooth forces that areappliedalong theplane of action at any instant of time. Knowing the totalload, however, says little about the degree of loadsharing or the load position on a tooth where thedynamic load is a maximum. The paper describes amethod that merges the capabilities of sophisticatedloaddistributionanddynamicexcitation routineswithatime domain gear dynamics simulation. The effects oftooth surface modifications, misalignments andspacing errors may be analyzed.ISBN: 1--55589--719--3 Pages: 10

98FTM2. Mesh Friction in GearingAuthor: C.M. Denny

Plastic gears are often run dry in their applications.The subsequent tooth sliding friction forces have asizableeffect on themagnitudeof tooth root bending inboth the driving and driven gears and the point oftooth--load application. A calculation method is givenfor the solution of these frictional effects.ISBN: 1--55589--720--7 Pages: 11

98FTM3. Basic Studies on Fatigue Strength ofCase--Hardened Steel Gear -- Effects of Shot Peeningand/or Barrelling ProcessesAuthors: S. Hoyashita, M. Hashimoto and K. Seto

The paper presents testing results on the effects of abarrelling finishing process on the fatigue strength ofshot peened, carburized and carbo--nitrided gears.The enhancement of surface durability ratingespecially after performing post--peening operationsto improve the surface finish was extensivelyevaluated and is discussed, along with shot peenedbending fatigue.ISBN: 1--55589--721--5 Pages: 9

98FTM4. Effect of Uncontrolled Heat Treat Distortionon the Pitting Life of Ground, Carburized andHardened GearsAuthor: A.K. Rakhit

The amount of grinding to correct uncontrolleddistortion produced during the carburizing andhardening process can result in a reduction of thesurface hardness of the tooth flanks and ultimatelydecreased pitting life of the gear teeth. The resultspresent an evaluation that yields pitting life deratingfactors as a function of hardness versus case depthgradient and severity of distortion for a number ofmaterials.ISBN: 1--55589--722--3 Pages: 5



98FTM5. Low Vibration Design of a Helical Gear PairAuthor: K. Umezawa

The paper presents recent findings dealing with toothsurface modifications that can be implemented torealize quiet running, low vibration helical gear sets.The investigation looked at the effects of toothdeviations and modifications on performance that arebased upon bias--in and bias--out observations.Experimental results indicate that there is anasymmetrical feature in the relation between vibrationmagnitude and direction of each deviation of a gearpair in mesh.ISBN: 1--55589--723--1 Pages: 13

98FTM6. Calibration of Master Gears on CoordinateMeasurement MachinesAuthors: B. Cox, B. Rasnick, B. Adkins and E. Walker

Primary--level calibration of master gears requiresquantifying the measurement uncertainty of a threedimensional surface in space by a method that doesnot rely on a transfer comparison. The paperdescribes a measurement composition methoddeveloped at NIST and ORMC that is used todetermine the uncertainty of each component of themeasurement task.ISBN: 1--55589--724--X Pages: 18

98FTM7. Checker of 3D Form Accuracy of Hypoid &Bevel Gear Teeth for the New Generation of QualityControlAuthors: A. Kubo, Y. Saito, S. Kato, N. Kondo, and N.Aoyama

Knowing the threedimensional geometryof bevelgearteeth is critical to evaluatingmanufacturing processesand ultimately performance. The paper discussesadvancements made to design and produce apractical and reliable gear checker that can measureparameters such as the tooth profile curve and toothlead curve.ISBN: 1--55589--725--8 Pages: 13

98FTM8. Evaluation of Wear, Scuffing and PittingCapacity of Gear LubricantsAuthors: K. Michaelis, B.--R. Höhn and P. Oster

Formaximumenergy savings, low viscosity lubricantsare frequently used. The trend toward increasedtransmitted power has lead to higher operatingtemperatures, resulting in thinner lubricating films.New test methods are described that have beendeveloped which use modified FZG test rigs toevaluate low speed wear, scuffing and pitting. Testresults on various lubricants are discussed.ISBN: 1--55589--726--6 Pages: 10

98FTM9. Studies on Improvement of SurfaceDurability of Case--Carburized Steel Gear -- Effects ofSurface Finish Processes upon Oil Film FormationAuthors: M. Hashimoto, S. Hoyashita and J. Iwata

The results of an extensive test program conducted toanalyze the effects of surface finish enhancements onthe formation of gear mesh oil films of surfacehardened gears are discussed. The use of an electricresistancemethod for determiningconditionsof oil filmformation relative to changes in tooth profile, crowningand surface roughness are evaluated.ISBN: 1--55589--727--4 Pages: 9

98FTM10. Local Coefficients of Friction inWormGearContactsAuthors: K. Steingröver and B.--R. Höhn

Because the friction conditions of worm gears cannotbe determined directly, a special three disk test rigwasdesigned to simulate the contact conditions fordiscrete points along the contact lines of a worm gear.The results are presented of tests employing variouslubricant types and material combinations.ISBN: 1--55589--728--2 Pages: 8

98FTM11. Current Technologies of P/M GearingAuthors: S. Haye and G. Moore

Powdermetallurgy gearshaveoffereda cost effective,near net shape alternative to wrought steel gears, butbuyers had to be content with a sacrifice in quality andperformance. Improvement efforts have focused onP/M tool geometry and better control of the P/Mprocess. The paper discusses the recent efforts toimprove gear quality without forfeiting the P/M costadvantage -- through secondary gear tooth finishingprocesses.ISBN: 1--55589--729--0 Pages: 7

98FTM12. Gear Refurbishment, An EconomicalApproach for Aerospace Overhaul and RepairAuthors: A. Meyer and T. Johnson

The paper describes a successful program that isbeing deployed to re--work power reduction andaccessory gears used in Coast Guard helicoptertransmissions. The development and implementationof the critical stages of this process -- incominginspection and evaluation, special machiningtechniques,qualification testingandfinalcertification --are discussed.ISBN: 1--55589--730--4 Pages: 19

1997 PAPERS

97FTM1. Calibration of Gear Measuring Instrumentsand Their Application to the Inspection of ProductGearsAuthors: B.L. Cox and R.E. Smith

Discusses the instrument conditions, alignment andcalibration requirements for measurement to meetaccuracy specifications of today’s product gears. Alsooffers guidelines for the alignment of instrumentelements such as centers, ways and probe systems;and the application of gear artifacts to determineinstrument calibration, including the determination ofmeasurement uncertainty.ISBN: 1--55589--695--2 pages: 67

97FTM2. Determining Sound Power Levels ofEnclosed Gear Drives Using the Sound IntensityMethodAuthor: C. Burriss

Presentshighlightsofapracticalcasestudy illustratinghow sound power level data was used to validate adesign improvement of an enclosed drive. Thepractical use of sound intensity measurements for thedetermination of enclosed drive sound power underfull load is compared with ANSI/AGMA 6025--C90methods. Also reviews important characteristics of themeasurement environment.ISBN: 1--55589--696--0 pages: 7



97FTM3. Detection of Fatigue Cracks in Gears withthe Continuous Wavelet TransformAuthors: D. Boulahbal, M.F. Golnaraghi and F. Ismail

In the past, traditional machinery condition monitoringand gear fault detection focused either on time orfrequencydomainvibrationanalysis. Thesensitivityofthe newly developed wavelet transform techniqueallows the user to look at the evolution in time of avibration signal’s frequency content for fatigue crackdetection. Paper compares this new techniqueagainst more conventional methods.ISBN: 1--55589--697--9 pages: 6

97FTM4. Measurement and Predictions of PlasticGear Transmission Errors with Comparison to theMeasured Noise of Plastic and Steel GearsAuthors: L. Liauwnardi, D.R. Houser and A. Luscher

This paper takes transmission error and soundpressure levelmeasurements of plastic gear sets, andcompares them to experimental static transmissionmeasurements and computer predictions. Alsocompares transmission error and sound pressurelevels of plastic gears with large deflections and steelgears of similar geometries.ISBN: 1--55589--698--7 pages: 11

97FTM5. Improved Finite Element Model forCalculating Stresses in Bevel and Hypoid Gear TeethAuthors: L.E. Wilcox, T.D. Chimner and G.C. Nowell

When spiral bevel and hypoid gear results arecompared with the predicted fillet strain of a threedimensional toothmodelwithexperimental straingagedata using H--adaptive and P--adaptive finite elementtheory, preliminary results indicate agreement within10%. This paper discusses refinement in toothsupport regions, and a precise model that correctlypredicts the rangeof strain fromtensile tocompressivevalues as the gear teeth roll through mesh.ISBN: 1--55589--699--5 pages: 11

97FTM6. On the Location of the Tooth Critical Sectionfor the Determination of the AGMA J--FactorAuthors: J.I. Pedrero,C.García--Masiá andA. Fuentes

Describes a modification to the AGMA J--factordefinition for determining the point of maximum rootbending stress. The condition where the Navier’sstress ismaximum, defined by the point of intersectionof the root trochoid and the thinnest parabolacontaining a point of the trochoid, is used. Theoccurrenceon its involuteaswell as in the root trochoidwith a non--iterative calculation is also covered.ISBN: 1--55589--700--2 pages: 7

97FTM7. Bending Loadon InternalGears ofPlanetaryGear SetsAuthors: H. Linke and C. Jahn

This paper presents the results of investigationsregarding a more precise determination of bendingstress in the tooth root of internal gear rims used inplanetary drives. This method includes the effects ofthe gear rime design and mounting, which is essential

in almost all cases. Also proposes a practicalcalculation method using generalized stressconcentration factors,whichhas been tested byactualmeasurements on planetary gearing.ISBN: 1--55589--701--0 pages: 10

97FTM8. New Guidelines for Wind TurbineGearboxesAuthors: R.L. Errichello and B. McNiff

Collectively, mush has been learned about the uniqueoperation and gear unit loading in wind turbineapplications. This paper will present an overview ofAGMA/AWEA 921--A97, Recommended Practices forDesign and Specification of Gearboxes for WindTurbineGeneratorSystems. This InformationSheet isdedicated to procurement specifications, qualityassurance, design, manufacturing, lubrication,maintenance and other subjects related to reliablewind turbine gear unit applications.ISBN: 1--55589--702--9 pages: 5

97FTM9. Relations Between Wear and PittingPhenomena in Worm GearsAuthor: M. Octrue

Describes the influence of different parameters(geometry, contact pattern, contact pressure, slidingvelocity, etc.) on the wear and pitting of worm gearing.The paper proposes new criteria for comparingcapacity of different worm gear geometries to predictperformance. In addition, it discusses the predictionofwear and pitting behavior based on experimentalresults with long endurance test measurements.ISBN: 1--55589--703--7 pages: 8

97FTM10. UltraSafe Gear Systems for CriticalApplications -- Initial DevelopmentAuthors: R.J. Drago, A.D. Sane, F.W. Brown

This paper presents a basic paradigm shift required todesign and develop ultra--safe power transmissiongears. It also describes the initial results of a newprogram that developed a set of guidelines to improvethe fail--safe operation of helicopter transmissions,while not affecting either the required performance orweight characteristics.ISBN: 1--55589--704--5 pages: 22

97FTM11. Non--Dimensional Characterization ofGear Geometry, Mesh Loss and WindageAuthor: J.P. Barnes

New relationships for involute spur gear geometry areintroduced and integrated with new methods ofcorrelating lubricant traction and windage test data.Compact math models for lubricant density andviscosity under contact pressure are proposed. Amodern approach to dimensional analysis isintroduced to characterize lubricant traction data andgear windage data with dimensionless terms whichapply to gear systemswhichmay have a configurationand/or size different from those tested. Finally, systemconsiderations for optimal gearbox efficiency areproposed.ISBN: 1--55589--705--3 pages: 12



97FTM12. Introduction of a Jobbing System for Beveland Hypoid GearsAuthor: H.J. Stadtfeld

Thepaper describes a newmanufacturing system thatenables the flexibility to produce bevel and hypoidgearsof any sizeand specification, including gear setsproduced on old equipment with different cuttingmethods, with an extremely low investment. Thissystem includes a new PC program that performscalculations of tooth contact analysis, ease off andmachine settings, and a newly developed carbide toolskiving process.ISBN: 1--55589--706--1 pages: 13

97FTM13. Three Innovations Advance the Science ofShot PeeningAuthors: J.S. Eckersley and T.J. Meister

Three recent innovations have been developed toextend the effective shot peening state of the art toprolong the fatigue life of gears: 1) a process thatprovides a smooth surface after peening to increasethe resistance to surface fatigue; 2) a computerprogram that makes a reasonable prediction ofresidual stress curves, and 3) a coupon system thatmakes actual x--ray diffraction curves to monitorproduction shot peening possible.ISBN: 1--55589--707--X pages: 10

97FTM14. Refinements in Root Stress Predictions orEdges of Helical Gear TeethAuthors: A. Dziech and D.R. Houser

Presents an analysis method for high power densitygear units, where load distribution is critical.Compares this method with the combination ofWellauer--Seiregmoment imagewith two dimensionalboundary element analysis, three dimensional finiteelement analysis, and experimental results for toothroot bending stresses. This new prediction methodconsiders the changes in stiffness in the normal planeand edge effects of helical gear teeth.ISBN: 1--55589--708--8 pages: 9

97FTM15. Design, Generation, Stress Analysis andTest of Low--Noise, Increased Strength Face--MilledSpiral Bevel GearsAuthors: F.L. Litvin, A.G. Wang, Z. Henry,R.F. Handschuh and D.G. Lewicki

This paper discusses the design of modified geometryfacemilled spiral bevel gearswith uniformand taperedteeth, based on the application of specially developedmachine tool settings. Optimization of the geometry toreduce transmission errors and produce the desiredcontact ellipse was developed and tested, whichreduced noise level by 18 decibels, reduced vibration50% and increase operated torque capacity.ISBN: 1--55589--709--6 pages: 15

97FTMS1. Coordinate Measurement and ReverseEngineering of ZK Type Worm GearingAuthors: X. Su and D.R. Houser

A comprehensive model for the measurement,inspection, performance prediction and reverseengineering of ZK type of worm gearing is developed.Themeasurements and the best fit processes both forthe worm thread and for the gear tooth flank arediscussed in detail. A CMM measurement strategy

free of tip compensation which applies to many typesof tools and parts in the gear industry is proposed. Areal case of ZK type ofwormgearingwith the parabolicprofile modification on the hob is studied to illustratethe reverse engineering process.ISBN: 1--55589--710--X pages: 14

1996 PAPERS

96FTM1. A Computer Based Approach Aimed atReproducing Master Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Pinionsand GearsAuthors: C. Gosselin, Y. Shiono, T. Nonaka andA. Kubo

In the spiral bevel and hypoid gear manufacturingindustry, master pinions and gears are usuallydeveloped from initial machine settings obtained fromcomputer software, which are then developed frominitial machine settings obtained from computersoftware, which are then modified until a satisfactorybearing pattern is obtained, as ”the target tooth flankform” to compensate for heat treatment distortionsandto consider lapping cannot be accounted for byexisting computer software.

Once a satisfactory combination of master pinion andgear is obtained, their actual tooth surfaces may notcorrespond to those of the theoretical model. In thiscase, corrective machine settings calculated from themeasurement of the production tooth flanks by aCoordinate Measuring Machine are applicable only inrelation to the actual target tooth flank measurementdata, as the theoretical tooth flank definition isunknown.

This paper presents a computer based approach usedto find the machine settings producing a theoreticaltooth surface closest to that of a measured surface,which incidentally canbe the target tooth flank, inorderto effectively use corrective machine settings inreference to the theoretical surface.ISBN: 1--55589--668--5 pages: 10

96FTM2. The New Way of Manufacturing Bevel andHypoid Gears in a Continuous ProcessAuthor: H. Stadtfeld

Much attention has been paid to face hobbing in thelast decade. The CNC technology made a quantumstep in this period which was beneficial especially forthe continuous bevel gear cutting process. Parallel tothe CNC technology a new method of face hobbingwas subsequently developed and is introduced todayas the different and new way of face hobbing. Thebasis is a new gear theoretical approach to design theblank geometry, the ease off and the tooth contact.The tools are different in design than regular cuttingblades and enable a high economical procedure ofroughing and finishing in one chucking. The processkinematicwascompletely redesigned,benefitting fromthe free form concept of today’s cutting machines. Allthe aspects of precision, flexibility and economymakethe new face hobbing also popular for the gearboxmanufacturer and jobber.ISBN 1--55589--669--3 pages: 11



96FTM3. Noise Reduction Through GeneratedEngagement Relief ModificationAuthors: W. Kieß and S. Price

For years, the international gear manufacturingindustry has been pushing machine manufacturers todevelop an economical realizable tooth flankmodification that is made in contact direction, with asoft transfer from the modified to unmodified sectionsof the tooth.

To meet these demands, Höfler has developed, and isalready implementing, Generated Engagement ReliefModifications. The tooth flank is modified at the areasof engagement only as apposed to the entire toothflank as is the case with conventional modifications.The paper discusses the advantages of this newtechnology over conventional modifications anddiscusses how to produce generated engagementrelief modifications.ISBN: 1--55589--670--7 pages: 9

96FTM4. Traceable Calibration of Master Gears atPTBAuthor:W. Beyer

ThePTB (Physikalisch--Technische Bundesanstalt) isable to measure (calibrate) master gears for industrytraceable to national gear standards and incompliancewith the International Systemof Units (SI).For this purpose primary gear standards and standardmeasuring devices for the reference values F, Fß, Fó(total profile deviation, total helix deviation, totalcumulative pitch deviation) are available.

To calibrate the master gears of industry, PTB usescoordinate measuring machines which are traceableby instrument--specific calibration methods. With theaid of the PTB’s primary standards, a task specificuncertainty of measurement is determined for allgearing calibrations carried out for industry, which istaken into account as a correction value when thetransfer measurement uncertainty is stated.ISBN: 1--55589--671--5 pages: 6

96FTM5. Differential Crowning: A New WeaponAgainst Gear Noise and Dynamic LoadAuthors: M. Wyeth and W. Rouverol

As the power density of gear sets increases, meshdeflections increase, and the variations in thosedeflections, which result primarily frommesh stiffnessvariation, become increasingly significant.

To minimize these undesirable effects, designers ofpower train gear pairs have traditionally specifiedvarious formsofprofilemodification, themostcommonof which is tip and/or root relief.

A new system of modifications has been devised thatsubstantially eliminates mesh stiffness variationsthroughout the entire engagement angle regardless of

what torque load is being transmitted. By substantiallyeliminating gear noise and dynamic increment, thenew modifications make it possible to replace costlyhelical gear sets with better performing spur sets inmany applications. This new system of modificationsisdescribedandconfirmatory test results are reported.ISBN: 1--55589--672--3 pages: 4

96FTM6. The F--22 AMAD Gear Drive Optimization ofResonance Characteristics by Detuning, CoulombDamping & Damped Force Response AnalysesAuthor: R. Drago, F. Brown, A. Sane, and D. Stremick

Finiteelementanalyseswereperformedduringdesignand development of the F22 AMADgearbox to ensurea design free of damaging resonant responses withinits operating speed range. Ideally, designwith respectto resonance characteristics would have no naturalfrequencies within the operating speed range.However, the wide speed range (from 1445 to 17931rpm) combined with the weight and geometricconstraints imposed by the application (the F--22 is anadvanced technology, next generation, fighter aircraft)made it impossible to attain this goal directly in theF--22 AMAD design.

This paper discusses the overall analytical approach,analytical methods and evaluation of gear response toachieve acceptable accessory gear designs. Designmodifications, includingdevelopments in themodelingtechniques required to accommodate the uniquecharacteristics of these relatively small (compared tothe usual helicopter main power gear) gears are alsodiscussed. Test and analytical results are alsopresented and compared.ISBN: 1--55589--673--1 pages: 16

96FTM7. Dynamic Distribution of Load and Stress onExternal Involute GearingsAuthors: J. Börner and D. Houser

The influence of additional dynamic loads on thedistributions of load, flank pressure and tooth rootstress are shown. The additional dynamic loadsexcited by the variations of mesh stiffness andinfluenced by tooth deviations and modifications arecalculated and used as input for the calculation of thedistributionsof loadandstresses in theplane of action.Very efficient calculations are obtained by usingspecially developed calculation algorithms. Anextensive graphic presentation of the calculationresults is included. The same connection of thecalculation of load distribution with the calculation ofdynamic loads is also possible in principle on the basisof very similar programs (LDP&DYTEM)developedatthe Ohio State University.

The calculation results are compared with dynamicloads and transmission errorsmeasured on test rigs inthe gear lab at the Ohio State University.ISBN: 1--55589--674--X pages: 12



96FTM8. Thermal Rating of Gear Drives BalanceBetween Power Loss and Heat DissipationAuthors: B. Höhn, K. Michaelis, and T. Vollmer

From the balance between the generated heat in agear box and the dissipated heat from the gear casesurface the mean value for the expected lubricanttemperature can be evaluated. The maximum oiltemperature in asplash lubricatedenclosedgeardrivelimits the transmittable power. High oil temperaturesinfluence wear, scuffing, micropitting and pitting loadcapacity of the gears as well as the gear oils’ servicelife.

Experimental investigations of no--load and loaddependent gear losses in cylindrical and bevel gearsas a function of lubricant type and viscosity, load,speed and temperature are reported. Themean valuefor the coefficient of friction ina gearmesh is evaluatedand compared to measurements in twin diskmachines. A rating method for gear mesh power lossis derived.

Investigations, using model and actual gear boxes,show the influence of radiation, free and forcedconnection as well as conduction to the foundation onthe heat dissipation from the gear case surface. Theinfluence of design, size, air velocity, surface finish ofthe housing, etc., is reported.

The results of such investigations together withaccepted rating methods for bearing and seal powerloss are introduced into a calculation method for theevaluation of the oil temperature in the sump of a gearbox. In sample calculations the possibilities as well asthe limits of this thermal rating method is shown.ISBN: 1--55589--675--8 pages: 12

96FTM9. The Development of a Practical ThermalRating Method for Enclosed Gear DrivesAuthor: A. Phillips

This thermal rating method balances the sum of theload--independent losses and the load--dependentlosses against the heat dissipation capability of thegear case. Empirical factors are determined whichcalibrate the calculations against the test results forassembled gear reducers. The results of thiscalculation method are compared to the test resultsfrom 251 gear reducer tests. In addition, since lossesare calculated, this method can be used to calculatethe efficiency of the gear drive for the operatingconditions.ISBN: 1--55589--676--6 pages: 8

96FTM10. Scuffing Resistance of VehicleTransmission GearsAuthors: F. Joachim and H. Collenberg

In many transmission types, the lubricant fulfills otherfunctions apart from lubricating the gearing, forexample in frictionelements (synchronizerunit, clutch)in vehicle transmissions, or as a hydraulic fluid (torqueconverter, retarder, steering system). The modern

trends arenowhighcontact ratio gearing aswell as theuse of low viscosity lubricants to reduce churninglosses. Therefore, at the gear design and lubricantadditive stages, compromises are now necessarywhich require themost precise information possibleonscuffing resistance of the gearing and lubricant.

It will be demonstrated that the normal test proceduresfor determining scuffing resistance are not suitable forlubricant classification for vehicle transmissions (GL 4and GL 5). By reducing the tooth width as well asdoubling the speed, the scuffing test to DIN 51354standardswas increased in severity to such an extent,that the parameters necessary for transmissiondimensioning could be determined for even higherscuffing resistant oils. The oil data necessary forsufficient scuffing resistancewill be shown for differenttransmission design types.

A process is presented, in which scuffing resistance iscalculated for every point on the tooth flank, based onthe ”flash temperature method”, and taking allvariations and corrections into account. It will bedemonstrated with practical examples, that, as earlyas the design stage, thismethod can be used to detectflank areasat risk, and toeliminate themwith aspecificcorrection design.ISBN: 1--55589--677--4 pages: 8

96FTM11. DIN 3996: A New Standard for Calculatingthe Load Capacity of Worm GearsAuthors: B Höhn and K. Steingröver

During the last years the load capacity of worm gearswas raised about 30%. The reasons for this are theintroduction of synthetic oils, optimization of the wormgeargeometryandmanufacturing improvements. Theforthcoming new standard DIN 3996 ”Calculation ofload capacity of cylindrical worm gear pairs” takes intoaccount these developments. This standard containsthe following load capacity limits: wear, pitting, toothbreakage, temperature and worm deflection. Also,efficiencywas taken into consideration. Inmost casesthe calculationmethods are based on results of recentinvestigations, which were performed on worm geartest rigs at the FZG. In the case of wear, pitting andtooth breakage test results and their influence on DIN3996 are shown.

The calculation method for wear resistance is basedon the fact that the wear intensity of amaterial/lubricant combination is a function of thelubricant film thickness and the lubricant structure.The main influence parameter on pitting resistance isthe Hertzian stress. For tooth root strength thecalculationmethod is based on anominal shear stresstheory, in case of worm deflection on the deflectioncurve of a cylindrical shaft.

The application of this new standard for gears inpractice isdiscussedby recalculating someexamples.ISBN: 1--55589--678--2 pages: 14



96FTM12. An Investigation of Globoidal WormgearDrivesAuthor: N. Chen

This paper investigates the followingpresentgloboidalwormgear drives: (1) original and modified Hindleywormgear drives; (2) Wildhaber wormgear drive withinclined plane teeth of wormgear; (3) inclined planeand cone enveloping globoidal wormgear drives; (4)plane, cone and inverted cone enveloping globoidalwormgeardrivesbasedonSakai’s theory. Meanwhile,a new approach for generation of Hindleywormgearing, and plane and cone envelopinggloboidal wormgear drives is developed in this paper.Contact lines, dual and single contact ratios, relativecurvature radii, meshing angles between tangents ofcontact lines and relative velocities, and sliding ratiosof wormgear tooth surfaces of the above globoidalwormgear drives are studied by computerizedsimulation for numerical examples.ISBN: 1--55589--679--0 pages: 15

1995 PAPERS

95FTM1. Detection of Hidden RunoutAuthors: Robert Smith, Irving Laskin and Dan Bailey

There is a gear geometry variation, called “hiddenrunout”, which resembles runout in it’s effect ontransmission error and the resulting vibration, noiseand positional accuracy of a drive train, but which isnot revealed in the standard runout measurementsby ball--check or double flank composite testing.This paper describes this often unrecognizedinspection methods than can be used to illustratethe manufacturing and inspection issues.ISBN: 1--55589--649--9 Pages: 10

95FTM2. Separation of Runout from ElementalInspection DataAuthors: Irving Laskin and Ed Lawson

Runout due to eccentricity influences index, pitchand profile inspection data for spur and helical andprofile inspection data for spur and helical gearsand tooth alignment inspection data for helicalgears. This paper reviews the numerical procedureused with index and pitch data to determine themagnitude and direction of the runout. It re--plotsthe inspection data with runout influence removed.This new numerical procedure is effective in thepresence of such tooth geometry features as slopevariation (e.g., pressure angle variation in profileand helix angle variation in tooth alignment),non--linearity (e.g., tip relief in profile and crown intooth alignment), and waviness. The numericalprocedure is shown for index, pitch and profileinspection data taken from a test gear (also seeAGMA 93FTM6).ISBN: 1--55589--650--2 Pages: 15

95FTM3. The Effect of Manufacturing Errors on thePredicted Dynamic Factors of Spur GearsAuthors: Jonny Harianto and Donald Houser

This paper studies the effect of manufacturingerrors on predicted dynamic factors of spur gears.Three dynamic factors are defined and studied:dynamic load factors, dynamic tooth force factors,and dynamic bending moment factors. Threecomputer programs for predicting dynamics arediscussed; a forced vibration analysis using sixdegrees of freedom, a multi--degree DynamicTransmission Error Program (DYTEM) using a sixdegree of freedom model, and a Geared RotorDynamics Program that uses a finite elementmethod. Using experimental data provided byNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration theDYTEM program is used for dynamic factorsprediction. The effects of AGMA 10, 12 and 14profile tolerances are shown.ISBN: 1--55589--651--0 Pages: 12

95FTM4. An Experimental Test Stand to MeasureLoaded Transmission Error in Fine--Pitch PlasticGearsAuthors: Sivakumar Sundaresan, David Castor andKenneth Price

This paper describes an experimental test stand tomeasure transmission error in fine--pitch gears. Itcovers the importance of transmission error controlin office equipment. Transmission error iscomputed by measuring the phase differencebetween the driver shaft and the driven shaft usingoptical encoders. The test stand has a variableoperating center distance and shaft alignment inboth parallel and skewdirections. Results show theeffects of gear elemental errors, transmitted load,and shaft misalignment on transmission error infine--pitch plastic gears.ISBN: 1--55589--652--9 Pages: 9

95FTM5. The Surface Fatigue Life of ContourInduction Hardened AISI 1552 GearsAuthors: Dennis Townsend, Alan Turza, and MikeChaplin

Two groups of spur gears manufactured from twodifferent materials and heat treatment wereendurance tested for surface fatigue life. Onegroup was manufactured from AISI 1552 and wasfinished ground then dual frequency contourhardened and the second was CEVM AISI 9310carburized hardened then finished ground. Thegear pitch diameter was 8.89 cm (3.5 in.). Testconditions were at maximum Hertz stress of 1.71GPa (248 ksi) and a speed of 10 000 RPM. Thelubricant used for the tests was a syntheticparaffinic oil with an additive package. The resultsshowed that surface fatigue life of the contourhardenedAISI 1552was 1.7 times that of AISI 9310gears.ISBN: 1--55589--654--5 Pages: 9



95FTM6. Development of an Epicyclic Gearbox forReduced Sub--Synchronous Vibrations in GasTurbo--Generator SetsAuthor: A. Rakhit

In star epicyclic gearboxes, low frequencysubsynchronous (below turbine speed) vibrationscan be predominant. Turbo--generator gear unittesting shows that these low frequency vibrationsmay occur even when the rotating components arebalanced precisely. In star epicyclic gearboxes ofStoeckicht design, splined couplings between thering gears and output shaft are used to float the ringgears for load sharing. The sub--synchronousvibrations that arise from such components aretransmitted along with the mesh frequencyvibrations to the turbine rotor bearings. When theamplitude levels of these vibrations and theirharmonics exceed a certain limit, the life of thesebearings is significantly reduced. To reduce thevibrations from the dynamic eccentricity of ringgears and splined couplings the design is changed.ISBN: 1--55589--655--3 Pages: 7

95FTM7. Experimental and Analytical Assessment ofthe Thermal Behavior of Spiral Bevel GearsAuthors: Robert Handschuh and Thomas Kicher

An experimental and analytical study of spiral bevelgears operating in an aerospace environment hasbeen performed. Tests were conducted within aclosed loop test stand at 537 kW (720 hp) and14400 rpm. The effects of various operatingconditions on spiral bevel gear steady state andtransient temperature are presented. Athree--dimensional analysis of the thermal behaviorwas conducted using a nonlinear finite elementanalysis computer code. The analysis wascompared to the experimental results. The resultsagreed within 10 percent.ISBN: 1--55589--656--1 Pages: 19

95FTM8. Miner’s Rule -- A More Definitive ApproachAuthor: Al Meyer

ANSI/AGMA 2001--B88, Appendix B presents thefundamental method for evaluating Miner’s Rule.To analyze the load spectrum, stress values arecalculated for a given load and then modified using“K” or “C” factors. When computing the stresses forother points, the stress values are usually simplyratioed rather than recomputing the stresses usingnew “K” and “C” for each point. In this paper, theeffect of using adynamic and load distribution factorfor each load point is evaluated and compared withthe simple ratioing approach. Comparisons aremade for various applications.ISBN: 1--55589--657--X Pages: 6

95FTM9. Bending and Compressive Stress Analysisof External Helical Gearsets of Varying Contact RatiosAuthor: David Wenthen

In an attempt to better understand how thedurability of a helical gearset is affected by changes

in profile (mP) and face contact ratio (mF), ananalytical investigation was done in which mP wasvaried. Thirty--two combinations were studied intotal. The gears were modeled using the hybridfinite element computational method ContactAnalysis Programming Package (CAPP), ofAdvanced Numerical Solutions. The results of thisanalysis suggest that for a given level of facecontact ratio, an advantage in bending andcompressive stress exists at themP=2.1 level overall of the others considered. Increasing both mPandmF had the effect of smoothing out the bendingand compressive stresses when viewed as afunction of roll angle.ISBN: 1--55589--658--8 Pages: 10

95FTM10. Efficiency of High Contact Ratio PlanetaryGear TrainsAuthor: John Colbourne

A new method is described for calculating theefficiency of planetary gear trains. An example,showing how themethod can be applied to the caseof a fixed differential gear train is given.ISBN: 1--55589--659--6 Pages: 8

95FTM11. Feature--Based Definition of Bevel GearsAuthor: Robert E. Brown

The complex shape of a bevel gear tooth surfacemust be defined mathematically for the CMM, butthe mathematical definition tends to be difficult fordirect use in gear design and manufacture. Themathematical definition may be condensed into a“feature--based” definition which is moreconvenient for gear design and manufacture. Thefeature--based definition may easily be describedon the engineering drawings and toleranced.Development and application of the feature--baseddefinition is described.ISBN: 1--55589--660--X Pages: 10

95FTM12. FlankModifications in Bevel Gears Using aUniversal Motion ConceptAuthor: Hermann Stadtfeld

The use of free form bevel gear generators waslimited by the processes currently available to cutbevel and hypoid gears with face cutter heads.Since a free form cutting or grinding machine hasthree rotational and three linear freedoms it ispossible to perform all possible relativemovementsbetween the cutter and the work during thegeneration process. The universal motion conceptis applied to axes of the basic gear generationmodel only. It allows each of them to change thesetting during the generation process according ahigher order function. This approach enables a freeform gear machine to produce an entire variety ofmodifications to the flank surfaces.ISBN: 1--55589--661--8 Pages: 10



95FTM13. Powder Metallurgy Gears -- ExpandingOpportunitiesAuthors: W. Brian James and Howard Sanderow

Powder metallurgy (P/M) is a precision metalforming technology for producing simple orcomplex parts to net shape or near net shape withlittle, if any machining. The mechanical propertiesof P/M materials are a direct function of density,composition, and microstructure. A systemsapproach tomaterial and process selection permitsthe development of amicrostructure suitable for theintended application. The technology as related togear design and applications is reviewed. Newmaterials and process technologies are reviewedfor the comparability of P/M steel gears with cast orwrought steel. The strengths and weaknesses ofthe powder metallurgy process are examined,along with the challenges facing the industry.ISBN: 1--55589--662--6 Pages: 12

95FTM14. Study of Effect of Machining Parameterson Performance of Worm GearsAuthors: Anand Narayan, Donald Houser andSandeep Vijayakar

This paper studies the effect of machiningparameters on the performance of worm gearsusing a special purpose finite element technique.Algorithms are presented to determine the wormand gear geometries by simulating the grindingaction of the grindingwheel and cutting action of thehob. Results are presented delineating the effect ofmachiningparameter suchas thehoboversize, hobswivel angle, profile modification etc., onperformance parameters such as the contactlocation and size, stresses and transmission errorof worm gears.ISBN: 1--55589--663--4 Pages: 9

95FTMS1. Determination of the Dynamic GearMeshing Stiffness of an Acetal CopolymerAuthor: Connie P. Marchek

The objective of this work was to determine thedynamic gear meshing stiffness of an acetalcopolymer (plastic). The torsional resonant speedof an operating gear pair was determinedexperimentally. Using the theoretical model, it waspossible to determine the dynamic gear meshingstiffness from the experimental resonant speed andcompare it to the values calculated from availableempirical formulas.ISBN: 1--55589--653--7 Pages: 34

1994 PAPERS

94FTM1. Fatigue Analysis of Shafts for MarineGearboxesAuthor: E.William Jones, Anying Shen and Robert E.Brown

Designs are presented for the design of shafts formarine gearboxes, whichmay include the effects oftorsional vibration. The influence of the vibratorytorque on the values of shaft diameter and safetyfactor is discussed. Use of the Finite ElementMethod to evaluate unknown stress concentrationfactors is illustrated. A program for the design ofshafts, which are subjected to fatigue, has beendeveloped.ISBN: 1--55589--635--9 Pages: 14

94FTM2. An Analytical Method for the Calculation ofthe Efficiency of Planetary GearsAuthor: Michel Pasquier and Pierre Foucher

Presents a synthesis of an analytical method for thecalculation of the efficiency of simple or compoundplanetary gear trains based on fundamentalformulae. It is intended to improve the accuracy ofthe rating of the efficiency of planetary gears to beincluded in a calculation of the thermal capacity.ISBN: 1--55589--636--7 Pages: 6

94FTM3. Application of Ausforming to Gear Finishing-- Process, Design and Manufacturability IssuesAuthor: N. Sonti, A.J. Lemanski and S.B. Rao

Discusses the potential applications of ausformfinishing of spur and helical gears, includingprocess design and related manufacturabilityissues. Examples are presented describing theflexible tooling arrangements possible to process avariety of gear geometries. Machine design,controls and material handling features of theproduction--capable double die gear ausformfinishing machine currently being built are brieflydescribed.ISBN: 1--55589--637--5 Pages: 7

94FTM4. Load Carrying Capacity of Nitrided GearsAuthor: L. Albertin, R.L. Frolich, H.Winter, B.--R.Höhnand K. Michaelis

Investigates the pitting and bending strength of gasnitrided steel gearsmadeofmodified39CrMoV13.9(a 3% CrMoV type alloy). Characteristics of thecompound layer and the diffusion zone areexamined. Residual stresses in the nitrided caseare shown after long nitriding times. For bendingstrength, additional damage line investigationswere performed. The load carrying capacity of themodified 39CrMoV13.9 steel is discussed andcompared with other carburized, gas, and ionnitrided gears.ISBN: 1--55589--638--3 Pages: 10



94FTM5. A Special CVT for a New Power TrainConceptAuthor: B.--R. Höhn and B. Pinnekamp

Describes the Autark Hybrid power train vehiclecapableof inner city drivingwith zero emissionsandalso suited to long distance driving. Combinesinternal combustion engine (IC engine) and smallelectric engine. Enables significant reductions offuel consumption at constant power by avoiding thepartial load operation areas with high specific fuelconsumption and reducing the engine speed. Thenew power transmission has a wide range andcontinuously variable ratio. The requirements,principle function and the progress in developmentof the i2--CVT is described, as well as theapplication in the hybrid power train.ISBN: 1--55589--639--1 Pages: 7

94FTM6. A Boundary Element Procedure forPredicting Helical Gear Root Stresses and LoadDistribution FactorsAuthor: M. L. Clapper and D. Houser

Explores a method to accurately predict gear rootstress for parallel axis gears using a combination ofthree analysis techniques: boundary elements,elastic body contact analysis, and themoment--image method. The three techniques arecombined to predict the stresses through the meshcycle for both spur and helical gears. Predictionsare compared with strain gage results and finiteelement modeling. Results present the predictionof load distribution factors as a function ofmisalignment, comparing with AGMA factors.ISBN: 1--55589--640--5 Pages: 8

94FTM7. Allowable Surface Compressive Stresses ofGear Teeth Made of Cast Iron, Tempered CarbonSteels and Tempered Alloy SteelsAuthor: Hirofumi Kotorii

Load endurance tests were conducted to obtainallowable surface compressive stresses for variousmaterials: spheric graphite cast iron, G5502;carbon steel, G4051 and steel G4502. Loadendurance tests were conducted, and dataconcerning tooth damage was accumulated. Theresults of these tests and comparison of thedurability of the materials are presented.ISBN: 1--55589--619--7 Pages: 13

94FTM8. Reference Point, Mesh Stiffness andDynamic Behavior of Solid, Semi--Solid andThin--Rimmed Spur GearsAuthor: Jean Brousseau, Claude Gosselin and LouisClotier

Manymodels for predicting the dynamic behavior ofgears do not take into account the blank flexibilityandmodes of vibration. The paper presents results

for solid, semi--solid and thin rimmed spur gears.The analysis is made for the natural frequencies,when finite element models of meshing spur gearsare referenced. Results show that a reference pointinside the gear blank yields excellent correlationbetween the natural frequencies extracted from theRD--FT and F.E.A. models.ISBN: 1--55589--643--X Pages: 8

94FTM9. Analytical and Experimental VibrationAnalysis of a Damaged GearAuthor: F. Choy, M. Braun, and V. Polyshchuk, J.Zakrajsek, D. Townsend and R. Handschuh

Developsacomprehensiveanalytical procedure forpredicting faults in gear transmission systems. Amodel is developed to simulate the effects of pittingand wear on the vibration signal under operatingconditions. The model uses gear mesh stiffnesschanges to simulate the effects of gear tooth faults.The predicted results were compared withexperimental results obtained from a spiral bevelgear fatigue test. The Wigner--Ville Distribution(WVD) method applied to the results werecompared to other fault detection techniques toverify theWVD’s ability to detect the pitting damageand determine relative performance.ISBN: 1--55589--644--8 Pages: 8

94FTM10. Computerized Design and Generation ofLow--Noise Gears With Localized Bearing ContactAuthor: F. Litvin, N. Chen, J. Chen and J. Lu

Presents results of research projects directed atreduction of noise caused by misalignment ofvarious gear drives: double--circular arc helicalgears, modified involute helical gears, face--milledspiral bevel gears and face--milled formate cuthypoid gears. A parabolic function of transmissionerrors was developed and successfully tested for aset of spiral bevel gears. The noise was reduced12--18 decibels. The effectiveness of the proposedapproach was investigated by developed TCA(Tooth Contact Analysis) programs. Manufacturingof helical gears with new topology by hobs andgrinding worms was investigated.ISBN: 1--55589--645--6 Pages: 10

94FTM11. Development of Transfer Gear Noise of4X4 Transmission for Recreational VehiclesAuthor: Yoshiki Kawasaki

Developed new methods to reduce transfer gearnoise, which consisted of gear developmentsmaking use of tooth contact patterns, a newregrinding system for shaving cutters, qualitycontrol, improvement activities for gear productionprocesses, etc. Succeeded in reduction in thereject rate from 4.5% to 0.5% and improving thetransfer gear noise rating from 4.0--6.0 to 8.0--10.0.ISBN: 1--55589--646--4 Pages: 6



94FTMS1.Computer--AidedNumerical Determinationof Hofer, Lewis, Niemann and Colbourne PointsAuthor: Chang H. Park

In rating the bending strength of gear teeth, thecritical point locatedwhere the fracture occursmustbe determined. Hofer, Lewis, Niemann andColbourne use methods to find the pointapproximately, in which numerical iteration isneeded to solve nonlinear one--variable equationsto find their critical points. This paper presentsequations expressed easily and in a similar way forfinding the critical point as well as the general geartooth profile equations derived by a vector analysismethod. Position comparison of points wasachieved with computer--aided graphical andnumerical output.ISBN: 1--55589--642--1 Pages: 17

1993 PAPERS

93FTM1. Undercutting in Worms and Worm--GearsAuthor: John R. Colbourne

Develops an equation forworms that can be used toensure that there is no undercutting. Explains thatfor wormgears, the possibility of undercuttingdepends onmany variables, and no simple criterionhas been found. Describes procedures forchecking for undercutting and other potentialproblems, such as interference or non--conjugatecontact.ISBN: 1--55589--594--8 Pages: 10

93FTM2. Topological Tolerancing of Worm--GearTooth SurfacesAuthor: Vadim Kin

Proposes a method for determining surfacedeviations of the wormgear tooth that result fromcutting edge deviations of the hob used to cut thegear. Demonstrates how to obtain tolerance tablesfor wormgear tooth profiles from the tolerancetables for the corresponding worm threads and hobcutting edges. (Such tables can be an importantfirst step towards a wormgear inspection standard.)ISBN: 1--55589--595--6 Pages: 6

93FTM3. A Rayleigh--Ritz Approach to DetermineCompliance and Root Stresses in Spiral Bevel GearsUsing Shell TheoryAuthors: Sathya Vaidyanthan, Henry Busby andDonald Houser

Proposes a mathematical model for predictingdeflections and root stresses in spiral bevel gears.Shows a shell model is more representative of thespiral bevel tooth geometry as compared to a beamor plate model. Integrates the compliancecomputations basedon the shellmodel into existingcomputer codes for bevel gear design to determinethe load distribution, transmission error, and rootstresses on a personal computer. Concludes that

computationally, this procedure is much moreefficient than the finite element method.ISBN: 1--55589--596--4 Pages: 9

93FTM4. Stress Analysis of Spiral Bevel Gears: ANovel Approach to Tooth ModellingAuthors: Ch. Rama Mohana Rao and G.Muthuveerappan

Proposes a geometrical approach for generatingtooth surface coordinates of spiral bevel gears.Demonstrates how this versatile can be adapted,with appropriate modifications, to any type of spiralbevel gear. Analyzes various types of spiral bevelgears (logarithms, circular cut and zerol types).Offers a new procedure, using thethree--dimensional finite element method, fortheoretical determination of exact tooth loadcontact line on the surface of the spiral bevel geartooth.ISBN: 1--55589--597--2 Pages: 14

93FTM5. Optimal Gear Design for Equal StrengthTeeth Using Addendum Modification CoefficientsAuthor: C. H. Suh

Defines the addendum modification coefficient(shift factor) and explains it in terms of gear designterminology. Shows the derivation of two types ofhelical gear design equations, one with the truegenerating shift factor, and the other with anaddendum modification factor. Reviews acantilever beam equation used to design equalbending strength teeth. Presents a designmethod,alongwith numerical examples, to synthesizeequalstrength teeth between mating a pinion and gearthat may have different material properties.ISBN: 1--55589--598--0 Pages: 12

93FTM6. Effect of Radial Runout on ElementMeasurementsAuthors: I. Laskin, R. E. Smith and E. Lawson

Proposes that radial runout in a gear can contributesubstantially to measured values of variations inprofile, pitch and index, and in helical gears, to toothalignment (lead) variations. For each variation,gives the equation that relates the measured valueto the radial runout in an otherwise ideal gear.Demonstrates the relationship by comparing theresult of actual measurement with the calculatedvalue. Describes how the equations can: aid theinterpretation of gear inspection data and explaindifferences between measurement methods.ISBN: 1--55589--599--9 Pages: 16

93FTM7. New Developments in Design,Manufacturing and Applications of Cylkro-- (Face)GearsAuthors: Guus Basstein and Anne Sijtstra

Calculates and optimizes the geometry of bothCylkro--gear and pinion, concerning contact ratio,lines of action and contact. Using F.E.M. analysisand a load distribution program, adapts the DIN3990 (ISO/DIS 6336) calculation methods (forbending strength and pitting resistance) to includeCylkro--gear calculations. Tests this method on aback test bench.ISBN: 1--55589--619--7 Pages: 12



93FTM8. Single Flank Testing and Structure--BornNoise AnalysisAuthor: Hermann J. Stadtfeld

Proposes that testing the running behavior of aninstallation--ready gearsetmust take place onbeveland hypoid gear testers. Describes single flankgeneration testing and structure--borne noiseanalysis of gear pairs, based on a highly modernreal-time analysis device for which software wasspecially developed for the transmission testing ofgearsets. Explains the new possibilities and offersa trouble shooting example.ISBN: 1--55589--620--0 Pages: 11

93FTM9. Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue CrackDetection by Acoustic Emissions and ToothCompliance MeasurementsAuthors: Jeffrey Wheitner, Donald Houser and CraigBlazakis

Presents the results of gear tooth bending fatiguetests. Explores whether the combination of twotypes of measurement ---- acoustic emissions andtooth compliance ---- can help detect cracks early on(single tooth bending fatigue tests for severaldifferent gear materials were performed). Uses thetwo crack detection methods to describe fatiguetest characteristics, such as the probable time ofcrack initiation, rate of crack propagation, andpercent of total fatigue life spent in crackpropagation phase. Presents the effects ofmaterials and processing. Shows how crackdetection can reveal the results of surface finish onfatigue.ISBN: 1--55589--621--9 Pages: 7

93FTM10. HighSpeed, Heavily Loaded andPrecisionAircraft TypeEpicyclicGearSystemDynamicAnalysisby Using AGMAGearDesignGuidelines EnhancedbyExact Definition of Dynamic LoadsAuthors: K. Buyukataman and K. Kazerounian

Dynamic analysis of reliable, lightweight, highspeed and high power density epicyclic gearsrequires special effort to predict their maximumpower transmitting capacity. Focuses onsingle--stage epicyclic gears of this category.Presents an overview of key design considerationswith proper application of AGMA standards. Uses astate--of--the--art, elastodynamic simulation thatresponds to input data much as afully--instrumented test cell. Demonstrates that anepicyclic gear system can be a fully reliable aircraftpropulsion component.ISBN: 1--55589--622--7 Pages: 19

93FTM11. The Relative Noise Levels of Parallel AxisGearsSetswithVariousContact ratios andGearToothFormsAuthors: R. J. Drago, J. W. Lenski , R. H. Spencer, M.Valco and F. Oswald

Describes the design and testing of nine sets ofgears which are as identical as possible except for

their basic tooth geometry. Measures noise atvarious combinations of load and speed for eachgear set in order to make direct comparisons.Analyzes resultant data, including that geargeometry is an important parameter for designinglow weight, high reliability gear systems for aircraft.ISBN: 1--55589--623--5 Pages15

93FTM12. The Generation of Precision Spur GearsThrough Wire Electrical Discharge MachiningAuthors: Roderick Kleiss, Jack Kleiss, and ScottHoffmann

Maximizes the accuracy and repeatability of wireElectrical Discharge Machines (EDM) throughfixturing and controlled cutting methods. Alsooptimizes mathematical algorithms for the cuttingpath. Presents results slowing the verifiedgeneration of precise spur gears in pitches rangingfrom 5 to 41 DP. Demonstrates the advantage ofthis method, including short lead times (withaccuracy approaching form ground gears) at acompetitive cost. Concludes thismethod is suitablefor producing small to medium lots of accurate spurgears in any electrically conductive material.ISBN: 1--55589--624--3 Pages: 11

93FTM13. CAGE -- Computer Aided EngineeringSoftwareAuthor: Enrico Esposito

Describes CAGE, a UNIX--based set of computerprograms that uses an industry standard,windows--based graphical user interface forefficient and logical gear design and analysis.Includes manufacturing data and inspection data.Highlights special features, including: file folderscontaining gear--set development information,multi--window display and processing, internationallanguage support, connections to manufacturingand inspectionmachines, anda field, screen andanon--line help facility and user guide.ISBN: 1--55589--625--1 Pages: 14

93FTMS1. Spur Gear Bending Strength GeometryFactors: A Comparison of AGMA and ISO MethodsAuthor: E. R. teRaa

Presents the necessity of comparing ISO andAGMA power rating standards. Gives the results ofusing computer software to compare the behaviorof the bending geometry factor (J--factor) values for135 spur--gear meshes. Shows that differencesexist between the results given by ISO and AGMAstandards, both in the geometry factor values andthe effects of profile shift (which is of particularinterest).ISBN: 1--55589--626--X Pages: 8



1992 PAPERS

92FTM1. Experimental Characterization of SurfaceDurability of Materials for Worm GearsAuthor: M. Octrue and M. Guingand

Presents the methodology used for testingmaterials with a worm gear set--up and with adisc--roller machine. Discusses and analyzesseveral experimental results. Draws a correlationbetween metallurgical analyses of the structure ofbronzes and experimental observations ofsubsurface cracks. Explains specific method of formeasuring wear and describes results.ISBN: 1--55589--581--6 Pages: 7

92FTM2. Face Gear Drives: Design, Analysis, andTesting for Helicopter Transmission ApplicationsAuthors: F. Litvin, J. Wang, R. Bossler, Y. Chen, G.Heath and D. Lewicki

Examines a variety of topics including toothgeneration, limiting inner and outer radii, toothcontact analysis, contact ratio, gear eccentricity,grinding and structural stiffness. Shows that theface gear drive is relatively insensitive to gearmisalignmentwith respect to transmission error, butthat tooth contact is affected by misalignment.Explores amethod of localizing the bearing contactto permit operationwithmisalignment. Investigatestwo new methods for grinding face gear toothsurfaces.ISBN: 1--55589--582--4 Pages: 11

92FTM3. Reduced Fuel Consumption and EmissionsDue to Better Integration of Engine and TransmissionAuthor: B. Höhn

Discusses how better integration of engine andtransmission can help reduce fuel consumptionandemissions from combustion. Demonstrates thatgears with a wider ratio range offer threeadvantages: 1) reduced engine speed; 2) improvedacceleration without enlarging the engine; 3)optimal configuration for a new hybrid drive line forpassenger cars.ISBN: 1--55589--583--2 Pages: 7

92FTM4. The Design, Development and Manufactureof Advanced Technology Gearing for Hot Strip RollingMill ApplicationsAuthors: R. Drago and L. Scott

Describes the initiation and process of a programwhich addresses very large gears (approaching200 inches in diameter) and a number of pinionconfigurations. Configurations range from long,integral, solid on--shaft designs to multiple shellpinion designs. Most are carburized and hardfinished; all meet or exceed AGMA Quality Class10. Presents the general design procedures andoverall implementation of the design and

manufacturing program. Describes the results interms of improved mill gear system experience.ISBN: 1--55589--584--0 Pages: 21

92FTM5. Main Advantages of Non--Involute SpurGearsAuthor: J. Hlebanja

Identifies scuffing as the main cause for limitinggear durability in highly loaded and high speedworking gears. Notes that the principal way to avoidscuffing of tooth flanks is to apply an oil film ofsufficient thickness between the mating flanks.Asserts that the shape of the flanks determine thecurvature radius and sliding velocity. In turn, thecurvature radius and sliding velocity decisivelyaffect the forming of the oil film between flanks.Proposes that by shaping the line of action properlyresults in better gear flank shapes and improveddurability.ISBN: 1--555889--585--9 Pages: 6

92FTM6. Comparison of CarburizedGearMaterials inPittingAuthors: L. Faure, J. Vasseur, and C. Lefleche

Compares the pitting resistance of five differentsteels commonly used for case carburized gears.Bases the comparison on the test results obtainedon the CETIM gear benches. Describes how thetests were set up the test results interpreted foreach steel. Draws representative curves of pittingperformance. Describes, in detail, the appearanceof these curves and all the deviations encountered.ISBN: 1--55589--586--7 Pages: 7

92FTM7. Differences in the Local Stress of the GearTooth Root Based on Hobbing Cutters and PinionCuttersAuthors: H. Linke and J. Börner

Proposes that use of a pinion--shaped cutter,instead of a hob, causes differences in tooth rootgeometry. Asserts that these differences lead todifferent stress concentrations in the tooth root.Uses the Singularity Method for both types ofproduct to calculate, exactly, tooth root stresses.Discusses differences in both approaches. Provesthat it is possible to calculate stress concentrationusing the stress parameter 2ρFn/sFn (on 30°tangent).ISBN: 1--55589--587--5 Pages: 10

92FTM8. The Role of Reliability for Bearings andGearsAuthor: C. Moyer

Details the experimental basis for the relationshipbetween stress (load), life and reliability forbearings and gears considering the similarity anddifferences of their respective systems. Addressesthe role of stress level and life scatter in terms of theWeibull distribution. Develops the background andequations to calculate reliability factors, as includedin both bearing and gear standards.ISBN: 1--55589--588--3 Pages: 7



92FTM9. Representative Form Accuracy of GearTooth Flanks on the Prediction of Vibration and Noiseof Power TransmissionAuthors: A. Kubo, T. Nonaka, N. Kato, S. Kato, and T.Ohmori

Begins with the premise that gear noise andvibration are troublesome problems in powertransmission systems. Reviews recent researchthat shows accuracy in three dimensional toothflank form, usually represented by tooth form andtooth lead form, are important factors in noise andvibration. Discusses investigation into what formaccuracy of gear tooth flank has a good correlationwith gear vibration andnoise,when the scatteringofaccuracy in tooth flank form cannot be avoided.ISBN: 1--55589--589--1 Pages: 6

92FTM10. The Influence of the Kinematical MotionError on the LoadedTransmission Error of Spiral BevelGearsAuthors: C. Gosselin, L. Cloutier, and Q. Nguyen

Presents the basis of a Loaded Tooth ContactAnalysis program predicting the motion error ofspiral bevel gear sets under load. Shows amplitudeand shape of the unloaded motion error curve canaffect the kinematical behavior under load.Evaluates the effects of tooth composite deflection,tooth contact deformation, and initial profileseparation due to motion error.ISBN: 1--55589--590--5 Pages: 11

92FTM11. New Findings on the Loading of PlasticSpur Gear TeethAuthors: J. Bessette and H. Yelle

Proposes that tooth breakage at the tip of plasticgears is the result of interference on the back of thetooth. Provides verification of this interferencethrough experiments. Explains how CAD softwareand plastic gear calculating software can simulatethe kinematics of a gear pair to predict and localizeinterference on the back of the tooth.ISBN: 1--55589--591--5 Pages: 8

92FTM12. Noise Reduction in a Plastic and PowderMetal Gear Set Through Control of “Mean InvoluteSlope”Authors: R. Smith and I. Laskin

Recognizes mismatched involute profiles as acause of tooth meshing noise. Traces a noisereduction process applied to a consumer productwith a noisy gearset. (Gearset consists of a powdermetal pinion driving a molded plastic gear.) Notesthat measurements of profiles on both gearsshowed a mismatch of pressure angles. Proposesthat such a mismatch could be related to “meaninvolute slope’. Shows that when the mismatch isreduced, noise components drop to acceptablelevels.ISBN: 1--55589--592--1 Pages: 8

92FTMS1. Spur Gears -- A New Approach to ToothDesignAuthor: B. Srinivasulu

Studies a new spur gear tooth design in which eachtooth has a through hole made on its center lineparallel to the gear axis. Studies the effect of holesize and location. Reports that the same loadcontact stresses in a hollow--solid mesh are lowerthan that of a solid--solid mesh. Further reports thatdynamic loads in a hollow--solid mesh are the sameas that of a solid--solid mesh with the samedamping.ISBN: 1--55589--593--X Pages: 25

1991 PAPERS

91FTM1.CNCBevel GearGenerators and FlaredCupFormate Gear GrindingAuthor: T. Krenzer

Full CNC bevel generators are positioned relativelybetween the tool and work with simple mechanismsand electronic controls. As a result, the gear engineerhas new freedoms for the control of gear tooth shapesand contact characteristics. This paper defines theflared cup Formate gear grinding process and themotions that can be applied to the process. Surfacecomparisonchartsand tooth contactanalysis areusedto demonstrate the effects of the freedoms.Comparisons of jobs designed with and without themotions are included.ISBN: 1--55589--574--3 Pages: 14

91FTM2. CNC Technology and New CalculationMethods Permit Efficient System IndependentManufacturing of Spiral Bevel GearsAuthor: D. Weiner

A strictly applied CNC technology on machines forcutting or grinding spiral bevel gears allows themachining of different gearing systems on onemachine. Based on this, the selection of the mostfavorable gearing system is possible, consideringeconomic issues, load bearing capacity and noisecharacteristics.ISBN: 1--55589--602--2 Pages: 10

91FTM3. High Efficiency Gear HobbingAuthors: G. Ashcroft and B. Cluff

Discusses the design advances of disposable gearcutting tools, specifically those which have producedthe non--resharpenable Wafer hob, the application ofthe tools, and the benefits derived fromapplying thesetools in gear manufacturing. The concurrentdevelopment of hobbing machines capable ofefficiently applying these tool designs is also detailed.ISBN: 1--55589--600--6 Pages: 17

91FTM4. Low Noise Marine GearsAuthor: W. Haller

Reductiongears for frigates, corvettes,destroyersandsubmarines have to be reliable, durable, easy tomaintain, small in size and as light as possible. Inprinciple, there are two ways of reducing structureborne noise emission of gearboxes: primary andsecondary. This paper deals with primary measures,thosewhich tend toeliminate thegenerationof noiseatits source.ISBN: 1--55589--601--4 Pages: 13



91FTM5. Machine Tool Condition MonitoringAuthor: L.E. Stockline

Actual production applications of computer assistedTool Condition Monitoring Systems are reviewed fromcase studies over the last several years. Newapplications are being encouraged by the aircraft andautomotive industries which, due to the developmentof new sensors and microprocessor strategy, allowuntended manufacturing. There is a major impact onquality control, maintenance and machine uptimewhen tool wear, tool breakage and missing tool orforces can be accurately measured.ISBN: 1--55589--573--5 Pages: 8

91FTM6. Comparing Surface Failure Modes inBearings And Gears: Appearances versusMechanismsAuthor: C. Moyer

Contact fatigue modes are identified over a range ofmodified lambda values. Describes failuremodes andinterprets the wear, fracture and/or fatiguemechanisms that lead to the failure initiation.Considering the similarity in appearance of gear andbearing failure modes in light of the different relativesurface motions and tractions of the two contacts, thiscomparisonhelpsprovide insight into thebasiccausesof the failures and suggests methods to avoid them.ISBN: 1--55589--603--0 Pages: 13

91FTM7. Low Cycle and Static Bending Strength ofCarburized and High Hardness Through HardenedGear TeethAuthor:W. Pizzichil

Presents a summary of the testingmethods employedand the results generated for unidirectional andreversebending tests of very coarseandmediumpitchgear teeth. Actualmeasured stresseswere comparedwith FEM theoretical stresses and AGMA stressnumbers. The purpose of this testing was to evaluatewhich type of hardening method would yield a geartooth that could carry the highest load withoutcatastrophic breakage failure in a single, or very lowcyclic load application. This testing simulated theoutput pinionandaplanet gear for a jack--upgeardriveused on oil drilling platforms. Three separate testswere conducted over a period of time.ISBN: 1--55589--604--9 Pages: 15

91FTM8. Methods of Statistical Dynamics for theCalculation of Gear Stress Distribution and its Effecton Gear Failure ProbabilityAuthor: M. Haykin

The process of most machine loading has a randomcharacter which is determined by external variationand dynamic qualities of the system. Such anapproach was used to obtain the load spectrum forgears and the probability of its failure. Analysis andexperiments showed that gain factor for gear isdistinguished by the similar parameter of the entiredrive system. This is explained by the uniformdistribution of gear stress even for cases of staticloading. Method of gear strength calculation with thestatistical parameter is discussed.ISBN: 1--55589--613--8 Pages: 10

91FTM9. Rerating Damaged Naval Ship PropulsionGearsAuthors: R. Coblenz and C. Reeves

When naval ship propulsion gear teeth break, theaffected teeth are ”field dressed”, so that the units canbe put back into service. Then the gears are rerated toa lower rating and used reliably, at least untilreplacement elements become available. Usingsketches or computers, an estimate is made of theinstantaneous total length of contact as the damagedsections go through mesh with the results being usedasabasis of rerating theunit. Consideration is given toend reliefs, the location of the damage on the helix andthe nature of the field dressing, and actual materialproperties. The results of this analysis, together withanalysis of the causes of the original failure, providelimits within which the unit can be operated with thesame reliability as new.ISBN: 1--55589--606--5 Pages: 9

91FTM10. Dynamic Measurements of Gear ToothFriction and LoadAuthors: B. Rebbechi, F. Oswald, and D. Townsend

A program to experimentally and theoretically studyfundamentalmechanismsof gear dynamic behavior isbeing conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Centerin support of a joint research program between NASAand the U.S. Army. This paper presents the results ofdynamic tooth--fillet strain gage measurements fromtheNASAgear--noise rig,and it introducesa techniquefor using thesemeasurements to separate the normaland tangential (friction) components of the load at thetooth contact.ISBN: 1--55589--607--3 Pages: 13

91FTM11. Initial Design of Gears Using ArtificialNeural NetAuthors: T. Jeong, T. Kicher, and R. Zab

Mostmechanicalengineeringdesignproblemsrequireboth computational and decision making aspects.Those decision making tasks can be performed by anartificial neural net. The adaptability of the artificialneural net for initial geardesignwasdemonstratedandthe detailed application is explained throughout thepaper.ISBN: 1--55589--608--1 Pages: 11

91FTM12. The Combined Mesh StiffnessCharacteristics of Straight and Spiral Bevel GearsAuthors: K. Yoon, J.W. David, and M. Choi

The combined mesh stiffness of spiral bevel gears isone important factor for dynamic analysis. The totaldeflection on the contact line of a tooth pair iscomposed of bending, shear and tooth contactdeflections. The bending and shear deflections on thecontact line of the gear tooth are evaluated by the finiteelement method with isoparametric shell elements,and the tooth contact deflections are evaluated usingHertzian contact theory. Based on these deflections,stiffness is obtained using the so called flexibilitymethod, and then the combined mesh stiffness isobtained by applying contact and load sharing ratios.ISBN: 1--55589--609--X Pages: 9



91FTM13. Separation of Lubrication and Cooling inOil--Jet Lubricated GearsAuthors: J. Greiner and K. Langenbeck

Results from tests on a high--speed back--to--backstand (vt =70m/sec=13725 ft/min)show the influenceof the separation of lubrication and cooling oil supplyon gear temperatures (scuffing load capacity) andefficiency. The gear mesh is only given the minimumoil flow rate necessary for lubricating theworking toothflanks. Cooling is provided by spraying oil onto theinner surfaces of the rims. This leads to a reduction ofup to60%of the total oil flow ratecompared tocurrentlyrecommended flow rates. In spite of the reduced totaloil flow rate the temperature level of the gears can bekept low while the efficiency slightly increases due toreduced hydraulic losses in the gear mesh.ISBN: 1--55589--610--3 Pages: 19

91FTM14. The Effect of Thermal Shrink andExpansion on Plastic Gear GeometryAuthor: R. Kleiss

When plastic gears are meshed with steel gears therecan be the differences in thermal expansion betweenthe twomaterials. If a particular gearmesh is expectedto operate satisfactorily over awide thermal range, thevariations in mesh geometry due to temperature mustbe taken into account. These variable parameters canpose vexing problems to the plastics gear designer.This paper presents a straightforward way to considerthe shrinkage of plastic gears both in molding and inoperation.ISBN: 1--55589--611--1 Pages: 6

91FTM15. Gear Hardness TechnologyAuthors: M. Broglie and D. Smith

Asdemandson thegeardesigner tomakegearing thatis smaller, lighter andmore reliable increases so doesthe demand for better materials and heat treatprocesses. Proper hardness of a gear, both in thetooth and in the body is becoming increasingly criticalsince load carrying capacity is dependent onhardness. The scope of this paper is limited to themost common methods of heat treating steel gearing;however, there aremanymethods of heat treatment inwide use throughout the industry.ISBN: 1--55589--612--X Pages: 14

91FTM16. Contact Analysis of Gears Using aCombined Finite Element and Surface IntegralMethodAuthors: S.M. Vijayakar and D.R. Houser

Describes a new method for solving the contactproblem in gears. The method uses a combination ofthe finiteelementmethodandasurface integral formofthe Bousinesq and Cerruti solutions. Numericalexamples are presented for contacting hypoid, helical,and crossed axis helical gears.ISBN: 1--55589--614--6 Pages: 12

91FTM17.The Influence of Lubrication on theOnset ofSurface Pitting in Machinable Hardness Gear TeethAuthors: C. Massey, C. Reeves, and E. Shipley

Tests have been run on machinable hardness helicalgears to study the influence of changes in calculatedoil film thickness in theoperatinggear teeth in regard tothe onset of surface pitting. Control tests were run atconstant load to develop typical pitting patterns on thegear teeth within a reasonable test period.

Subsequent tests were carried out to evaluate thechanges in resistance topitting that occurredwhen theoil film thickness was varied. All the tests wereoperated with an ample controlled supply of apetroleum--based lubricant, symbol 2190 TEP, thatmeets the specifications of MIL--L--1 7331.ISBN: 1--55589--605--7 Pages: 24

91FTMS1. The Element Stress Analysis of a GenericSpur Gear ToothAuthor: E. A. Tennyson

The prediction of bending stresses in a gear tooth,resulting from an externally applied torque, requiresspecial consideration when designing spur gearsystems. The tooth geometry is such that excessrisers exist which must be accounted for. In addition,variablesaffecting theexact loadpointon the toothandthe direction of the applied load are critical. Aninteractive preprocessor is developed whichgeneratesall the information, includingadetailed toothprofile, necessary to perform a finite element bendingstress analysis of the gear system. To validate theprocedure, a test group of spur gears is identified andanalyzed. The results are compared to thoseobtainedvia the American Gear Manufacturers Association(AGMA) standards. The comparison revealed thefiniteelementstresses tobeslightlymoreconservativethan corresponding AGMA standard stresses. Ageneralized stress equation and geometry factor,based on the finite element approach, are alsointroduced. This paper is intended only as a proof ofconcept.ISBN: 1--55589--615--4 Pages: 12

1990 PAPERS

90FTM1. Contact Stresses in Gear TeethAuthor: J.R. Colbourne

It is shown that neither Hertz’s fine contact theory norhis point contact theory are entirely adequate for theaccurate calculation of contact stresses in gear teeth.A numerical procedure is described, which can beused to find the contact stress in cases where therelative curvatures in the contact region are notconstant.ISBN: 1--55589--553--0 Pages: 15

90FTM2. An Industrial Approach for Load CapacityCalculation of Worm Gears (Verifying and Design)Author: M. Octrue

The method proposed in this paper is based on ananalytical rating method which has been developedsome years ago by the author (see AGMA paper88FTM6). The calculation is based on thedetermination of the maximum of pressure betweenthe mating teeth which is made by using a specificcriteria for worm gears. The method can be used toverify the load capability of a worm gear but also todesign a new gear covering several types of toothprofile. Calculations are provided as examples andcomparisonshavebeenmadewith results obtainedbythe initial analytical method, and by standardizedmethods (AGMA, BS).ISBN: 1--55589--554--9 Pages: 10



90FTM3. Simulation of Meshing, Transmission Errorsand Bearing Contact for Single--EnvelopingWorm--Gear DrivesAuthors: F.L. Litvin, and V. Kin

The authors have developed a computerized methodfor simulation of meshing and bearing contact (TCA)for single--enveloping worm--gear drives. Thedeveloped computer programs enable one todetermine the transmission errors and the shift ofbearing contact that are caused by worm and gearmisalignment. An important theorem is proven fordetermination of the transfer point on the theoreticalline of contact where the path of point contact starts foramisalignedworm--gear drive. Amethod of assemblyfor compensation of misalignment is proposed.ISBN: 1--55589--555--7 Pages: 14

90FTM4. Different Types of Wear -- How to Classify?Author: L. Faure

In the first part, this document describes all the typesand aspects of wearwhich can occur on the gear teethinoperation,with causesandexplanationsconcerningtheir appearance. For each type of wear, the possibleevolution and the limits which should not be passed toavoid a failure or severe damage to the tooth, thusreducing the life of the gear, are clearly specified.Aspects of wear types which can be considered asnormal,mediumorprogressivearealsodescribedandsolutions are presented as aguide for wear stabilizing.ISBN: 1--55589--556--5 Pages: 17

90FTM5. Polishing WearAuthors: A. Milburn, R. Errichello and D. Godfrey

Polishing wear has been known to occur on pistonrings, cylinder bores, valve lifters, hydrauliccomponents, rolling--element bearingsandgear teeth.The bright, polished surfaces may look good, butpolishing wear is detrimental because it is a high wearphenomenon which reduces the geometric accuracyof the components. A case history is presented of agearbox which suffered extensive polishing wear ofthe gear teeth and rolling--element bearings. Theresults of research into the basic mechanism ofpolishing wear, and laboratory analyses of materialsand lubricants are presented. Polishingwear is shownto be due to fine--scale abrasion. It is promoted by acombination of a fine abrasive and a gear oil withchemically--active additives.ISBN: 1--55589--557--3 Pages: 17

90FTM6. Dynamic Responses of Aircraft GearsAuthor: K. Buyukataman

Rapid and destructive failures of high quality, highspeed, lightweight andhighly loadedaircraft gears areindications of the vibrational energy (associated withneutral frequency modes) exceeding the fatigueendurance limit of advanced gear materials. Thepaper reviews: A) Experimental and analyticalmethods to identify and define resonant mode, B)Effects of gear design andmanufacturing variables onthe generation and damping of vibrational energy.ISBN: 1--55589--558--1 Pages: 21

90FTM7. Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission Program-- A Status ReviewAuthors: R.J. Drago and J.W. Lanski

The paper reports on BoeingHelicopters contract withthe U. S. Army to conduct the Advanced RotorcraftTransmission (ART) Technology IntegrationDemonstration program, The objectives of theprogram are to reduce transmission weight, reducetransmission noise and improve transmission life. Thepaper presents an overview of the planned programand a broad description of the major tasks to beaccomplished.ISBN: 1--55589--559--X Pages: 19

90FTM8. Investigations on the Scuffing Resistance ofHigh--Speed GearsAuthors: H. Winter and H. F. Collenberg

Test results with a high speed four square gear test rig(nmax = 26 000 rpm) show the influence of speed,viscosity, base oil, type, and amount of additive on thescuffing load. In somecasesat highspeed thescuffingload can be more than twice the value calculatedaccording to ISO/DIS 6336/4. The reason for thespeed--dependency of the scuffing load is explainedby the kinetics of the chemical reaction between themetal and the additive. It is described, how acalculation method could take account of the highscuffing load at high speed.ISBN: 1--55589--560--3 Pages: 18

90FTM9. A Procedure That Accounts forManufacturing Errors in the Design Minimization ofTransmission Error in Helical GearsAuthors: S. Sundareson, K. Ishii and D.R. Houser

This paper deals with the design of helical gears thathave minimum transmission error and, at the sametime, are less sensitive to manufacturing errors. Thepaper addresses two stages in design: 1) Designgeneration stage where feasible designs aregenerated for a specification and 2) Design of profileand lead modifications that minimize transmissionerror and its sensitivity to manufacturing errors. Thepaper presents a brief discussion on how one caneffectivelyminimize transmission error in helical gearsby combining both lead and profile modificationsISBN: 1--55589--561--1 Pages: 19

90FTM10. The Mechanism of Failure With andWithout Titanium Nitride Coating in Roller TestsAuthors: J. Vižintin

To clarify the effect of TitaniumNitride (TiN) coating onfailure resistance and frictional characteristics andcompare this effect with that produced by heal treatedcoatings, two roller tests have been made and thestress resulting from the combination of the Hertzianstress field and frictional force field on and below thecontacting surface as well as the flash temperaturerise were calculated. The failure resistance of theTiN--coated roller pair was greater than that of the heattreated roller pair. The mechanism of failureresistance can be explained by the shearing stress(Hertzian stress+ frictional force) actingon thecontactsurface. This stress modifies the structure in thevicinity below theTiN layerwhich is thensheared in theweak track direction.ISBN: 1--55589--562--X Pages: 33



90FTM11. Multiple Iteration -- RespectableTrial--and--ErrorAuthor: M.L. Baxter

“Trial--and--error” was once a dirty word. Now, withcomputers, it has become the most valuable tool inengineering calculation. The procedure described inthis paper permits any number of input variables (sayA,B,C) to be systematically varied until an equalnumber of results (say X,Y,Z) are zero, regardless ofthe complexity of the equations relating A,B, C toX,Y,Z. It has been used successfully by the writer forup to seven variables. This paper is not concernedwith the structure of the computer programrepresenting this procedure, but rather with the kindsof engineering problems that can use it, and how it canbeusedasasubroutine inengineeringprograms. Twoactual gear applications will be described.ISBN: 1--55589--563--8 Pages: 15

90FTM12. Design of New Systems of ControlledSpeed DrivesAuthors: M. Hirt, T. Weiss and P. Bolger

Processes in chemical industries and power plantstations require, to a certain extent, variable speeddrives of high power capacity. In contrast to controlledhydrodynamic or friction clutches, a new system ofhydrostatic controlled superimposed planetary gearswas developed. Design and calculations as well asefficiency comparisons to other systems will bedescribed. Practical experiences in the drive of largeboiler feed pumps will be explained which prove thereliability of these drives.ISBN: 1--55589--564--6 Pages: 14

90FTM13. Face Milling or Face HobbingAuthor: Theodore J. Krenzer

Face milling and face hobbing are the two principalprocesses used in the production of bevel and hypoidgears. A manufacturer must decide on one or theother. This paper defines the methods and theinherent characteristics they impose on the toothdesign and manufacture. Geometric tooth designdifferences and the reasons for the differences areexamined. TCA, finite element analysis and testresults for the two processes are included. Cuttingtools and processes are compared; advantages anddisadvantages of each process are enumerated andcriteria for the selection of one process over the otheris proposed.ISBN: 1--55589--565--4 Pages: 13

90FTM14. AClosed and Fast Solution Formulation forPractice Oriented Optimization of Real Spiral Beveland Hypoid Gear Flank GeometryAuthor: H.J. Stadtfeld

If a very specific and systematic method is applied tospiral bevel and hypoid gear correction, a new

possibility exists to accurately and quickly design andmanufacture high quality gearsets. All generated datacan be archived on a diskette, saved in machinecontrol memory or stored in a central host computer.The described algorithm is based on a differentialgeometry calculation which is to activate about simpleand intuitive input graphics.ISBN: 1--55589--566--2 Pages: 11

90FTM15. Optimal Design of Straight Bevel GearsAuthors: Rajiv Agrawal, Gary L. Kinzer and Donald R.Houser

Describes the design of a straight bevel gearset withthe objective of minimizing the enclosed volume. Thespecifications for the design are the powerrequirements, the gear ratio, pinion speed and thematerial properties. The design variables are thenumber of pinion teeth, the diametral pitch, and thefacewidth. Constraints are set on facewidth,minimumnumber of pinion teeth, and the safety factors forbending and pitting strength. The complete analysisfor the gearset is based on the rating proceduredescribed in the ANSI/AGMA 2003--A86 standard.The optimization procedure is illustrated through anumerical example and the design is also comparedwith a spur gear optimization method using Tregold’sapproximation.ISBN: 1--55589--567--0 Pages: 11

90FTMS1. Kinematic Analysis of Transmissions --Based on the Finite Element MethodAuthor: A.L. Sytstra

In order to evaluate the kinematic properties of adesignof a transmission in its early stages, a computerprogramhas been developed. Bymeans of geometricreasoning, a finite element model is deduced from theconceptual design which has been built using anexperimental 3Dobject editor. Since the interrelationsbetween the objects are not specified by the designerthey are found by the computer by supplying a set ofrules. The following kinematic analysis uses a mixedEuler/Lagrange description and detects mechanisms(possible infinitesimal displacements of the nodalpoints without causing strain in the elements) in thetransmission. The mechanisms found are visualizedby the object editor by means of alternating images ofthe design on the screen which gives a real idea ofmotion. A well--founded decision can be madewhether the conceptual model has to be changed,rejected, or can be accepted. The method of analysisused gives a good start for a static and dynamicanalysis.ISBN: 1--55589--568--9 Pages: 18



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AGMA STANDARDS

Full Set of Current Standards (printed copy only) $3435.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(Priced separately: $5566.00)

NUMBER TITLE LIST PRICE217.01 (R1999) Information Sheet -- Gear Scoring Design Guide for Aerospace Spur and

Helical Power Gears $43.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299.01 (R1999) Gear Sound Manual: Section I, Fundamentals of Sound as Related to Gears;

Section II, Sources, Specifications, and Levels of Gear Sound; Section III,Gear--Noise Control $69.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

900--G00 Style Manual for the Preparation of Standards $30.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901--A92 (R1997) A Rational Procedure for the Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears $32.00. . . .904--C96 Metric Usage $40.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908--B89 (R1999) Information Sheet -- Geometry Factors for Determining the Pitting Resistance

and Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and Herringbone Gear Teeth $80.00. . . . . . . . . . .910--C90 (R2003) Formats for Fine--Pitch Gear Specification Data $48.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .911--A94 (R2000) Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing $91.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913--A98 Method for Specifying the Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears $55.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915--1--A02 Inspection Practices -- Part 1: Cylindrical Gears -- Tangential Measurements $55.00. . .915--3--A99 Inspection Practices -- Gear Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism $30.00. . . . .917--B97 (R2003) Design Manual for Parallel Shaft Fine--Pitch Gearing $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .918--A93 (R1998) A Summary of Numerical Examples Demonstrating the Procedures for

Calculating Geometry Factors for Spur and Helical Gears $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .920--A01 Materials for Plastic Gears $55.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .921--A97 Recommended Practices for Design and Specification of Gearboxes for Wind

Turbine Generator Systems $75.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922--A96 Load Classification and Service Factors for Flexible Couplings $38.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .923--A00 Metallurgical Specifications of Steel Gearing $65.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925--A03 NEW Effect of Lubrication on Gear Surface Distress $65.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926--C99 Recommended Practice for Carburized Aerospace Gearing $45.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .927--A01 Load Distribution Factors -- Analytical Methods for Cylindrical Gears $65.00. . . . . . . . . . .931--A02 Calibration of Gear Measuring Instruments and Their Application to the

Inspection of Product Gears $60.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933--B03 NEW Basic Gear Geometry $35.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1003--G93 (R1999) Tooth Proportions for Fine--Pitch Spur and Helical Gears $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1006--A97 (R2003) Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1010--E95 (R2000) Appearance of Gear Teeth --Terminology of Wear and Failure $91.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1012--F90 Gear Nomenclature, Definitions of Terms with Symbols $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1106--A97 (R2003) Tooth Proportions for Plastic Gears $59.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1328--1 Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and

Allowable Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding Flanks of GearTeeth $60.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1328--2 Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System of Accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions andAllowable Values of Deviations Relevant to Radial Composite Deviations andRunout Information $40.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2000--A88 Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances and MeasuringMethods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears (Including MetricEquivalents) $133.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2001--C95 Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur andHelical Gear Teeth $159.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2002--B88 (R1996) Tooth Thickness Specification and Measurement $85.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2003--B97 (R2003) Rating the Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated Straight

Bevel, Zerol Bevel, and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth $138.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2004--B89 (R2000) Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Manual $96.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2005--C96 Design Manual for Bevel Gears $149.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2007--C00 Surface Temper Etch Inspection After Grinding $38.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2008--C01 Assembling Bevel Gears $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Catalog of Technical Publications


AGMA Standards (continued)

2009--B01 Bevel Gear Classification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods $96.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2010--A94 (R2000) Measuring Instrument Calibration ---- Part I, Involute Measurement $55.00. . . . . . . . . . . .2011--A98 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2015--1--A01 Accuracy Classification System -- Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical

Gears $60.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Supp to NEW Accuracy Classification System -- Tangential Measurement Tolerance Tables2015/915 for Cylindrical Gears $35.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2101--C95 Fundamental Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and

Helical Gear Teeth $133.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2110--A94 (R2000) Measuring Instrument Calibration ---- Part I, Involute Measurement (Metric) $55.00. . . . .2111--A98 Cylindrical Wormgearing Tolerance and Inspection Methods $70.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2113--A97 Measuring Instrument Calibration, Gear Tooth Alignment Measurement $55.00. . . . . . . .2114--A98 Measuring Instrument Calibration, Gear Pitch and Runout Measurements $64.00. . . . . .6000--B96 (R2002) Specification for Measurement of Linear Vibration on Gear Units $69.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6001--D97 (R2003) Design and Selection of Components for Enclosed Gear Drives $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6002--B93 (R2001) Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears $64.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6004--F88 (R1996) Gear Power Rating for Cylindrical Grinding Mills, Kilns, Coolers and Dryers $80.00. . . . .6005--B89 (R1996) Power Rating for Helical and Herringbone Gearing for Rolling Mill Service $75.00. . . . . .6008--A98 Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Gears $53.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6009--A00 Standard for Gearmotor, Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives $139.00. . . . . . . . .6010--F97 (R2003) Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives $149.00. . . . . . . . . .6011--H98 Specification for High Speed Helical Gear Units $85.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6022--C93 (R2000) Design Manual for Cylindrical Wormgearing $69.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6023--A88 (R2000) Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Gear Drives $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6025--D98 Sound for Enclosed Helical, Herringbone and Spiral Bevel Gear Drives $75.00. . . . . . . .6032--A94 (R2000) Standard for Marine Gear Units: Rating $95.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6033--B98 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6034--B92 (R1999) Practice for Enclosed Cylindrical Wormgear Speed Reducers and Gearmotors $53.00. .6035--A02 NEW Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing $75.00. . . . . . . . . . .6109--A00 Standard for Gearmotor, Shaft Mounted and Screw Conveyor Drives $123.00. . . . . . . . .6110--F97 (R2003) Standard for Spur, Helical, Herringbone, and Bevel Enclosed Drives $128.00. . . . . . . . . .6123--A88 (R2000) Design Manual for Enclosed Epicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . .6133--B98 Materials for Marine Propulsion Gearing $70.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6135--A02 NEW Design, Rating and Application of Industrial Globoidal Wormgearing (Metric) $70.00. . . .9000--C90 (R2001) Flexible Couplings -- Potential Unbalance Classification $59.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9001--B97 (R2003) Flexible Couplings -- Lubrication $38.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9002--A86 (R2001) Bores and Keyways for Flexible Couplings (Inch Series) $43.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9003--A91 (R1999) Flexible Couplings -- Keyless Fits $48.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9004--A99 Flexible Couplings -- Mass Elastic Properties and Other Characteristics $65.00. . . . . . . .9005--E02 NEW Industrial Gear Lubrication $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9008--B00 Flexible Couplings – Gear Type – Flange Dimensions, Inch Series $38.00. . . . . . . . . . . .9009--D02 Flexible Couplings -- Nomenclature for Flexible Couplings $46.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10064--1 Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection Practice -- Part 1: Inspection of

Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth $75.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10064--2 Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection Practice -- Part 2: Inspection Related

to Radial Composite Deviations, Runout, Tooth Thickness and Backlash $55.00. . . . . .


ISO STANDARDS BY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE 6053:1998 Cylindrical gears for general and heavy engineering – Standard basic rack

tooth profile $26.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54:1996 Cylindrical gears for general engineering and for heavy engineering -- Modules $20.00.677:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering -- Basic

rack $20.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678:1976 Straight bevel gears for general engineering and heavy engineering -- Modules

and diametral pitches $20.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701:1998 International gear notation -- Symbols for geometric data $26.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1122--1:1998 Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1: Definitions related to geometry $94.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1122--2:1999 Vocabulary of gear terms -- Part 2: Definitions related to worm gear geometry $54.00. .1328--1:1995 Cylindrical gears -- ISO system of accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and allowable

values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth (SeeANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1) -- --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1328--2:1997 Cylindrical gears -- ISO system of accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions and allowablevalues of deviations relevant to radial composite deviations and runoutinformation (See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2) -- --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1340:1976 Cylindrical gears -- Information to be given to the manufacturer by thepurchaser in order to obtain the gears required $20.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1341:1976 Straight bevel gears -- Information to be given to the manufacturer by thepurchaser in order to obtain the gears required $20.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2490:1996 Single--start solid (monoblock) gear hobs with tenon drive or axial keyway,1 to 40 module -- Nominal dimensions $24.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TR4467:1982 Addendum modification of the teeth of cylindrical gears for speed--reducingand speed--increasing gear pairs $38.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4468:1982 Gear hobs -- Single start -- Accuracy requirements $46.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6336--1:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 1: Basic

principles, introduction and general influence factors $110.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6336--2:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 2: Calculation of

surface durability (pitting) $68.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6336--3:1996 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of

tooth bending strength $102.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6336--5:2003 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Part 5: Strength and

quality of materials $72.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Full set of 4 ISO 6336 Standards (cannot be used individually) $352.00. . . . . . . . . . .

8579--1:2002 Acceptance code for gears -- Part 1: Determination of airborne sound powerlevels emitted by gear units $46.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8579--2:1993 Acceptance code for gears -- Part 2: Determination of mechanical vibration ofgear units during acceptance testing $42.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9083:2001 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Application to marinegears $88.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9084:2000 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gear -- Application to highspeed gears and gears of similar requirements $80.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9085:2002 Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears -- Application forindustrial gears $88.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TR10064--1:1992 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 1: Inspection ofcorresponding flanks of gear teeth (See AGMA ISO 10064--1) -- --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TR10064--2:1996 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 2: Inspection related toradial composite deviations, runout, tooth thickness and backlash (See AGMAISO 10064--2) -- --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TR10064--3:1996 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 3: Recommendationsrelative to gear blanks, shaft centre distance and parallelism of axes $26.00. . . . . . . . . .

TR10064--4:1998 Cylindrical gears -- Code of inspection practice -- Part 4: Recommendationsrelative to surface texture and tooth contact pattern checking $60.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10300--1:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears -- Part 1: Introduction and generalinfluence factors $84.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10300--2:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears -- Part 2: Calculation of surfacedurability (pitting) $50.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10300--3:2001 Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth rootstrength $76.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Catalog of Technical Publications


10347:1999 Worm gears -- Geometry of worms -- Name plates for worm gear units, centredistances, information to be supplied to gear manufacturer by the purchaser $26.00. . . .

TR10495:1997 Cylindrical gears-- Calculation of service life under variable loads -- Conditionsfor cylindrical gears according to ISO 6336 $42.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10825:1995 Gears -- Wear and damage to gear teeth -- Terminology $94.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TR10828:1997 Wormgears -- Geometry of worm profiles $54.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TR13593:1999 Enclosed gear drives for industrial applications $102.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13691:2001 Petroleum and natural gas industries -- High speed special--purpose gear units $94.00.TR13989--1:2000 Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears –

Part 1: Flash temperature method $76.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .TR13989--2:2000 Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears –

Part 2: Integral temperature method $84.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14104:1995 Gears -- Surface temper etch inspection after grinding $26.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14179--1:2001 Gears -- Thermal capacity -- Part 1: Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium

at 95°C sump temperature $68.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14179--2:2001 Gears -- Thermal capacity -- Part 2: Thermal load--carrying capacity $72.00. . . . . . . . . . .14635--1:2000 Gears – FZG test procedures – Part 1: FZG method A/8, 3/90 for relative

scuffing load carrying capacity of oils $50.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TECHNICAL PAPERS

1990--2000 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting Papers -- Millennium CD $200.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2002 Full Set of Fall Technical Meeting Papers (12 papers on CD) $300.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2001 Full Set of Fall Technical Meeting Papers (12 papers on CD) $150.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stresses in Spur Teeth and Their Strength; by Manfred Hirt $50.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .All Other Technical Papers $30.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For titles and authors of papers from FTM Meetings prior to 1990, please send for our “TECHNICAL PAPERS CATALOG”.

GEAR SOFTWARE

ISO 6336 Software Package $995.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Gear Rating Suite (AGMA Members) $1195.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Non Members) $1495.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .