aging of the skin results in a loss of elasticity€¦ · ganong's review of medical...

Aging of the skin results in a loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles

University of BaghdadCollege of Nursing

Department of Basic Medical Sciences

Overview ofAnatomy and Physioloy –II

Second Year Students

Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.Asaad Ismail Ahmad , Ph.D.Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology

[email protected] - 2013

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - II

Brief Contents1- Cardiovascular System1- Cardiovascular System2- Blood3- Lymphatic System4- Urinary System5- Male Reproductive System6- Female Reproductive System7- Sensory Function7- Sensory Function

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral PhysiologyCollege of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – 2013

[email protected]

Text bookText book

Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2001. 2001.

References:1.Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong's Review of Medical

Physiology, 23rd ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, 2010.2.Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Anatomy for Students. Elsevier,

Philadelphia, 2005.3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed., 3.Goldberger ,E. 1975.A Primer of Water Electrolyte and Acid-Base Syndromes. 5th ed.,

Lea and Febiger ,Philadelphia.

4. Martini, FH and Welch K. Applications Manual Fundamentals of Anatomy andPhysiology,4th ed., Prentice Hall, NewJersey, 1998.

5.Maxwell, MH and Kleeman CR. 1980.Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

6.McKinley M, and O'Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy, McGraw Hill, Boston, 2006.2006.

7.Nutrition Foundation.1984.Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 5th ed., Nutrition Foundation, Inc , Washington, D.C.

8.Vander A, Sherman J, Luciano D., Human Physiology, 7th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston, 1998.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMContents:Contents:

1. Anatomy of Lymphatic System2. Physiology of Lymphatic System

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral PhysiologyCollege of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – [email protected]

th LECTURE8Physiology of Lymphatic System( Immune System).( Immune System).

1. Functions of Lymphatic System2. Nonspecific Defenses3. Specific Defenses

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral PhysiologyCollege of Nursing – University of Baghdad / 2012 – [email protected]

Wood engraving of Louis Pasteur watching Joseph Meister receive the rabies vaccine. [From Harper’s Weekly 29:836; courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.]

Nobel Prizes for immunologic research

Year Recipient Country Research1901 Emil von Behring Germany Serum antitoxins1905 Robert Koch Germany Cellular immunity to tuberculosis1908 Elie Metchnikoff Russia Role of phagocytosis (Metchnikoff) and antitoxins (Ehrlich) in

immunity Paul Ehrlich Germany1913 Charles Richet France Anaphylaxis1913 Charles Richet France Anaphylaxis1919 Jules Border Belgium Complement-mediated bacteriolysis1930 Karl Landsteiner United States Discovery of human blood groups1951 Max Theiler South Africa Development of yellow fever vaccine1957 Daniel Bovet Switzerland Antihistamines1960 F. Macfarlane Burnet Australia Discovery of acquired immunological Peter Medawar

Great Britain tolerance1972 Rodney R. Porter Great Britain Chemical structure of antibodies Gerald M. Edelman

United States1977 Rosalyn R. Yalow United States Development of radioimmunoassay1980 George Snell United States Major histocompatibility complex Jean Daussct France

Baruj Benacerraf United StatesBaruj Benacerraf United States1984 Cesar Milstein Great Britain Monoclonal antibody Georges E. Köhler Germany

Niels K. Jerne Denmark Immune regulatory theories 1987 Susumu Tonegawa Japan Gene rearrangement in antibody production1991 E. Donnall Thomas United States Transplantation immunology Joseph Murray United

States1996 Peter C. Doherty Australia Role of major histocompatibility complex

Rolf M. Zinkernagel Switzerland in antigen recognition by by T cells

Characteristic “butterfly” rash over the cheeks of a

young girl with systemic lupus erythematosus. P.467

Acute tonsillitis

EDEMAEDEMA : EDEMA : 1- Accumulation of excessFluid in fluid compartment.Or :2- Chronic Swelling of a Part due to Accumulation of Interstitial Fluid (Lymph) Secondary to Obstruction of Lymphatic Accumulation of Interstitial Fluid (Lymph) Secondary to Obstruction of Lymphatic Vessels or Lymph Nodes.

Asaad Ismail Ahmad, Ph.D in Electrolyte and Mineral Physiology

Physiology of Lymphatic System

FUNCTIONS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 752

1- Production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocyte in a balance ratioof lymphocyte in a balance ratio

2- To return tissue fluid to the blood to maintain blood volume.

3- To protect ( immune) the body against pathogens and other foreign material.

4- Distribution of hormones, nutrients and 4- Distribution of hormones, nutrients and waste products from their tissues of origin to the general circulation.


ONE OF THE GREATEST POINT IN MEDICAL CRISIS IS CONTROL OF IMMUNE SYSTEM ****

There are two ways to control immune system1- PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL (immune modulators

to restore cell component)to restore cell component)2- MEDICAL CONTROLThe first one is not yet enough, therefore we need

to look for the possibility of restoring The physiological control of immune system,

through the possibility of using immune modulators to restore cell component which

Could maintain the homeostasis power of the cells modulators to restore cell component which

Could maintain the homeostasis power of the cells and then healthy body.


IMMUNITY

Immunity may be defined as the ability to destroy pathogens or other foreign material and to pathogens or other foreign material and to prevent further cases of certain infectious diseases. Immunity are two types:

1-INNATE IMMUNITY (NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES )

2-ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ‘’ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “ 2-ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY ‘’ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “

( IMMUNE RESPONSES ) also called Acquired immunity

INNATE IMMUNITYINNATE IMMUNITY

“ NONSPECIFIC

DEFENSES “

NONSPECIFIC HOST DEFENSES BARRIERS

1- Anatomic barriers Skin Skin Mucous membranes

2- Physiologic barriersLow pH.

3- Chemical mediators (defensive chemical )Lysozome, Interferon, complement, cytokines

4- Defensive Cells: Phagocytic cells and NK – cell (natural killer cell)(natural killer cell)

5- Inflammatory barriers ( chemical defenses )6- Fever


NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES 764“INNATEIMMUNITY”

INNATE IMMUNITY “ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

Barriers ( anatomical andphysiological barrier )physiological barrier )

1. Unbroken stratum corneum and sebum; living epidermal cells secrete defensins

2. Subcutaneous tissue with WBCs3. Mucous membranes and areolar CT with WBCs;upper respiratory epithelium is ciliated

4. HCl in gastric juice4. HCl in gastric juice5. Lysozyme in saliva and tears


Continue: INNATE IMMUNITY “ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

Defensive Chemical1. Interferon blocks viral reproduction1. Interferon blocks viral reproduction2. Complement proteins lyse foreign cells, attract

WBCs, and contribute to inflammation3. Inflammation—the response to any kind of damage; vasodilation and increased capillary permeability bring tissue fluid and WBCs to the area.area.

Purpose: to contain the damage, eliminate the cause, and make tissue repair possible. Signs: redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Continue: INNATE IMMUNITY “ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

Defensive cells1. Phagocytes—macrophages, neutrophils1. Phagocytes—macrophages, neutrophilseosinophils; macrophages also activate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity

2. Langerhans cells and other dendritic cells—activate lymphocytes

3. Natural killer cells—destroy foreign cells by 3. Natural killer cells—destroy foreign cells by rupturing their cell membranes

4. Basophils and mast cells—produce histamine and leukotrienes (inflammation)

INNATE IMMUNITY ( Barriers )“ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

INNATE IMMUNIT (Defensive Cells) “ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

INNATE IMMUNIT(Chemical Defenses) “ NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES “

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

“ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “

( IMMUNE RESPONSES )( IMMUNE RESPONSES )


Adaptive Immunity are oftwo types:

1- Humoral Immunity (Antibodies, Ab)produce by B- lymphoctes

2- Cellular Immunity produce by T- lymphocytesproduce by T- lymphocytes


COMPONENT OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE( Components of Specific Immune System)

1- Cellular Component2- Complement System2- Complement System3- Kinin System4- Coagulation Cascade (system)5- Fibrinolytic System6- Cytokines ( immune modulators )

“ immune system hormones”“ Immunotransmitters ““ Immunotransmitters “


IMMUNE CELLSThe immune cells consist of the

1- T – lymphocytes ( cellular immunity ) are :1- T – lymphocytes ( cellular immunity ) are :a- Cytotoxic T-cellsb- Helper T- cells

2- B – lymphocytes and plasma cell(humoral immunity)

3- Macrophages the accessory cells such, which aid in processing and presentation of antigens to the lymphocytes.

CytokinesCytokines are molecules thatform a Communication linkbetween immune cells andother tissues and organs ofthe body.the body.


IMMUNITYIMMUNITY

1- HUMORAL IMMUNITY1- HUMORAL IMMUNITY‘’ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “Antibody-Mediated - Humoral Immunity


IMMUNITY ‘’ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity1- Does involve antibody production; is effective against

pathogens and foreign cells.2. B cells and helper T cells recognize the foreign antigen; the B 2. B cells and helper T cells recognize the foreign antigen; the B

cells are antigen specific and begin to divide.3. Memory B cells will remember the specific foreign

antigen.4. Other B cells become plasma cells that produceantigen-

specific antibodies.5. An antigen–antibody complex is formed, which attracts 5. An antigen–antibody complex is formed, which attracts

macrophages (opsonization).6. Complement fixation is stimulated by antigen–antibody

complexes. The complement proteins bind to the antigen–antibody complex and lyse cellular antigens or enhance the phagocytosis of noncellular antigens.

TYPES OF ANTIBODIESName LocationIgG Blood,

Extracellularfluid

FUNCTIONS• Crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity for

newborns• Provides long-term immunity following recovery or

a vaccine• Present in breast milk to provide passive immunity for IgA External secretion

(tears, saliva etc)

IgM Blood

• Present in breast milk to provide passive immunity for breast-fed infants

• Found in secretions of all mucous membrane

• Produced first by the maturing immune system of infants

• Produced first during an infection (IgG production follows)

• Part of the ABO blood group

IgD B lymphocytesIgE Mast cells or

basophils

• Receptors on B lymphocytes• Important in allergic reactions (mast cells release

histamine)

ALLERGIC RESPONSE

ANTIGEN

Foreign antigens:Foreign antigens:chemical compound stimulate antibody production or other immune responses, and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and malignant


ANTIGEN and ANTIBODY

DIAGNOSTIC TESES INVOLVE ANTIBODY

1- Complement fixation testdetermines the presence of a particular antibody in the determines the presence of a particular antibody in the patient’s blood, but does not indicate when the infectionoccurred.

2- Antibody titerdetermines the level or amount of a specific antibody in the patient’s blood

3- Fluorescent antibody testuses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dyes, which areuses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dyes, which areadded to a clinical specimen such as blood, sputum, ora biopsy of tissue.

2- Cellular Immunity2- Cellular Immunity

IMMUNITY ‘’ SPECIFIC DEFENSES “Cell-Mediated (cellular) Immunity

1-Does not involve production of antibodies; is effective against intracellular pathogens (such as viruses, fungi against intracellular pathogens (such as viruses, fungi )malignant cells, and grafts of foreign tissue.

2. Helper T cells recognize the foreign antigen, are antigen specific, and begin to divide to form different groups of T cells.

3. Memory T cells will remember the specific foreign antigen.foreign antigen.

4. Cytotoxic (killer) T cells chemically destroyforeign cells and produce cytokines to attract macrophages

Adaptive immunity. (A) Cell-mediatedimmunity.

IMMMUNE DISORDERS

1- Allergy and Hypersensitivity(Anaphylaxis)(Anaphylaxis)

2- Autoimmune disease3- Immunodeficiency4- Inflammation4- Inflammation5- Tumor6- Cancer

aging of the skin results in a loss of elasticity€¦ · ganong's review of medical...

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