.fCongtC'lS C"..l.12Iogin,-in-l ... hlin.tH>R Ow l\;usr. ,'):\1';1 " Wf'C){: ':C)i;"" ,J, bet-n,1n\.-"XuaordinarypJeasIHt"roreachthis course. AIbeginning of .. ter, some mtdems expec[ horedom or sermom.By the end,most S:ly theyh:.lVrr,),1006, 1';1(;73, and "NL,\V 'r'()rk\Veh Ymt"!uheSlin [)nxmbc-r7,20{}(). 200 16. ')3,Wlj'rd,1'.42.j;une.;:/,.lib, "B'HII1'1. CLunpsDow1Iun \'(I(;b:'J;U1Ulll)'20. 2000, ncw,l.bhcw.uiJl/hi!i(,6._'Wl(a,,:c,s...J Stlm,mill"f 28,2007j; W'orldH\l1ngld,log.blog.Tl(H.mml 2006.10 U googleln-ehinJ..htm L (,0.S';en.:eilKing,"SmallSun-ell Helps CIAMa,kJLI.\lol'(s un \Xell."1X"a1l ,Vr,.etjas"once considered a standard and acceptablepractice (if it,vcre considered at all)."'-:;Pl.'Oplegavecopiestofriendsonfloppydisk:.;;,andbusinessescopiedbusiness software.Peopletraded warn (unauthorized copiesof sofiware,typicallyafteritscopy-protection has been "cracked") on computer bulletin boards long bcf()ce rhe \'\feb. SoJt\-vare publishers began using [he {('rlU "software piralit"lll\ \I\(drhtl1,I!woalJ["kenmughlyIIIdownload "m:tbrecmimucWIlt:. 210Chaptcl4.IntdlcCIU:JI rh:a the Icg.d !iys(c.mcan havea powerfulimpacc.The arguments inthe case applyto m;Ul)' other si{('Sand services ontheInternee The is.mes in rill' lawsuiragainst werethe f()Jlowing: .:.Wa.ctl011 [(",:-.olionhdp 1h" 1Ilmll'l:lt;t:their nMrkctinr,. St'crion4.jCopying .and Sharing217 book {O:1friend.the friendmight buy a copy.providing income [0thl" ,opyrighr. owner. BUI coun." andlaw cstahlished the principle thar rhe copyright owner has rherighr only (0 {he "firsrsaIl:" of a copy. The buyermaytransfer the purcha... cd copy.Publishers, cspccially of textbook.. , which reselloften, lobbied forlegislation requiring a royalty to the puhlisher on t'"ach 1c5.1Ie; ("hey wereunsuccess ful.DRM cn'lbles the indusuj' h> prt' \,(ut lending and selling:J.purcha.'icd copy.DRM puts long-acccpted uscs of,andrightswuse,inrelkcrual properlyat risk.Willpr Thefirstmajor legalcasesbasedontheDMCAinvolved{heComeO(Scrambling SysltLl it judge ruJ"dthAImllwarl'J.liJrm:h. Secrion4..3Copyingand Sharing219 illcg;tlto break DVD rovicwlegallypurchasedDVDs andthat rheprosecutors hadnotprovedMr. Johanscnusedthe progmmtoillegally copymovies. Inanothera {C'J m of researchers responded to a challenge by {hc SecureDigi(al Music Jniri .aiv(' (SDMl), anindustry consor6um, In resr its digir,alw3rcrmarkingschcU1l'S (a t()[m of digital copyright prot cnion) for music 1ik,, The researchers quickly found ways tothwart severalof thetechn iquesandphUlIU,>dtopn:sclltapaperonthefbws inrh(' prO[{'C(ion sLand displayingthethumbnailsto search-engineusers did not infringe copyrights.In Field v. Coogle,:mauthor sued Google for copying and caching a story he had posted on his Web sitt'.C'lChing involves copying cntire Web pages. The court ruled (hat caching \'(leb pages isafairuse.Indismissingasimilarsuitthat challengedbothcaching andthepractice of displaying excerptsfroma Web site,a coun comparedGoogletoanISPtharmakes copiesof Webp:lgcstodisplaythemtousers.ForISPs,automatically andtemporarily smring datatotransmirtousersdoes not infringe copyright.37 There are,however,some reasonable arguments on[he other side.Businesses operate most searchengines. They cam significantrevenue fromadvenising.Thus.the copying accomplishesacommercialpurpose.Thedisplayof shorrexcerprscallreduceincome f.Ocopyrighrholdersinsomesituations.Agroupof Belgiannewspapersclaimedthc), lose revcnue from subscription feeswhen Google di.splays headlines. photOs,and excerpts from {heir news archives. They \von a lawsuit againSl: Google (ina Belgian come)in 2007. inmmpt(!trS('llWX.mcansswrillg.1",1,1in memory.fn:quclillyWoplimilI:iad"n[01C(nlip.)ting(ACM). 011rIJdemwho aaivated the virusprogram and relcaseclit lntothe1nrerner. . The .ofThe president of thccollcge'sI5P. ..The direaor ofthl!' hnspittl :"hose computer system the virus infected. causing patient medical records to be un,av2ih"blc: for afullday, resulring inrhe deaths of the cwopatients. Dividerheclassintorcn. rt!'"Ams:five(onefor .eachperson lined aoo\'(,')topresem :u:gumC:ll tsin f.tvorofcivil and/or criminal penalries and five(one for each" person) to present ddl:nse argument.... Notes303 After the presentations.use a class vote or discussiontodecide:which,if any,of the:characters should nor be considered gtiih:y at all;which, if any,should bear a high dL"gn"eof resp'(,II',AprilI luireh"lf til!: 'Hlul lptlpu1.uiuu uflbe L"IU' tr y lel "pllcompanieshaveexplicitpoliciesthatemployeee-mail ISprivateand rheem.ployerwillnocreadir.Ochersprovide anoticeto employeesevcry timetheylogon.reminding themchatthc ,.ys{cmisfI.)rbusiness,not personal,uscand thatrbecompan}'resci'YC'stherighr[0monhor messages. Aclearstatementofmonitoringpolicybytheemployersomeofthe guessworkabout expectationsof privat'-y.Suchas{atcmcmisessentialfromanerhical 342Chapter 6\X'ork perspective. Re .... pect for an employee's privacy includes warning the employee abour when someoneisobservinghisorherapparentlyprivareactionsor communications(except inspecialcircumstancessuchasacriminalinvestigation).Giving or accepting ajobin which an employee will usc an employer's equipment carries an ethical obligation on both panics to abide bythe policy established fi.)rtharusc.From a practical perspective,a dear policyGUlrl'ducc disputes andabuses(bothbyordinary employeesandbysupervisors who might snoop in waystharviolatethe company policy), Employeesdonot giveup aUprivacywhen[heyenter anemployer's premises. The bathrooms belong to the employertoo,but cam('fa surveillance inbarhrooms isgenerally not acccprable.Where elseisrhereprotectionforprivacyataSome courtS ruledchat,if employersallowemployeestousctheirownlockson{heirlockers,the employeehasanexpectationof privacyforthecontenrsof thelocker.Anemployee firedbyMicrosoft slled[hecompany,usingthelockeranalogy.He cbimedMicrosoft invaded his privacy bye-mailhe had S(ored on his complilcr at work in personal folders,pro[ecredbyapassword.Microsoftallowedthepassv.'ord-protcctcdpersonal folders,so,[he employeeargued,rhcfoldersshouldhavcremainedprivate.The court ruledagainsthim.Onc of {heargumentswas(hatlockersarcadiscreetphysica.lspace providedforstoringpersonalitcms,butthe computer wasforworkandthemessages werepartof dleworkenvironment.Thecourtalsocommeilledrhat"thecompany's interest in prcvcnring inappropriate and unprofessional comments, or even ilIeg.:!lactiyiry. overitse-mail systemwould outweigh[lh,' employt'C's]claimedprivacy interest in [hose communications. "_51 TheNationalLaborRdationsBoard(NLRB)setsrulesanddecidescasesabout worker-employerrelations.Irhasbeenafocusofcontroversybetweenunionsand employerssinceitscrearionmorethan60yC'arsago.Workershavealegalrightto communicatewilheachotheraboU[workconditions,and[heNLRBruledinsome casesthat (hey may do so Oilcompany 'rhus, employers may nor prohihit allnonbusiness e-mail. The NLRBrequiredrhar a company rehire and givebackpay to anemployee firedfor sending an c-mail message to allemployees criticizing achange in the company's vacation plan.521ntbe past,the NLRB ruled rhar companies must discuss policies ahom usc of surveillance cameras, drug testing, and lie-derccror rcsrswith a union ifthe company has one. Some arguetharit should require companies to negoriarc e-mail policies with(heunion aswell. Many of {he argumentsnudeinlegalcasesarerdevamroethicaldecisionsaswell. The problem, for both ethics and law, consists of defining a reasonable boundary between, on [he one hand, actions to protect the righrs and ne-edsof [he employer (properry rights, of c()mpany assets, accessto businL'ss infonnarioll, and monitoring for possible legal and liability problems) and, on thc othcr hand, actions that: invade personalprivacy. The most reasonable policy is not always obvious,not always (he same in (he viev..of both parries,not the same foralltypes ofbusincsscs, andnot always dear when new situations arise. Section 65Employee Monitoring343 Using the Web at work Youprobahly first usedthe \X'ebarhome or at school. Tenor1., yearsago,mostpeople who used the Webdid so first at work.Employees quickly discovered rhey could do much morethanwork ontheWeb.One study counted12,823 visitstoPf!mhomemagazine's Web sitein one month in1996 from compmcrs at IBM,Apple,and AT&T(That was alargenumberat:thatlime.)Varioussurveysfoundhighpercentage'Sof employeesat businessesand government agenciesusing(he\X'cbfornonwork purposes(e.g.,79.8%. 90%). Visitsto "adult" and pornography sites soon gavewayto visitstochat rooms and spons,shopping,gambling,andsrock-investment sites.Later,workerswatchedvideos andnttworkedwithfriendsonsocial-networkingsites.Somecompaniesfoundrhat employees spent more thantwohours a week on nonwork Web activity.One foundthat 3% of its WebtraBle wasto an online invesrmC'nt site and another 4% ".....ent to employees downloadingmusic.S3 Companiessayaccesstoonlinevideoslowsbusinesstrafficon theirnetworks. Many major companies use soft\vare tools that pmvide repores Oilemployee Web usc, Theroolsranksitesby frequencyof visitsor createreportsonanindividualemployee's acti:vity,forinstance.Someemployers installvariantsof thefilteringsoftwareproducts originally developed for parcnrsto limit Web accessby their children. 1'ht"'}'block access to social-nenvorking and videosites.The AmericanManagement Associationsaid of 526 companiesitsurveyedrcponmonitoring Internetuseby employees;65%block accesswsome Web sites.,4 Ismoniwfing the Web activity of employees anunreasonable invasion of privacy?Is nonworkWcb surfing a seriousprohlem foremployers.or isifa high-techcquivalenr of reading anewspaper or listening totheradioat one'sdesk?Employersreport anumber of concernsaboutnonwork Webactivity.The obviousoneisthatemployeesarcnot workingthe hours theyarcpaid towork.Whentheemployer isthe government,there istheadditionalissueof misuseof taxpaycr-fundc..J.resources.(Ontheotherhand,a company foundthat one of itsemployees spent more than anhour a day managing his own stocks on the Web. The company didnor care because his performance wasgood.) Web sirescandeterminewherea.visitoriscoming from.Somecompanies wamfO avoid embarrassment ofhavillg theiremployees reponed {()be visiting pornographic sites,perhapsracist sites, or even job-hunting site.-;;. A major concern ahoU[ Web uscingeneral is security ducats such as viruses and orher malicioussoftwarewith(hepotcnri:alrodisrupt company operarion.sor accesssensitive data about the company or its customers and diems. \X'esawin Chapter 1 that businesses that srorc personal information about employees. custOmers, patients, or the public must be vigilant to prmen against leaks and theft of such data. A..we sawin Chapter), hackers exploitsecurity Hawsin\X'ebapplications.Theytargeremployeesof companieswhose systems rhey want to hackinto. Thus control of employee\X'cbactivitypart of essential securityf(umany companies.Somecompaniesrestrinor prohibita variety of Internet 344Chap[er 6\V'ork services(arwork),suchasinsrantmessaging,filesharing,blogging,Internetphone service,access(0personale-mail,and connecring iPodstocompany computers.So far. ardatively smallnumber have adoptedpoliciesaboutblogging andinstantmessaging, Thelackof policiesmuJdleadromajorproblemsforemployeeswhonusedamage inadvertently or geeinto trouble bee,lUst? of misunderstandings about what isacccprabk. Iecan also calise huge problems for employers. Employee blogs,likeunmonitorcd e-mail, can exposeacompany(0liabilityforharassment,copyrightinfringement,or libel.An offensive blog candamagethecompany's reputation.Companies also worry aboU(leaks of product information and financialinformation.This isone more area,likesomany others, where employers need rochink ahead, develop policies,and make sure employees are aware of them andunderstand the reasons forthem, EXERCISES Review Exercises 6.1List two job categories where the number ofjobsaresul! of C()inputeri7.ation, 6.2List [\Vojobcategorieswhen:thenumber ofiobsincreasedur,lStically withincrea. l\-brchiApril 1006. ..W\\ '.fOfYl g n l tf&I-) !.o'JI alan-s-hli.o "k,ioll"'''nr,ng-Ih"-on, indll'" r;al. ":"ul,, t,, ' 01hlml J, 20( 7). 1MHlinu("f,NotJ{rvoluli" n?" 348Chap[er 6Work 2hox inclum:- Glh'CTlUT)(;ut Oni(e, "[I1l111igl'atiol\ Hindt'l Elllplu)'In(;!lt\-'criiiccltionand 'W'orhitcEnli.)rnlllell( CAO..o)813, August 2.005. www.I.Ju.g(whose expertise isdescribedto n:aders) oversee specific subject areas. Citizendium did llot have to stan from scratch. Anyone who wants toprovide freeinformationonlinemay useWikipediaarticles.Thus.Citiundium can begin with what hasalready been LTe;}ted,then revise andasnecessary,and,it is hoped,bettcr protect theresults.If Cilizenciiulll'Slevelof control isin faa valuableand effecrive, perhaps when you read this book everyone willbe using it instead ofWikipedia. The "wisdom of the crowd" People askallsores of questions on Yahoo!Am;wcrs aboU[ dating,makeup.food.college ("Arconlinecollegeclassesasgoodasc1a... sroomclasses?"),andwide-rangingsocial. economic,andpoliticaliss.ues("If weproduceenoughfoodtofeedeveryonein[he world,whydon'twe?")Of course alorof answers arcill informed.M,myarcbiased,or fullof opinion,norfact.The questioner designatesthepostedanswer heor she deems thebest.Whatqualifiesthequestioner,presumablyaprsotlwhodocsnotknowthe answer,[0 judge theworthinessof thereplies?Towhatextent docsthe ea.'Ieof posting aquestionreducethelikelihoodthatapersonwillseekoutwell-researchedsrudit."Sor books on(he subject? 'Iller(' arcobvioLL'II),questions for whichchiskind of forumwould norprovidethebestresults.Anexamplemightbe "AremediCinessafetousepast{heir expiration dates?"The firsr\0;.'0sample questionsIquoredabove,however,arclikely fO gt.'nerarcalorof Ideasandpcrspeaiv('s.Sometimes.thatISexactlywhatrhequcsrioncr 354Chapter 7Evaluatjng and COlltf()lIing Technology wants.Without the Web, if someone asked like thO'iCof only afriends,[he answersmight heless and lessusct'ul. SomehealthsitesontheWebencouragethepublictodoctors,hospitals,and medicaltreatments.Arcsuchratingsvaluable ordangerous?Willthey motivate doctors and hospitalstodldngetheirpracticestoachievehigherratingsatthe expenseof good medicalcare? Ca.';,;e,cofounder ofAOL and fl)undcr ofa health site [hat emphasizes ratingshythepublic,arguesthatif millionsof peopleparticipate,theresultswilllx' veryuseful.arc exuemciy smpicious of "the wisdomof the crowd."And thereis always concern for manipularioll. We have seell auction fraud and vandalism ofWikipcdia articles. NC'\vWeb sin:'shave sprung up to buy and sell votcsto get prominenr display for articleson socialmedia sires.\X'hat arctheimplications of suchpractices forsites wherl' thepublicmtes medicalcare?Willprovidersof new or questionablemedicaltreatmeilis generate fakefavorablerevie .....-sand votc.t;?How can docmrsrespond [0 specific cridcism from apatient wirhour violating the patient'sprivacy? Let'spausebrieflytopmtheproblemsof incorrect,distorted.andmanipulated information inperspective.Quack medical curl"Sandmanipulativemarketing arc hardly new.Unlabeledproductpromocionsdatebackhundredsof years.Eighteenth-century opera starspaid peopletoancnd performancesandcheerforthemorbootheirrivals. HatdJd jobs in the form of news articles, books, ads. and campaign flyershave dishonestly attacked politicianslong ocforerheWeb existed. There areplenty of poorly written and inaccurate books.Historical movic'Smerge truth and fiction, some for dramatic purposes. some forpolitical purposes. They leave uswith a distorted idea of whatrcally happened. Two hundred years ago, cities had many more newspapers than they do today.Most were opinionatedand partisan.At supermarket counterswecan buy newspaperswithstories asoutlandishasanyinblogs.Thefl(wYorkTimaisaprime exampleof arespected newspaper, staffed by trained journalists, with an edilOrialboard in charge. Yctone of its reportersfabricatedmany stories.Numerous otherincidentsof plagiarism.fabrkation, andinsufficienthaveembarrassednewspapersandtelevisionnetworksin thepast decade. OK, the problerm of unreliable information are not new.Bur they arc problems, and thl'W'chmagnifiesthem.How canwedistinguishgood sourcesof informationon[he Web?Search enginesand other servicesrank sites and bloggersb}'thenumber of people who visirthem. A varicry of people and services review and rate sites and blogs.Critics of the quality ofiniormarion on (he Web and thc bckofcditori:ll control disdain such rarings ,15merely popularity contests. The Internee grarities the "mediocrity of the m:l.$ses."Designcamerasto reduce damage if dropped . .,.Forecast efleets of earthquakes on bridgt."Sand buildings. Wi'"iUJOrher Usesof Crash-Analysis climate models to try to determine how much temperaturt"Swill rise,what is causing ('he fisc(e.g..naturalq'dic changesorhumanindustrialactivity),andwhatotherclimate changes will occur as a result. Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel 011Climate Change opeC), sponsored bythe United Nations and the \X'orldMeteorological Organilation, has published comprehensive ccports on the science of climate change roughly every five years.Much of the infi)frnationin this sectioncomes fromrhoserepons.!') Climatemodels,liketheanalysismodels,calculaterelevantvariablesfor gridpointsandelements(gridboxes)forspecifiedsimulatedtimeintervals.The grid circlcs the earth.risescluough thl' amlosphere, and goes dm...nimo [he ocean, Equations simulateatmosphericpressure.temperature,incomingsolarenergy.outgoingradiant energy,windspeedanddirection.moisture,precipitation,oceancurrents,andso fonh. Clima(emodelshaveimprovedover{hefewdecades[hatscienristshavebeen developing and working with[hem. The models used inrhe1980s and early1990s v..'ere limited. Hecc is a brief sampling of simplifications, assumptions. and factors modelers did nor fully understand: The models did nor distinguish day andnighr.20 111tj used a fairly coarse grid (with pointsroughly 50Dkilometers apart). They did not include {heElNino phenomenon. They made assumprionsabout.methane (agreenhouse gas){hat scientisrs later determined were incorrect. They did not include(smallparticles inthe air) 366Chapter 7Evaluating and Controlling Tedmology that have a cooling dfen. Clouds are extremely imporrant to dimate. bur m;UlYproccs... e:; involvedwirhrheformation,effecTs.anddissipationof clouds arcnorparticularlywen understood. "['heIPCC summarized in2001:''A.,.hasbl'cnthecasesincerhefirs(IPCC Reportin1990,probahlythegreatestuncertaintyinfutureprojectionsof climate arisefromdouds.... Clouds represelHa significant SOllfCCof pott,nthl error in climateThe exrremelysimplifiedreprescntations of [hcoceansinches(' models were another very significant weakness.Computing power was insufficicnrto do themany calculations[(.)simulate oceanbehavior.Whenrunonpastdata,some of Ihe earlyclimate modelspredicted temperature increasesthreetofivelimesashighaswhat actually occurred overrhepre\'iow.century. Tb us,itshouldnO(besurprisingthatthere wasmuch skepticism about.the climate models and theirprojections. Current modelsarcmorederailedand complex.Increasedcomputerpowerallows morerunsof amodelwithdifferentdaraorassumptions.Increasedcomputerspeeds allowthe uscof finer grids.(That is,rhemodelscancompute variablesat morepoims. spaced roughly 200 kilomerers apart.)Increased data collection and basic science research have been improving rhe understanding of the behavior and interactions of dim.ue system components. Many models now predict air (cmperamre ncar the surface of {he earch well. [hat is,dose to observed temperatures,fur the recem past.It is reasonable [hat confidence inthe models hadincreaslxi.Basedon thecalculations of the modelsand on comparing previous modelprojections with actual data from(he n:ccnt past,the 2007 JPCC rcpon findsit"extremelylikely"that human activityhashada substam:ial warmingcHeeron climate since1750.2:!The report projects warming of O.2C per decadeforthe ncxt few decad('S. TheIPCCreportstharmanyuncertaintiesremain.Modelsprojectthatdoubling theconcenrrarionofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherefromitsll...velatthe beginning of the 20th-century willl."'aUSCa globaltcmperaturcincreasewithintherange Much of the variationin the model results comes fromthe stilltroublesome lack of fullunderstandingof someof the effectsof douds.l.J 'fherearcstillweaknesses inunderstanding variations.inourplltfromthe sun,sourcesandbehaviorof methane, connectionsbetweenC02emissionsandC02concentrarioninrheatmosphere,and other 'lerors. There is insufficient data on many phenomena for rhe period before sardlires were used for dara collection. The [pee report lists among "h'y uncertainties"insuflicienr data [0drawwnclmiol1sabouttrendsinthethicknessof AnrarcticsealCC.Thereport indicatesthartheaccuracyof projectionsforfutureclimatechangestillhampered byrhecomplexity of rheproblem.Thatis,even{heextrcmelypowerfulcompurersof codayarenot suffidcmroachieveanideall('Vd of resolution(gridsize)androinclude simulationof more processes{hataffect climate.24 Someclimate scientistswho arcnor part oflPCC argue that the models have more fundamental weaknesses,f(J[example,not fullr considering long-termnaturalcrdes. A variety ofstudies are underway w sec bow sensitive the resulrs of the climate models ;uc tominor changes intechnicalassumptions.Modelers arealsodeveloping merhods [0 quantif}' theuncertainty inrhemodels. S .ymhuJillt'dJeroflh..movement. 378Chapter7Evaluating :lndControlling Technolngy +Usc ofcomplI(ers in schoolsrhwarts devclopmC'nt of'social li kills,human values,and ilud lcClualskiUsinchildren.They Clcacean uniformiryof knowledge" consi.'irem withcorporacc SJ .;.Computersdoliuleornothing 10solverealhumanproblems.Forcx:J.mple,Neil Posrman.inresponsetod aimsofthebenefitsof :.ICCCSS[0information.argues. "If familiesbreakLIp,childrenart:mistreated.('rimeterrorizesa"ity,cducilnud l'''rms f 'XJI - f962 f Ll.i.:t, (kn.:rI,', [ht e.lilnr), Mw)"rk August16,1'>') 1, p.12. 6R(,!xrt Fux, Ev,::[,ybnayCd CI,'oll ed," (:mllmltJ1 ic,Uilll/' "--",,,ACM. 43. n11 ..,,,11 ..ihll.'Rrmh,.II'"I(ldnu3rrffd,rU1U)' ] 6S"r iN)"27.no. :I?,PUf.R...fisrm, i/lld th. m'inmmt',J/:J8RfJ--J,')8()(Tex.1.>A&M l.1";\e., , ityPre ......198 I 1. fl.24 ,:!;. Mi .In eikler Clifia:'AX..!/'. 19'J), 165-181 m .Opl lc-JI libe,:Bl,lcy.(",I..E., ,.,lf & pofl _,lJO(): I;'''Tu,,' Sftl/r 01,1)( l'Ian(I(McGf3 .....Hill. l OtIO) . p.5 \;'''Il,t"' Coming ,-'\ge {)(p.I I'J, Nidwi.;" - l'oi'uLuiun,Foud. ImufIlc: inthe "fv.'C' ntic(h Cemury, "in 11....lmr S,.IIl' (lfd". PI,fllrt . .. d. Roo:l kl B.ltltj, P' C.h , p ..J4. F,unily 'neoll/(.' lOud: SI("Pf,I:' U M')(III: :l nJ JulianLSimtln. It i Gt"trilfJ:linin' All 11K Timr; nit"100 Gmlt""1',.../IN "f,bl" 20lh Cnuu.,r(Cuo IJl.!itu( ...2000), p.1J; U.S. Dcpanlfli.'lIt of Agri"ul\un: E('/IIom;.:R"MOOIrdlSn\'kc. - hKX\C1'1, "'flU hn..:1 li.lhll.'7. www.C-( ... . IU.u.I;c:ndBridi llJ!.lCI.IFo(KIAndf..xpc ... li!uJrl ... It...h r.:h 11. 20(7): Sen'Clr{i nl(ni-n-'wit hNormanHotbn&!. R(,bIJI I.Al'f il 1000, 11J'. JO-.' 7; )uiiJn l.. SiUHln , -Th, StalCofHulIl.lllit)':Sl eOldil f Wl/) 1't>1'tHtlIIJlt, p.7. "" ill, ,lIt:LlLtl.li, ,,: Bill" I).,CIUDu n Jlloa.>csLUll'; ToIhe:Dii!myu( &;,mc::1'-t:11I Strm}uknnd. ]:tlluOirr17.I')')(i. l'p.AI.AIO. Ibi,l. ji:kphollC".A.1'\u"n;m. Mmd,"J .. y.wthe R.'iJ.lO'l,2000. Ilt''''':; .'1. 77 2 5. hUlllS, Faber and f.1ber.1994.Birkerrsa cri ricof compurers;hewrites ona typewriter. RodneyA.f1{'sh and A/{I('hiu(J: NolURobots \Vill ClJdJJgt'Lk Pantheon 2002(also,Vim:l.g('.2003). Brower.Kennl-rh."Photographyinlhe Age of Falsihc:uioo,"The At/;lnrj(" MomMy,M:a.y1998. pp. 92- 1 ) I , Explores views of well-knownnature phOlographers ondlt' e[hics of al tering photos. 402Chapter 7Ev.uu:ning :UldCnllrrn!ling1edlOol.ngy Cap low,Theodo["C,Loui.'lHick."\,and Be n J.Wauenbeq;. Firs!M"llJlI1wl AulllUJmurd Guidr toTunth in Amaicn. AUPress.,200 I. Compaine, BenjaminM., ed.7lJe Facing (ICrisisor Crr:atinl. a A1y;h. MIT Prcss,200 I . Cox, W.Michad,and Ridl:mf Aim. Myth; o/Rirb .wd Poor:WhyWi-rt'Berrrr ajJTI.1(mu;o.... _ _ ._.. _ , ._ _" ,Baumcriswry i"mportom for hand anrtjim"lim 11 bi' JUrpn"l"l.'d at how quick your :\ UlI'Ur- will ache ilr!J(' kllijr is110tbnlallud prtlperly. :;-Gcorge McNt:i11.Exc(,'uti .."cChef. Royal YorkHotd, -Iownro (on an , advertisement forfi ne cuder)') Section 8.1Failures and Errors inCompuu'r Systr-ms413 8.1.3SYSTEMFAILURES Moderncommunic.Hions.power.medical,financial.rerail,andu:1lHportarionsystems dependhCOiVilyoneompuccrsyucms.11\eydonotalwaysfunctionasplanned.We describealorof failures,somewithindi catiomof thecauses.Forcompun:' (science studentsandolherswhomighl'comran f(Hormanagecustomsoftware.one ai misto S('('serious impacls of (he fa ilures-and to secwha(youwant (0 ''''ork hard lOavoid. Thelessonsof adcq u3(Cplanni ng,of makingbackupplansiniCof failures.andof responsibilityapply to largeprojects inother professionsaswell. Communications. business, and u2.flsportation CU510nlCrS of AT&T los!service for voice and dara fornill c hl)Urs becauseof a soflWarccrror in a four-million line program. The disr uption prcwntca roughly 50 milJion calls from getting through. A three-line change in a two-millionlinc telecommunications SWitchingprogramcausedafailureofrdephollenetworksinseveralmajoran Coast and\'VestCoastcities.Althoughtheprogramundcrwem13weeksortCSling.itwas notrctested.afterthechange-whichcontainedarypo.Aglitchinaroutinesoftware upgradeat'.AmericaO nlinepreventedsubscribersfromlogging inalloverrheU.S.for ,St.vera!hows.AmericanExpn:ss Comp:.l.Il}'sccedit-cardverification systemb.il edduring rheChrisclIlasshoppingseason. Merchantshadrocallill for verifi cation.ovcnvhdming the callcenter.Amajority of Skypc'sInternct users cnuid not log in fortwodays in2007. Its pccr-to-pccr nelwork systemhad become: overloadl'd by log-ins when ahuge number ofpeoplerebootedtheircompun:rsaft('(installingroutineWi ndowsupdates. (Sky!",hasroughly220million users.) 'X'h,m a Gaia."(y IV satelli te computer fai led. manysysreOls we rake tor granted stopped working.Pagerservicestoppedforallestimated85% of usersint heU.S .including hospitals and police dcparllllents. 'rhe t"J.i1UfCinter rupted radio and television broadcasts. Airlinesthatgot[heirweacherinformacionfromthcsatellitehadtodelayRights.'rhe gasnarionsof amajorchaincouldnmveri fycreditcud ...Someserviceswe-rcquickly swi(chcd[ 0other satellitesor backup systems.Itrook days(Qrestore odH."rs.11 Everyfewyears.[he computer sysremof oneof rheworld'slargi,.srslock exchanges orbrokerag(Osfails.Anerrorinasoftwareupgradeshutdowntradingonrhe'tokyo StockExchange.AprobleminI1L,\\'communicationssofrn"arcvin uallyshutdownthe NA--()DAQ stock exchange for (""''0 and ahalfhours.A glitch in an upgrade in [he complHcr systemat Ch.1rlcs SchwabCorpor::nioncrashed[hesy.m"mfo rmore(hantWOhours ;tnd causediJl(crmiuctHproblems forsevera}days.Cw;:wffiers could nor access their accounts or (mdeonline.A computermalfunctionfrozetheLondonSrockExchangeforahnosr cigh[hours--onrhe l:m day of rhe lax year,affectingmanypeople'staxbills. I:! A fa ilure of Amtrak's reservation andticket.ing systcm during weekend causeddcl:lYSbecauseagcmshadnoprintedschedulesorfarelis(s.'Twolargetravd rcs("rvation s),s(enl S that handlerl'Sen';ltJOnS forairlines, Col rreIHal companies. and hotels shut down (or1I13ny hours because o( computer problems.AmericanAirlines couldn tH 414Chapter8Erron. Failures.andRi!.k verifyc1ecrronicricket.s;it delayed100Righrs.Afailureof the computerrhatprepares Aighr plans for America \"'esr Airlines deJaredthous.mds of passengers. AirTraninst.llJed anew system('0handle Hightcheck-in onthe Inn:rne{.;n airpon self-service kiosks, and atairport check-in counters.hfaih:donitsfirs( cbr.Passengersandtick\'(agents could notprimboarding.. ;Olanypt.'Ople- missedflights.Sometimes systemsfailbccausl.' they :mcmpr something radicallynew. The AirTranfailure.however, occurredin 2006, aflcr ;lirtravelers had bl.'cnchecking in()/lline and atself-servicekiosksfor several yeo.us. The S125-million Mars Oimatc Orbiler disappeared whenit should have gone inro orbitaround Mars.One team working on the navig.uion softwareusedEnglishmeasure unilS whllc another tcam used mcnic uni,rs. The invt:srigadon of the loss emphasized thai whilethe error itself wasthe immediate cause.[hefundamentalproblemwasthe lack of proceduresthat would have detected the error. U Destroying businesses Severalcompanieshavegonebankruptafterspending:lhugeamoumof moneyon compure,rsystemsthatfailedtowork.\VedcscriheoneGaseof asystemthatseriously strained somebusinesses. A fewdOlcn(.'ompanic:s thar bO\lght aninvl..'mory system called Warehouse Manager blamedthesystemfordisastrouslosses.Onepr1!lIurr/(/fifJlI,t/. January1 I. IYH. 2'1.A("n[.(:vin."fAA :-;;"wRtdolfSym:'IIl, " liSA1,j,I.I,I . .I,unury10.1999,p.OJ.A;\'(iil,le' '11111SusanC:;.I.f('),:\irl'tlrt.,lkhy;;, Callcdblil>l''IlDue \0 Prohbm in,\il"lIJiIic C':UlI!o!. I.fUI SmrljfJlIHlI/!.hlay 7.1lPtTjimJJ""[( /'1Aliwlll.ilud!tM):\(:11;(' "f ioldcr,subtle and other Sj"Sltln':Cllm"llt Rrll"/u(h ,lIul Tre'ru/!.LlwfulLeErlh",ul1\, 19')4),pp. 1: 12- 12.1.4"1.Cmsh.I:)')0; Tht'Ollir.:ilJ .!'1.Andy1':1,\1.1\)1"."Aill>usI" Lw('.tImpull:lstil!' \ \'QiJill!: c..IUi,.;'III). \I';,u Sm-rf.ltluf'lrRIf.icrorr,May 1.1, 2(l(1h. ".1O SI,u" mC"1I 1 on ll&dlJl iou()"crnpo.;;urt-s i n r JII ..II\.I,wW'w.lib. J.l.UUM)" 2007j;DdlOraJ, Gagl.'ami John !l.kCuflllio; k, "WeDidNl1lhit'l; Basdine, M,ln:h4.1001. \1'lw.J)oI,...:linrmJg.conJJni(k2! 'itl 'i(,4.00. :up2, lO(7). I.N'1II4'f(:. :"1(1ClIrkS. Turner."All " f lh.,A",,-idrm_,.-"11:1:'1:' Cr,mplltt!(, 1,ti.nfl.;' (July1