Agent-Driven Self-ManagementAgent-Driven Self-Management

““Device”Device”

““Expert”Expert”

““Service”Service”

Resource Resource AgentAgent

Resource Resource AgentAgent

Resource Resource AgentAgent

IBM: Autonomic Computing (1)IBM: Autonomic Computing (1)IBM: Autonomic Computing (1)IBM: Autonomic Computing (1)

The computing domain is now a vast and diverse matrix of complex software, hardware and services. By 2020 we expect billions of devices and trillions of software processes, with a lot of data. And it's not just a matter of numbers. It's the complexity of these systems and the way they work together that is creating a shortage of skilled IT workers to manage all of the systems. It's a problem that's not going away, but will grow exponentially, just as our dependence on technology has.

Autonomic Computing is about how to enable computing systems to operate in a fully autonomous manner. No administration, just simple high-level policy statements.

Autonomic Computing is an approach to self-managed computing systems with a minimum of human interference. The term derives from the body's autonomic nervous system, which controls key functions without conscious awareness or involvement.

IBM: Autonomic Computing (2)IBM: Autonomic Computing (2)IBM: Autonomic Computing (2)IBM: Autonomic Computing (2)

““Self-(re)configuration” exampleSelf-(re)configuration” example““Self-(re)configuration” exampleSelf-(re)configuration” example

• Professor in Software Engineering;• Head of Artificial Intelligence Dep.;• Head of “MetaIntelligence” Research Lab.•… in Kharkov National University of Radioelectronics (Ukraine)

• Professor in Distributed Systems;• Head of Industrial Ontologies Group …•… in the Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyvaskyla (Finland)

“Self-reconfigurable“ means that the system is capable of utilizing its own system of control to change its overall structural shape.

Self-Configurable Systems: Self-Configurable Systems: Invented by Hollywood? Invented by Hollywood?

Self-Configurable Systems: Self-Configurable Systems: Invented by Hollywood? Invented by Hollywood?

Why self (re)configuration?Why self (re)configuration?Why self (re)configuration?Why self (re)configuration?

Versatility: Self-reconfigurable systems are potentially more adaptive than conventional systems. The ability to reconfigure allows a system to disassemble and reassemble components to form new morphologies that are better suited for new tasks, 

Robustness: Since system components are interchangeable (within a system and between different systems), self-reconfigurable systems can also replace faulty parts autonomously, leading to self-repair. 

Low Cost: Self-reconfigurable systems can potentially lower overall cost by making many copies of one (or relatively few) type of modules so economies of scale and mass production come into play. Also, a range of a system can be made from one set of modules, saving costs through reuse and generality of the system.

One source of inspiration for the development of these systems comes from biological systems that self-construct out of a relatively small repertoire of lower-level building blocks (cells or amino acids, depending on the scale of interest). This architecture underlies the ability of biological systems to physically adapt, grow, heal, and even self-replicate - capabilities that would be desirable in many engineered systems.

Dynamic reconfigurability Dynamic reconfigurability vs. self-configurabilityvs. self-configurability

Dynamic reconfigurability Dynamic reconfigurability vs. self-configurabilityvs. self-configurability

• Dynamic reconfigurability is reconfigurability at run-time, but not necessarily based on system self-awareness and intentions and not necessarily supported by any special algorithms.

• Self-configurability is going one step beyond – the system is expected to autonomously and deliberately perform the reconfiguration.

• Composition (content: components of data and capabilities),

• Structure (partonomy, business logic and interaction applied to content)

• and Parameters (features of the content and structure)

What is configuration?What is configuration?What is configuration?What is configuration?

What is configuration ofWhat is configuration ofa self-configurable system?a self-configurable system?

What is configuration ofWhat is configuration ofa self-configurable system?a self-configurable system?

Everything is configurable !

What is an Intelligent Agent?What is an Intelligent Agent?Self-Configurability !Self-Configurability !

ENVIRONMENT

Behavior

Events

Self-Configuration

Self-Awareness

“Read Only” world

“Write Only” world“Read and Write”

world

ωi φi

Agenti alone may “play” a function: φi = fi (ωi),

Where fi is individual behavior Agenti

fi

“Behavior” function

Agent and the WorldAgent and the World(W = Internal + External Environments)(W = Internal + External Environments)

Indirect Collaboration Indirect Collaboration (via communication)(via communication)

Communication

Agenti and Agentk together may “play” 6 types of functions:

φi = fi (ωi); φk = fk (ωk); φi = fki (ωk); φk = fik (ωi);

φi = FF11 ( (fi (ωi), fki (ωk))); φk = FF22 ( (fk (ωk), fik (ωi))),

where F - F - collaborative behavior

ωi φi

ωk φk

fi

fk

Need ontological mapping between

Ont(Agenti) and

Ont(Agentk)

Indirect Control (via environment)Indirect Control (via environment)Indirect Control (via environment)Indirect Control (via environment)

Agenti may “play” 2 types of functions knowing rules of the environment:

φi = f (ωi); φj = RR (f (ωi)),

where R R – function of environmental rules

ωi φi ωjφj

EnvironmentalRules

Summary: Why Agents ?Summary: Why Agents ?Summary: Why Agents ?Summary: Why Agents ?

• Growing complexity of computer systems and networks

• Distributed nature of systems (data, software, users, etc.)

• Ubiquitous computing, “Internet of Things” scalability challenges

• Need for self-manageability of a complex system

• Need for new software development paradigms in designing distributed systems

• Agent-based approach meets the above challenges …

• And finally: Agents are excellent tool for self-configuration !!!

Web of ConfigurationsWeb of ConfigurationsWeb of ConfigurationsWeb of Configurations

… is the Web of “partonomy” (a classification based on part-of relation; not the same as taxonomy, which is a classification based on similarities). Configuration of an object (parts and their relationships) together with all policies applied to these parts fully describes the object from inside.

Facilitates Configuration-

to-Configuration interaction

isPartOf

isPartOf

Proactive ConfigurationProactive ConfigurationProactive ConfigurationProactive Configuration

Part_ofPart_of product hierarchy product hierarchy in the ontologyin the ontology results to results to hierarchical MAS hierarchical MAS

Part_ofPart_of product hierarchy product hierarchy in the ontologyin the ontology results to results to hierarchical MAS hierarchical MAS

Configuration of objects vs processesConfiguration of objects vs processesConfiguration of objects vs processesConfiguration of objects vs processes

Axiom 1:Axiom 1: Each Each resource in resource in dynamic dynamic Industrial World Industrial World is a process is a process and each and each process in this process in this world is a world is a resource.resource.

Axiom 1:Axiom 1: Each Each resource in resource in dynamic dynamic Industrial World Industrial World is a process is a process and each and each process in this process in this world is a world is a resource.resource.

Axiom 2:Axiom 2: Hierarchy of Hierarchy of subordination subordination among resource among resource agents in GUN agents in GUN corresponds to corresponds to the “part-of” the “part-of” hierarchy of the hierarchy of the Industrial World Industrial World resources.resources.

Axiom 2:Axiom 2: Hierarchy of Hierarchy of subordination subordination among resource among resource agents in GUN agents in GUN corresponds to corresponds to the “part-of” the “part-of” hierarchy of the hierarchy of the Industrial World Industrial World resources.resources.

1.1

1

1.2

1.1.21.1.1 1.1.3 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

1

1.1 1.2

1.1.21.1.1 1.1.3 1.2.21.2.1 1.2.3

Resource Configuration ExampleResource Configuration ExampleResource Configuration ExampleResource Configuration Example

hasColor (ID3, “Muticolor”)

hasBehind (ID3, ID4)

Locomotive (ID3)

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID6)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID7)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID8)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID2)

hasColor (ID4, “Beige”)

hasBehind (ID4, ID5)

Car (ID4)

hasColor (ID5, “Red”)

hasAhead (ID5, ID4)

Car (ID5)

hasAhead (ID4, ID3)

Configuration ComponentsConfiguration ComponentsConfiguration ComponentsConfiguration Components

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID6)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID7)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID8)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID2)

Object of configuration

Object of configuration

Content of configuration

Class of the resource

Structure of the resource

Parameters’ values of the resource

Configuration of structural

components

Content of configuration

ReconfigurationReconfigurationReconfigurationReconfiguration

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID6)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID7)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID8)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID2)

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID9)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID10)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID11)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID8)

Reconfiguration behaviorReconfiguration behavior (option 1: reordering)(option 1: reordering)Reconfiguration behaviorReconfiguration behavior (option 1: reordering)(option 1: reordering)

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID9)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID10)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID11)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID8)

hasColor (ID3, “Muticolor”)

hasBehind (ID3, ID5)

Locomotive (ID3)

hasColor (ID4, “Beige”)

hasBehind (ID5, ID4)

Car (ID4)

hasColor (ID5, “Red”)

hasAhead (ID5, ID3)

Car (ID5)

hasAhead (ID4, ID5)

Reconfiguration behaviorReconfiguration behavior (option 2: recolor)(option 2: recolor)Reconfiguration behaviorReconfiguration behavior (option 2: recolor)(option 2: recolor)

hasPart (ID1,ID3)

hasPart (ID1, ID4)

Train (ID1)

hasPart (ID1, ID5)

hasDestinationTo (ID1, “Paris”)

hasDestinationFrom (ID1, “Amsterdam”)

hasConfiguration (ID3,ID6)

hasConfiguration (ID4, ID13)

hasConfiguratioin (ID5, ID14)

hasConfiguration (ID1,ID12)

hasColor (ID3, “Muticolor”)

hasBehind (ID3, ID4)

Locomotive (ID3)

hasColor (ID5, “Beige”)

hasBehind (ID4, ID5)

Car (ID5)

hasColor (ID4, “Red”)

hasAhead (ID4, ID3)

Car (ID4)

hasAhead (ID5, ID4)

UBIWARE UBIWARE Abstract Abstract

ArchitectureArchitecture

UBIWARE UBIWARE Abstract Abstract

ArchitectureArchitecture

Current UBIWARE Agent ArchitectureCurrent UBIWARE Agent ArchitectureCurrent UBIWARE Agent ArchitectureCurrent UBIWARE Agent Architecture

S-APLS-APL – Semantic Agent Programming Language (RDF-based)

S-APL: http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/OntoGroup/ubidoc/

S-APLS-APL – is a hybrid of semantics (metadata / ontologies/ rules) specification languages, semantic reasoners, and agent programming languages. It integrates the semantic description of domain resources with the semantic prescription of the agents' behaviors

S-APLS-APL

UBIWARE 3.0UBIWARE 3.0 (2009-2010) platform (2009-2010) platform (August 2010)(August 2010)

UBIWARE 3.0UBIWARE 3.0 (2009-2010) platform (2009-2010) platform (August 2010)(August 2010)

UBIWARE 3.0 is a platform for creating and executing configurable distributed systems based on generalized and reusable business scenarios, which heterogeneous components (actors) are not predefined but can be selected, replaced and configured in runtime.

Key Components of UBIWARE Key Components of UBIWARE Scientific ImpactScientific Impact

Key Components of UBIWARE Key Components of UBIWARE Scientific ImpactScientific Impact

3. Language

1. UBIWARE: Approach and Architecture

2. Engine

4. Ontonuts

EnvironmentEnvironment

HardBodyHardBody

SoftBodySoftBody

SoftMindSoftMind

HardMindHardMind

HardSoulHardSoul

SoftSoulSoftSoul

UbiDubi: UBIWARE-driven-UBIWARE (i.e. UBIWARE UbiDubi: UBIWARE-driven-UBIWARE (i.e. UBIWARE architectural components are also agent-driven)architectural components are also agent-driven)

RABRAB – Reusable Atomic Behavior

RBERBE – Reusable Behavior Engine

RA

BR

AB

RA

BR

AB

RA

BR

AB

RA

BR

AB

RB

ER

BE

RB

ER

BE

RB

ER

BE

RB

ER

BE

BeliefsBeliefs(facts, rules, policies, plans, (facts, rules, policies, plans,

collaboration protocols)collaboration protocols)

Shared Shared BeliefsBeliefs

Shared Shared RABsRABs

Shared Shared RBEsRBEs

Shared Shared Meta-BeliefsMeta-Beliefs

Meta-Beliefs Meta-Beliefs (contexts)(contexts)

““Life” BehaviorLife” Behavior

Co

nfi

gu

rati

on

Co

nfi

gu

rati

on

(GE

NO

ME

)(G

EN

OM

E)

Shared Shared HardwareHardware

“Visible” to other agents

through observation

OntobilityOntobility is self-contained, self-described, semantically marked-up proactive agent capability (agent-driven ontonut), which can be “seen”, discovered, exchanged, composed and “executed” (internally or remotely) across the agent platform in a task-driven way and which can perform social utility-based behavior

GenomeGenome is part of semantically marked-up agent configuration settings, which can serve as a tool for agent evolution: inheritance crossover and mutation

May be an agent

Consequence of Self-Management: Consequence of Self-Management: "Everything-as-a-User""Everything-as-a-User"

Consequence of Self-Management: Consequence of Self-Management: "Everything-as-a-User""Everything-as-a-User"

• Brief Summary: My view to the future of doing internet-assisted business is based on the assumption that quite soon we (humans) will not be the only ones who will use (decide why and what, order and pay for) the services provided through the Web. The ongoing trend on bridging heterogeneous Webs (Web of Humans, Web of Services, Web of Things, Web of Knowledge, etc.) has resulted to the following well-known slogan: EaaS - "Everything-as-a-Service". However, why not to say wider: EaaS4E - "Everything-as-a-Service-for-Everything", which also implies: EaaU - "Everything-as-a-User"? I suggest to discuss this. It is really difficult to imagine, how many different and interesting challenges should be addressed to make this vision happen! I will try to point out some of them. To make the discussion more concrete, I would suggest to consider 3 groups of services (before - traditionally human-centric): 1. Education for Everything; 2. Wellness and Healthcare for Everything; 3. Financial Services for Everything. Lets imagine that actual service consumer is a device or machine, software component or software system, mathematical abstraction, knowledge or intelligence, ... and try to discuss and figure out together, why and how all of these may proactively discover and utilize various services through the Web. And finally the most interesting one: how we (humans) will benefit out of it?

"Everything-as-a-User""Everything-as-a-User""Everything-as-a-User""Everything-as-a-User"

Services as well as products can be Services as well as products can be consumed not only by humansconsumed not only by humans

Services as well as products can be Services as well as products can be consumed not only by humansconsumed not only by humans

Educational Services for Everything?Educational Services for Everything?Educational Services for Everything?Educational Services for Everything?

Wellness and Healthcare Services for Wellness and Healthcare Services for Everything ?Everything ?

Wellness and Healthcare Services for Wellness and Healthcare Services for Everything ?Everything ?

Financial Services for Everything ?Financial Services for Everything ?Financial Services for Everything ?Financial Services for Everything ?

Urban Services for Everything ?Urban Services for Everything ?Urban Services for Everything ?Urban Services for Everything ?

Have we realized already?Have we realized already?Have we realized already?Have we realized already?

• We are not only users of the agents any more... We are “Service-Providers” as well

• Are we ready for that?