agenda. review how did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?

Agenda

Review

• How did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?

Unit 5: Industrialization and Global Integration (1750 – 1900)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: STATE BUILDING AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE AMERICAS (1800-1890)

Objectives

• Identify the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America.

Essential Questions

• What were the causes of the revolutions for independence in Latin America?

Map 24-1, p. 635

Target: Independence in Latin America (1800-1830)

• Roots of Revolution (to 1810)– Napoleon’s invasions of Portugal and Spain

created crisis of legitimacy.

• Spanish South America (1810-1825)– Caracas – creole-led revolutionary junta declared

independence (1811).• Leaders – landowners.• Goal – more privileges.• Simon Bolivar.

• Buenos Aires.– 1810 – Junta led by militia commanders,

merchants, and ranchers.– 1816 – independence as the United Provinces of

the Rio de la Plata.– Weak succession of juntas, presidencies, and

dictatorships.– Jose de San Martin.

• Mexico (1810-1823)– Brute force of colonial authority.– Unhappy Amerindian and rural poor communities.• Miguel Hidalgo – priest urged crowd to combat Spanish

oppression.

p. 636

– Jose Morelos – priest, created fighting force.• 1813 – congress declared independence, drafted

constitution.

– Agustin de Iturbide.• Crowned emperor of Mexico, overthrown, executed in

1824.

• Brazil (to 1831)– King John VI returned to power in Portugal.• Brazilians resented economic subordination, declared

independence.• Constitutional monarchy, Pedro I emperor.

– Elected assembly.– Republic in 1889.

Essential Questions


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Identify major political challenges that Western Hemisphere nations faced in the 19th century.

Essential Questions

• What major political challenges did Western Hemisphere nations face in the 19th century?

Target: The Problem of Order

• Constitutional experiments– Constitutionalism – reaction to tyranny.• Protection for individual rights and liberties.

– Brazil and Spanish America – little experience with representative institutions.

– British Canada• Separate colonies, territories, and gov’ts.• Provincial governors, appointed advisory councils.• Elected assemblies had limited power.

– Rebellion in 1837 - limited self-rule.

• Union of Canadian provinces – Confederation of 1867.

Map 24-2, p. 640

• Latin America– Experimentation with untested political

institutions.– Difficulty defining role of the Catholic Church and

limiting military power.

• The Threat of Regionalism– National gov’ts weaker than the ones they

replaced.– Debates over tariffs, fiscal policies, and slavery =

regional elites attempted secession.– No multistate federations in Spanish America.

• Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars– Wars determined national borders, access to

natural resources, control of markets.– US, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile – regional powers

by end of the 1800s.– Argentina – British and French naval blockades.– Brazil – British stopped slave importation.

– Mexico – Spanish invaded in 1829, French invaded in 1862.• Threat from the US

– Liberals took power, new constitution in 1857.• Limited Catholic Church and military power.• Civil war (1858-1861)• President Benito Juarez fled after 1862 French invasion.

– Austrian Hapsburg Maximilian as emperor of Mexico.– Juarez drove French out in 1867.

• Native Peoples and the Nation-State– Argentina and Chile• Native peoples – limitless food, mastery of horses

increased military capacity.• Gov’ts used gift giving and prisoner exchanges to

maintain peace.• 1860s – population increase, political stability, military

modernization = Argentina and Chile took offensive.

– Political divisions and civil wars allowed for native rebellion.

Essential Questions


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Describe how economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights changed the nations of the Western Hemisphere.

Essential Questions

• How did economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights change the nations of the Western Hemisphere?

Target: The Challenge of Social and Economic Change

• The Abolition of Slavery– Ideals of universal freedom and citizenship.– Abolitionists.– Slavery in most of the hemisphere until the 1850s.

– Brazil• 1830 agreement to end trade, British navy forced

compliance in the 1850s.• Abolition in 1888.• 1889 rebellion ended Brazilian monarchy.

– Caribbean• Slaves helped to force abolition.• British labor unions, Protestant ministers, and free

traders pushed for abolition after 1800.– Britain ended its slave trade in 1807, then negotiated with

Spain, Brazil, and others to do the same.

– Abolition in British colonies in 1834.• “Freed” slaves forced to remain with former masters as

“apprentices.”• Abuses and resistance led to complete abolition in

1838.

– Dutch empire in 1863.– Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1886.

• Immigration– After the slave trade ended, millions of Europeans

and Asians arrived in the Western Hemisphere.• Rapid economic growth and occupation of frontier

regions in 19th century US, Canada, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil.– Avoided previous slave regions – repression and low wages.

– European immigration• Initially most came from western Europe, but after

1870 most were southern or eastern Europeans.• US, Latin America, and Canada.

– Asian immigrants• Many from China and India

– Anti-immigrant movements• Nativists argued impossibility of integration.• End of 1800s, many gov’ts limited or distinguished

between “desirables” and undesirables.”– Asians faced prejudice and discrimination.

– Europeans faced prejudice and discrimination• Justifications –threatened native-born workers by

accepting low wages, threatened national culture by resisting assimilation.

– Intellectuals and political leaders – Could cultural diversity sustain a common citizenship?• Efforts to compel assimilation.• Schools as cultural battlegrounds.

• American Cultures– Immigrants introduced new languages, living

arrangements, technologies, and customs.– Changed politics.– Ethnically based mutual aid societies, clubs,

neighborhoods.– Acculturation – changing of language, customs,

values, and behaviors because of contact with other cultures.

– Labor movements.

• Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice– Slow progress in Canada and Latin America.– More rapid progress in lower-status careers.– Working-class women transformed gender

relations.

– Little progress toward eliminating racial discrimination in the 1800s.• Latin American – no formal racial segregation.

• Development and Underdevelopment– Industrial Revolution, population growth,

integrated world market = economic expansion.– Mining booms.– New technology hastened economic integration,

but increased dependence on foreign capital.• Railroads, steamships, telegraphs.

– Deep structural differences among Western Hemisphere economies by 1900.• Development – industrialization and prosperity.• Underdevelopment – colonial dependence on

exporting raw materials and on low-wage industries.

• Changes in the performance of international markets determined trajectory of economies.– US independence and Canada’s Confederation of

1867 = global economic expansion.– Latin American nations gained independence in

the 1820s when the global economy contracted.

• Altered Environments– Population growth, economic expansion, new

technologies, foreign plants and animals.– Rapid urbanization– Mining accelerated erosion.– End of 19th century – small-scale conservation

efforts.

Essential Questions

• How did economic modernization and the effects of abolition, immigration, and women’s rights change the nations of the Western Hemisphere?

agenda. review how did revolution in one country help incite revolution elsewhere?

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