agenda april 15 objective: investigate the basic structure and cellular functions of bacteria. 1....
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Agenda April 15• Objective: Investigate the basic structure
and cellular functions of bacteria.
• 1. QUIZ• 2. Homework Review• 3. Bacteria Guided Reading Packet• 4. HOMEWORK
– Bacteria Packet DUE Tomorrow– QUIZ FRIDAY!!! Bacteria and Viruses
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CHAPTER 19: Bacteria and Viruses
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19-1: Bacteria
• Prokaryotic organisms
• Grouped into two kingdoms– EUBACTERIA and ARCHAEABACTERIA
• Size ranges from 1 to 5 micrometers.
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19-1: Bacterial Kingdoms
• ARCHAEABACTERIA– DNA sequences more similar to Eukaryotes– Anaerobic Methanogans produce methane gas
• EUBACTERIA– Live almost anywhere– Single cell membrane or two cell membranes
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Identifying Bacteria• 1. Shape• ROD Bacilli• SPHERICAL Cocci• SPIRAL and CORKSCREW Spirilla
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Identifying Bacteria• 2. GRAM STAINING – Two Stains used
Primary stain is VIOLET Counterstain is REDGram + bacteria contain Peptidoglycan = VIOLETGram - bacteria contain lipids = RED
• 3. Movement – Flagella, Undulation, Secretions
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Identifying Bacteria
• 3. Movement – Flagella or Undulation
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4. Obtaining Energy Metabolic Diversity
• Chemoheterotrophs– Take in organic molecules for energy and carbon
• Photoheterotrophs– Use sunlight for energy– Take in organic molecules for carbon
Chemoautotrophs Make carbon compounds from CO2Use energy from chemical reactions
PhotoautotrophsUse sunlight similar to plantsMake carbon compounds from CO2
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Releasing Energy• Obligate Aerobes – require oxygen
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Obligate Anaerobes – Do not require oxygen– Oxygen can kill them– Clostridium botulinum
• Facultative Anaerobes – survive with or without oxygen– Esherichia coli
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19-2: Viruses
• Particles of nucleic acids, proteins, and sometimes lipids.
• DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
• Protein coat called a CAPSID– Proteins bind receptors on host cells.– Virus gains access into cell.
- Very specific to cells they infect.
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Virus StructuresRecall phages
from Chapter 12.
Which scientists
worked with them?
Describe the
experiment and itsresults.
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Viral Infections
• Lytic Cycle • Virus infects cell, makes
copies, and bursts cell releasing new viruses
• Lysogenic Cycle• Viral DNA is copied with
host cell’s DNA• Virus is copied when host
cell copies itself.
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Retroviruses• What is a retrovirus?• A virus with RNA as its genetic material.
– Produces DNA from RNA template.
• What is an example of a retrovirus?• HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What disease does it cause?• AIDS
• How does it affect the human body?• Attacks immune system destroying cells
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Are Viruses Living Things?
• Use your Textbooks to answer this question.• Consider the characteristics required to qualify
as being living…
• Viruses are not considered living things.
• Do not meet all 8 characteristics of life• Cannot reproduce independently• No growth/development• Do not use/obtain energy
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DiseasesDISEASE BACTERIAL
OR VIRAL EFFECT ON BODY TRANSMISSION
West Nile V Fever, Headache, Body Aches
Mosquito Bite
Tetanus B Lockjaw, Joint stiffness, fever, High BP
Inhalation
AIDS V Helper T cells destroyed (Immune System)
Blood, Body Fluids, Pregnancy
Hepatitis B V Fatigue, Abdom Pain
Vomiting, Joint Pain Blood, Body Fluids
Common Cold
V Sneezing, Sore throat, Headache, Fever
Contact with objects, Inhalation
Strep Throat B Fever, Sore throat, cough,
Fatigue Contact with mucus or wounds
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Preventing Bacterial Disease• Vaccines and Antibiotics• Louis Pasteur 1881
– Developd vaccine against anthrax
• Alexander Fleming 1928– Discovers penicillin – Non-toxic but stops growth of pathogens
• Jonas Salk 1952– Polio vaccine using a killed virus