Agenda

• Bell ringer• Review the Crusades• The Sui

Review

• What were the causes of the Crusades?• What were the impacts of the Crusades on

western Europe?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: INNER AND EAST ASIA (600-1200)

Objectives

• Describe the development of China after the fall of the Han dynasty.

• Identify accomplishments of the Sui dynasty.• Identify accomplishments of the Tang dynasty.• Describe the fall of the Tang dynasty.

Essential Questions

• How did China develop after the fall of the Han dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Sui dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Tang dynasty?

• How did political problems and rebellions lead to the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Target: Sui and Tang Empires (581-755)

• Several centuries of fragmentation after fall of Han.

• Reunified under Sui dynasty (581-615).– New capital Chang’an.– Heartland in northern China, settlements along Yangzi.– Grand Canal, irrigation systems, improved Great Wall.– Bureaucracy and resources for public works and

military ambition = burdens.

Map 11-1, p. 286

• Tang (Li) Dynasty (618)– Li Shimin (r. 626-649) extended power westward

into Inner Asia.– Used many Sui governing practices, but avoided

overcentralization.– Descended from Turkic elites that built small

states in northern China after the Han.• Appreciated pastoral, nomadic culture and Chinese

traditions.

• Buddhism– Used in politics.– Kings and emperors – turn humankind into a

harmonious Buddhist society.– Mahayana (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhism predominated.

• Encouraged translating Buddhist scripture into local languages.

• Adaptability invigorated travel, language learning, cultural exchange.

• Monastic leaders prayed for early Tang princes in exchange for tax exemptions, land privileges, and gifts.

• As the Tang Empire expanded west, contacts with Central Asia and India increased, as did Buddhist influence– Chang’an became center of continent wide system

of communication– Regional cultures and identities remained strong.– Cosmopolitan empire

– Well-maintained roads and water transport connected Chang’an to coastal towns of south China.• Grand Canal was key component.• Center of the tributary system – independent countries

acknowledged supremacy of the Chinese emperor.

• Upheavals and Repression (750-879)– Conflict with Tibetans and Turkic Uighurs.• Result – backlash against foreigners, which to

Confucians included Buddhists.– Undermined idea of family as model for state, encouraged

women in politics.– Cut ties with the world

» Ex. tax exempt.

• Fall of the Tang (879-907)– An Lushan and other rebellions

p. 291

Essential Questions

• How did China develop after the fall of the Han dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Sui dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Tang dynasty?

• How did political problems and rebellions lead to the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Agenda

Review

• How did China develop after the fall of the Han dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Sui dynasty?

• What are some accomplishments of the Tang dynasty?

• How did political problems and rebellions lead to the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE EMERGENCE OF EAST ASIA (600-1200)

Objectives

• Describe how the Liao and Jin Empires challenged Song China.

• Identify accomplishments of the Song Empire.• Evaluate the role of women in the Song

Empire.

Essential Questions

• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge Song China?

• What were some accomplishments of the Song Empire?

• What was the role of women in the Song Empire?

Target: The Emergence of East Asia (to 1200)

• Three new states after the fall of the Tang.– Liao Empire of the Khitan people – pastoral nomads

related to Mongols.• Mayahana Buddhism

– Minyak people – cousins of the Tibetans established Tanggut.• Tibetan Buddhism

– Song Empire (960) in central China.• Confucianism• Advanced seafaring and sailing technologies.

Map 11-2, p. 292

• The Liao and Jin Challenge (916-1125)– Liao Empire of the Khitan people

• Horse and cattle breeders, related to Mongols. • Military strength.• Encouraged people to keep their culture.• Song emperor paid cash and silk annually.

– Jin• Allied with Song, destroyed Liao Empire.• Grew rice, millet, and wheat. Hunted, fished, tended livestock.• Khitan military strategies and political organization.• Campaigned against the Song in 1127.

Map 11-3, p. 293

• Southern Song (1127-1279)– Payments to Jin stopped more warfare.– South of the Yellow River, capital at Hangzhou.– Closer to industrial revolution than any other

premodern state.– Advances in technology, medicine, astronomy,

mathematics from Tang times.• Adapted to meet military, agricultural, and administrative

needs.– Fractions describe phases of the moon.

p. 294

• Precise calendar.• Refined the compass, now suitable for

seafaring (1090).• Junk – large flatbottom sailing ship.• Fought for control of mines in north China –

needed iron and steel for weapons.• Gunpowder to counter cavalry assaults.

• Economy and Society in Song China– Civil pursuits were important• Private academies for official examinations• Neo-Confucianism – basis for Song rule

– Moral and social responsibility.– Sage was important.

– Popular Buddhist sects persisted.– Civil service examinations continued. Recruited

talent, but wealthy had advantage.

• Early form of moveable type made printing cheaper.– Exam prep books before 1000 = more members of

lower class in bureaucracy– Landlords learned expert planting and irrigation

techniques.• Population above 100 million during the

1100s.– Health and overcrowding.

• Credit – “flying money” based on acceptance that paper could be redeemed for coinage.

• Government-issued paper money caused inflation• Tax farming as revenue for maintenance of infrastructure.

– Selling rights to tax collection to individuals.– Heavy burden on the common people.

• Rapid economic growth undermined government regulation.– Merchants, artisans, gentry, and officials could make fortunes.– Traditional social hierarchy weakened.

• Women experienced subordination, legal disenfranchisement, and social restriction.– Wives of merchants managed homes and businesses.– Property passed to husband. Could not remarry.– Subordination compatible with Confucianism.– Literate lower-class women aspired to improve status. – Footbinding (Tang then Song) as status symbol.

• Working women and those indigenous of the south did not practice – more mobility and economic independence.

p. 296

Essential Questions

• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge Song China?

• What were some accomplishments of the Song Empire?

• What was the role of women in the Song Empire?

Agenda

• Bell ringer• Primary source analysis• Review emergence of East Asia• New kingdoms in East Asia and Southeast Asia• Closure

Review

• How did the Liao and Jin Empires challenge Song China?

• What were some accomplishments of the Song Empire?

• What was the role of women in the Song Empire?

Unit 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NEW KINGDOMS IN EAST ASIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Objectives

• Describe how Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adapted Chinese cultural and political models.

• Identify the principal sources of wealth in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

• Describe foreign influence on Srivijaya.

Essential Questions

• How did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adapt Chinese cultural and political models?

• What were the principal sources of wealth in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam?

• Where did foreign influence on Srivijaya come from and what were those influences?

Map 11-3, p. 293

Target: New Kingdoms in Asia and Southeast Asia

• Chinese influences– Korea, Japan, and Vietnam had first centralized power

under ruling houses in the early Tang.• State ideologies resembled early Tang.• Government offices did not depend on exams, went to nobles.• Landowners faced no challenges from merchant class or urban

elite.• Learned men prized literacy in classical Chinese and

knowledge of Confucian texts.• Ruling and landholding elites south to instill Confucian ideals

of hierarchy and harmony among the general population.

Where is Korea?

• Korea– Qin Empire established its first colony in the

Korean peninsula in the third century BCE.– Chinese bureaucrats began documenting Korean

history and customs.– Horse breeding, strong hereditary elites,

shamanism (belief in ability of certain people to contact ancestors and invisible spirit world).

– Quickly absorbed Confucianism and Buddhism.

• Geography– Mountains in the east and north.– Heavily forested until modern times.– Less than 20% of the land can be cultivated and

lies mostly to the south (warm climate, monsoon rains).

– Spread of languages promoted by population movements to Manchuria, Mongolia, Siberia, and Japan.

• Sixth century – landholding families made inherited status permanent in Silla.– Silla controlled much of the Korean peninsula.

• Koryo ruling house in power from 900s-1200s.– Supported Buddhism.

• Oldest surviving woodblock print in Chinese characters comes from Korea in the middle 700s.– Experimented with movable type.

Where is Japan?

• Japan– Geography• Four main islands, many smaller ones.• More mountainous and heavily forested than Korea in

early times. 11% of land could be cultivated.• Mild winters and monsoon rains supported early

population center on the coastlands of the Inland Sea.• First rulers to extend power broadly were based in

Yamato River Basin.• Ring of Fire

• Yamato Regime– Method of unification remains a question, but

horse-riding warriors from Korea may have played central role.

– Legal code, official variety of Confucianism, official reverence for Buddhism blended with local recognition of indigenous and immigrant chieftains as territorial administrators.

– Within a century, centralized government with complex system of law existed.

• Women from the aristocracy became royal consorts and linked their kinsmen with the royal court.

• Used Chinese building techniques, surpassed Chinese in Buddhist studies during 8th century.

• Cities built without walls (no constant warfare), Mandate of Heaven played no role in government. – The tenno (emperor) belonged to a family believed to have

ruled Japan since the beginning of time.– Prime ministers and leaders of native religion had real control.– Zenith of Nara by 750.

• 794 – central government moved to Kyoto, usually called Heian.– Fujiwara clan had much power, supported Confucianism.

• Warriors had local government, policing, and tax responsibilities.• Did not encourage education for women, noblewomen lived in

isolation (studied culture and Buddhism).

• Kamakura Shogunate gained power in eastern Honshu during warfare with rival clans.– Military values increasingly important from 1156-1185.– Nobles and emperor hurried to accommodate new warlords.– New warrior class – samurai.

p. 300

Where is Vietnam?

• Vietnam– Coastal regions east of the mountainous spine of mainland

Southeast Asia.– Economic and political life centered on the fertile Red River in

the north and the Mekong in the south.– Rice-based agriculture well suited for integration with southern

China.– Wet climate, hilly terrain demanded expertise in irrigation.– Adopted Confucian bureaucratic training, Mahayana Buddhism.– Called Annam by the Chinese, assumed name Dai Viet in 936,

good relations with Song China.

• Champa, in south Vietnam, rivaled Dai Viet state.– Strongly influenced by India and Malay Peninsula with maritime

networks of trade and communication.– Fought with Dai Viet during Tang period, but both kingdoms

cooperated with Song.– Champa rice brought to Song court as gift.

• Confucian values.• Did not adopt footbinding.• In Korea, women played role in property.• Annamese women had higher status than women in China,

participated in wet-rice cultivation.

• Srivijaya– South of the zone of Confucian influence, all-sea route

between east and west had developed by the 6th century.

– Merchants from south India and Sri Lanka sailed through Strait of Malacca and into South China Sea.

– Srivijaya, Sanskrit for “Great Conquest,” dominated this new route by 683.

– Assumed control of the international trade route by bringing four distinct ecological zones under its control.

• First zone – agricultural plain along Musi River in Sumatra was core area.– King and clerks, judge, and tax collectors controlled this zone directly from

Palembang, the capital.• Second zone – upland regions of Sumatra’s interior, control less direct.

– Local rulers bound to center by oaths of loyalty, elaborate court ceremonies, and sharing of profits from trade.

• Third zone – river ports that had been Srivijaya’s main rivals. Srivijaya allied with neighboring sea nomads, pirates who served as Srivjayan navy in return for steady income to control these.

• Fourth zone – fertile “rice bowl” on central plain of the nearby island of Java.– Volcanic soil allows it to house and feed the majority of the present-day

Indonesian population.

• Srivijayan king presented himself as a bodhisattva.– Was believed to have magical powers.– Built and patronized Buddhist monasteries and

schools.• Encouraged Sanskrit learning.• After decline in 11th century, Theravada

Buddhism prevailed.

Essential Questions

• How did Korea, Japan, and Vietnam adapt Chinese cultural and political models?

• What were the principal sources of wealth in Korea, Japan, and Vietnam?

• Where did foreign influence on Srivijaya come from and what were those influences?