AGENDA 26 APRIL

1. PULL OUT YOUR MILITARY TECH SHEET

2. PULL OUT YOUR CH 21 STUDY GUIDE

3. DISCUSS ALLIANCE4. DISCUSS MIITARISM / NEW

WEAPONS5. DISCUSS NATIONALISM6. DISCUSS THE ASSASSINATION7. DISCUSS KEY BATTLES

Left Photo: Word War I Trench Courtesy of Mrs J Smillie Right: WW I Postcard of soldiers taking cover in shell holes Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

• MILITARISM• NATIONALISM• IMPERIALISM• ALLIANCES• TRIPLE ENTENTE /

ALLIES• TRIPPLE ALLIANCE /

CENTRAL POWERS• GREAT WAR / WORLD

WAR I• TOTAL WAR • BATTLE OF THE SOMME• BATTLE OF VERDUN

WORLD WAR I VOCAB• NEUTRALITY• CONTRABAND• DEMOCRACY• COMMUNISM• SOCIALISM• DIPLOMACY• UNRESTRICTED

SUBMARINE WARFARE• CONSCRIPTION• TREATY F VERSAILLES• 14 POINTS• LEAGUE OF NATIONS

KEY PEOPLE

• KAISER WHILHEM II

• FRANZ JOSEPH

• ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND

• WOODROW WILSON

• NICHOLAS II

Europe 1913Europe 1913 German Chancellor

Otto von Bismarck was statesman who might be described as a political and diplomatic genius. His efforts led to the declaration of the German Empire in 1870.

Kaiser Willhelm II

was militaristic and wanted to strengthen Germany’s armed forces.

This along with foreign policy changes upset the balance of power.

1914 European Alliances1914 European Alliances

Militarism“If you build it, you better use it!”

• Arms Race

• New Technology

– Machine guns

– Heavy Artillery ( Big Birtha)

– Gas Warfare

– Tanks

– Air Planes

Trench Warfare:Protection from the Machine Gun

Changing Changing TechnologyTechnology

This photo shows horses being loaded onto a transport ship to be sent overseas to join the war effort. Horses were still being used in great numbers during World War I. High ranking army officers commonly rode horses during World War I. Horses and mules were also used to carry heavy equipment to and from the front during the war.

Unfortunately, many of these horses and mules died before they got to the front because of the harsh journey overseas. Horses and mules also died in WWI because of their inability to free themselves from the thick mud. Many others were wounded and killed during battle. There was a tremendous shortage of horses in Canada during the latter stages of WWI.

Photo: Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

This photo shows some of the early experimental submarines that were developed during World War I. The submarine was part of the modern style of warfare that was introduced in World War I. 

The German navy had approximately 100 submarines in service during WWI. Initially the Germans used submarines to threaten the Allies' economic blockade. In 1917 the German Kaiser declared unrestricted U-boat warfare against the allies, including neutral ships in British waters. In response, the Allies established armed convoys to protect merchant ships and increased production of mines and depth charges.

The sinking of neutral ships, like the Lusitania in 1915, polarized public opinion (against the Germans) about the war, and was a major factor in the decision of the United States to join the Allied caused.

Photo: Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

Changing TechnologyChanging Technology

Above is an official postcard issued during World War I. It depicts soldiers firing a heavy howitzer in France. The weaponry of the war is more advanced at this stage.

Weapons like the heavy howitzer allowed armies to accurately bomb enemy trenches from great distances away. These long-range heavy artillery weapons led to new battle strategies. One strategy was to continuously bomb the enemy trench line, night and day, in hopes unnerving the enemy and to prevent troops from resting. An offensive usually followed, in hopes of catching a tired and shell-shocked enemy asleep or undermanned.  

The photo on the left is a picture of the H.M.S. "Olympic“. It was used to transport Canadian troops and equipment overseas during World War I. Prime Minister Borden pleaded with Great Britain to help Canada build a navy but Britain refused. 

Changing Changing TechnologyTechnology

Changing TechnologyChanging Technology

Tank warfare was first introduced by France and Britain in 1916. Its role in the war gradually increased as the war progressed.

Early heavy tanks proved to be ineffective and were soon replaced by lighter versions that soon revolutionized the war. By 1917 the British and French were using 1500 tanks each. Tanks became a regular feature in all offensives and were credited with Allied successes after 1916.

Photo:Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

The first picture is of a German plane that was used during World War I. The plane was part of the modern style of warfare that evolved during World War I. Initially, the airplane was used primarily for reconnaissance purposes, to spy on the enemy. The airplane did develop into an offensive weapon by the end of World War I.

The Second picture is a painting of a British airplane that is engaged in air combat. This airplane has a machine gun mounted on its top wing.

In 1914 the Allies had 220 airplanes, the Central Powers 258. The Germans also used Zeppelins and by 1918 had over 100 of these airships capable of bombing missions. The German Folker aircraft was an early example of a successful fighter plane. At first pilots used rifles and pistols in air battles, although machine guns were soon introduced. 

By 1916 the Allied production of aircrafts equalled the Germans and air battles between "aces" like German Richthofen "The Red Baron" (80 victories) and Bishop the Canadian (72 victories) were becoming legendary.

Photo:Courtesy Queen’s University Archives

Changing Changing TechnologyTechnology

The Guns of August

Chemical WarfareChemical WarfareThe horror and disgust at the wartime use of poison gases was so great that its use

was outlawed in 1925 - a ban that, at least in theory, is still in force today.

Photos: Courtesy Unites States Air Force Air War College Table Source: First World War.com

CountryCasualties from Gas Death

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000British Empire 188,706 8,109France 190,000 8,000Germany 200,000 9,000Italy 60,000 4,627Russia 419,340 56,000USA 72,807 1,462Others 10,000 1,000

The Balkans 1914The Balkans 1914

Gavrilo Princip was a member of a Serbian terrorist organization known as “The Black Hand”. Many Serbs wanted wanted to bring Bosnia under Serb control. Princip’s assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered World War I. World War I and the ensuing Treaty of Versailles would create the conditions leading to World War II. World War II would in turn create the conditions leading to the Cold War.

 

Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip

Perhaps the world be a very different place today if Princip had not carried out his assassination of the Archduke. Millions of people have died as a result of the 20th century events that followed Princip’s assassination of the Archduke. At very minimum, he triggered World War I.

Many would argue that confrontation between the world’s great powers was inevitable. Yet, the Cold War did not lead to global warfare.  

Photos: Photographers UnknownSource: Yahoo Images Search

August 8

Allied counteroffensives on the Somme push the German army back.

September 29

Allied troops break through the German fortifications at the Hindenberg line.

October 28

Germany's sailors mutiny at port when asked to sail out to fight again.

November 9

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates.

November 10

A German republic is founded.

.

Timeline 1918Timeline 1918

June 28, 1914Assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand July 5-6, 1914

Germany supports Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 31, 1914

German forces begin to mobilizeAugust 1, 1914

Germany declares war on Russia & France

With Russia mobilizing, Germany has no choice but to demand an immediate halt or to declare war before anyone else can.

Russia refuses to stop it mobilization and within hours on August 1, 1914 Germany is at war with Russia.

Kaiser Wilhelm II needs no excuse to declare war on France and does so two days later on August 3. This sets up the first stage of the "Schlieffen Plan".

The Powers Prepare for WarThe Powers Prepare for WarJuly 23 – August 3, 1914July 23 – August 3, 1914

The German AttackThe German AttackAugust 4, 1914August 4, 1914

August 4, 1914German forces invade neutral

BelgiumAugust 26-30, 1914

Battle of TannenbergOctober-November, 1914

First Battle of YpresDecember 25, 1914

Unofficial Christmas Truce on the Western Front

The French thought that Germany's advance into Belgium was a diversion. Most of the French army moved northeast to attack Germany through the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.

The first major battle on the Eastern front occurred when German forces surrounded and destroyed the Russian army at the Battle of Tannenberg. This August 1914 battle was Germany's greatest victory of the war.

First Battle of the MarneFirst Battle of the Marne September 5 -10, 1914September 5 -10, 1914

German plans for the Western Front began to fall apart in September of 1914.

As the German right flank drove deeper, it was separated from the rest of the invading German force. This made it vulnerable and forced the Germans pulled up twenty-five miles short of Paris.

This was France’s chance to attack. What followed was the First Battle of the Marne where the German advance was stopped

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare By the beginning of 1916 opposing armies remained deadlocked in a line of trenches which stretched 966 kilometres from the Belgian coast through France to the frontiers of Switzerland.

After two years of war, the battle lines of the Western front had barely changed from the first days of stalemate (static warfare). This was trench warfare.

The Eastern front was more fluid (moving) and was more similar to the battles of the 19th century.

The Second Battle of Ypres involved

four battles around Ypres. The first of these four battles began on 22 April 1915 as a surprise offensive by the German 4th Army on the Allied front line.

This attack saw the first use of a new German weapon on the Western Front: poisonous gas. A breeze moving towards French troops carried the deadly gas. It had a devastating effect on the French and the German infantry made a significant advance into Allied territory.

During the next four weeks the Allied Forces of Belgium, France and Britain fought to hold off the successful German advance and to regain the ground that had been lost north of Ypres. The fourth battle ended on 25 May 1915.

Second Battle of YpresSecond Battle of Ypres April 22-May 31, 1915April 22-May 31, 1915

The Allies had planned to launch a joint French and British assault in the region of the Somme. The target date was the middle of 1916. However, in February the Allied plan was upset when the Germans began an assault on the fortress-ringed city of Verdun. The belief was that Verdun was essential to the French that France would fight to the death. On February 21, the German artillery barrage began and, for the next several months both sides unleashed soldiers and shells at each By Christmas, when the battle finally ended, 800,000 men had lost their lives.

One hundred and twenty-five miles northwest of Verdun, the British and French armies joined at the Somme river. A French-British offensive was planned here for 1916 to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun.

The Battle of VerdunThe Battle of VerdunFebruary 21. 1916 – July 1916February 21. 1916 – July 1916

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme

July 1,1916 –November 1916July 1,1916 –November 1916

The Allies had planned to launch a joint French and British assault in the region of the Somme. The target date was the middle of 1916. However, in February the Allied plan was upset when the Germans began an assault on the fortress-ringed city of Verdun.

The belief was that Verdun was essential to the French that France would fight to the death. On February 21, the German artillery barrage began and, for the next several months both sides unleashed soldiers and shells at each By Christmas, when the battle finally ended, 800,000 men had lost their lives.

 During this horrendous fighting, the

French sent frantic appeals to Sir Douglas Haig, the new British commander, to hasten the Somme offensive and to take the pressure off Verdun.

Left: Over four months in 1918 the German army launched five major assaults at different parts of he allied line. Initially the plan worked. But for every allied trench captured, there was always another for the Germans to take. Soon the elite German storm troopers were a depleted force. As desperation set in, the Germans resorted to the tactic of mass assault. Large numbers of casualties resulted.

The Hindenburg Line- the last and strongest of the German army's defence - consisted of three well-defended trench systems established in 1917. Throughout September 1918, Australian forces had helped the British army to secure positions from which an attack on the Hindenburg Line could be launched.

1918: The End Nears1918: The End Nears

On 18 September 1918, an attack was launched on the first part of the Hindenburg Line.Troops, supported by huge artillery barrages, attacked the heavily fortified German defences and machine-gun posts. Using only eight tanks (as well as dummy tanks) to distract the Germans 4,300 prisoners were taken.

On 29 September, the line was finally broken.. The fighting lasted four days and resulted in heavy losses. Eventually, the Allies broke through the third and final stage of the Hindenburg Line, and the Germans were forced to fall back.

1918: The End Nears1918: The End Nears

Mapping the Treaty of Versailles

1918-19191918-1919Influenza pandemic kills more people than the war did.Influenza pandemic kills more people than the war did.

January 8, 1918 January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson declares his 14 points as the path to President Woodrow Wilson declares his 14 points as the path to

world peace.world peace.March 21 March 21

Germans launch the first of five major offensives to win the war Germans launch the first of five major offensives to win the war before American troops appear in the trenches.before American troops appear in the trenches.

April 25 April 25 British and Australian troops stop the German advance near Amiens.British and Australian troops stop the German advance near Amiens.

May 23 May 23 German shells land on Paris. German shells land on Paris.

July 16-17 July 16-17 Former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, children, and members of his Former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, children, and members of his

entourage are murdered by the Bolsheviksentourage are murdered by the Bolsheviks

Timeline 1918Timeline 1918

November 11At eleven o'clock on the

eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918, the war ends as

Germany and Allies sign an Armistice.

The DestructionThe Destruction

Left: These are typical battlefield scenes.

Right: This photograph is a before and after look at Menin Road, located at Ypres. The top picture was taken in 1914, and the bottom was taken in 1918 after the "Battle of Ypres".

Photos: Courtesy Queen’s University Archives