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ROCKAWAY BOROUGH WELL FIELD NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST (NPL) SITE

BOROUGH OF ROCKAWAY, MORRIS COUNTY, NEW JERSEY

CERCLIS No. NJD980654115

Agency Tor Toxic Substances and Disease Registry U.S. Public Health Service

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SUMMARY

The Rockaway Borou^ Well Field is a National Priorities List (NPL) site located in the Borcu^ of Rockaway, Morris County, New Jersey. Because of yet vmidentified source (s) of TCE and PCE in ground water, municipal wells of the Borough of Rockaway have been contaminated scjnetime prior to 1980, vAien this well water was found to contain h i ^ concentratiOTis of these volatile organic ocnpounds (VOCs). Since 1981, an activated carbon filtration system has been treating raw well water before distribution to an estimated 11,000 users of the Borou^ of Rockaway's municipal water simply system. Since the installation of the activated carbon treatment system, elevated ocaioentrations of TCE and PCE were detected in the water supplied by the distribution system only once, because the activated carbon in the treatment unit was not r^laced on time (i.e., the breakthrou^ of the contaminant occurred). It is not likely that breakthroii^ will occur again because of the remedieil action prtsvided by the Environmental Protecticffi Agency's Record of Decision. Baspd on information received, ATSCR has concluded that this site is of a potenticil public health concern because of the risk to human health resulting frcm possible exposoTB to hcizcundous substances at concentrations that may result in adverse health effects. As rcted in the Human Ejqxasure Pathways Section below, human eiqposure to elevated concentrations of TCE a r d / a r PCE may occur, be occurring, or have occurred via oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure to contaminated municipal drinking water (only in the unlikely event that breakthrough occurs) or private well water (i.e., residential potable water or industried process water use).

BACK3RDUND

A. SITE DESCRIPTICN

Rockaway Borou^ Well Field is a National Priorities List (NPL) site located in the Borou^ of Rockaway, Morris County, New Jersey. The site has been defined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as three municipal wells, vdiicii are the sole source of potable water for the Rockaway Borcu^, and portions of nearby Denville and Rockaway Tcwnships. Ei^t other wells previously used for potable water si jply ty the Borou^ were abandoned because of their lack of productivity.

Volatile organic conpounds, primarily trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE), were first detected in these wells in 1980. On February 28, 1981, eui eanergency was decleired, and the residents stpplied .^ by the distributicai system were advised not to use their tap water for ^ drinking and cooking. Tenpprary drinking water si:?plies were made available to the public in tank trucks provided by the Nationeil Guard. o The Borough of Rockaway installed em activated CcU*on water treatment o system in July 1981 to reduce contaminant concentrations. The New Jersey D^artment of EnviroTmental Protection (NJDEP) and the Borou^ of Rocikaway ^ have been mcaiitoring tiie water for VOCs on at least a monthly basis since ^ the instcillatiOTi of the activated ceuixai treatment system. The exact m

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source of the ground water contamination in these municipeil wells is not known; however, several sources a r e subjected. The exact source of the ground water caitamination will be investigated by the EPA during Ehase II of the RaaBdieQ. Investigation. The length of time, before 1980, that ground water in these nunicipal wells was contaminated is not known.

A Record of Decision (RCM)) for the site was signed on -S^Jtember 29, 1986. The remedieil actions selected in the HCD eire:

1. Ihe Borou^ should operate and maintain the existing granuleir actu.vated ccU±)on treatment system. Operations should be modified to ensure ccnpliance with current Safe Drinking Water Act standards. Ibe EPA advised that the s p e n t carbai should be regenerated off-site.

2. EPA will continue the Remedial Investigaticai and Feasibility Study to positively identu.fy tiie contaminant source (s), further delineate the full extent of contamination, emd evaluate additioneil remaiial action eiltematives to address those sources.

In addition, the Boroui^ of Rockaway was directed by the EPA to monitor their wells for VOC levels on a monthly basis.

The Draft Final RI and Feasibility R^xart (RI/FS) was issued in May 1986.

B. SITE VISIT

An adequate site description was obtained frcm the Remedieil Investigation Ri x>rt and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSCR) Regional Representative. Therefore, no site visit was ccaiducted.

ENVIRCNMEinMi OOTCAMINATiaJ AND IHYSICAL HAZARDS

A. CN-SITE OOTIAMINATION

T3ie cc»Ttaminants of ccxrsem, found in the raw water from these munic^al wells, and in fini^ied treated water, are ccsisidered cn-site ccxitamination (Table I). Ihe monitoring data rejOBsents a suiunary of sanpling results conducted by the Borou^ of Rockaway, the NJDEP, and the EPA (RI) between the years 1980 and 1986. The NJDEP and EPA were the lead agencies for Phase I emd Fhase II of the RI, respectively. The water sanples obtained from the municipeil wells during the RI were aneilyzed for the Priority Pollutant List (PPL) ocnpounds. Other sanples were aneilyzed for VDGs because of problems encountered at the laboratory.

B. OFF-SITE a»nAMINAnC»I

The contaminants of concern, found in the sairples other than those frcm nunicipal wells, are ccsTsidered off-site contaminaticai (Table II). ^ Sanples collected were frcm surface water emd sediment (Rockaway River emd Beaver o

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TABIE I: RANGE OF CW-SITE OCWIAMINANIS OF OOKERN

OCNTAMIKANr UNBLENEED RAW BLENDED RAW TREATED WATER

(yjq/L)

UNBLENEED RAW WATER^ (ug/L)

BT ENDED RAW WATEir' (ug/L)

Trichloroethene 0.5-172 (TCE)

Tetrachloroethene 2.0-678 (PCE)

1.0-41.2

1.5-335

ND-14.B°

NI>-25.4°

a- Ccnibined contaminant concentration range for municipal wells 1, 5, and 6. b- Contaminant concentration range for blaided water frcm all municipeil wells. c- TCE and PCE concentrations in treated water resulting frcm inproper operation and maintenance of the activatied carbon in the treatment facility. ND- Not detected. NR- Not reported. ug/L- Micrograms per liter.

TABLE II: RANGE OF OFF-SITE OCWIAMINANIS OF OCX^CEFN

OONIAMINANr GROUND WATER I O H T O R I N G WELLS (ug/L)

Trichloroethene (TCE)

Tetrachloroethene (PCE)

a- De1:ected in only one sanple. ug/L- Micrograms per liter.

253*

4.8-1,170

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Brook), soil geises, ambient air, ground wat:er monitoring wells, three residentied water wells, eind three industrial water wells. Exa^jt for the first round of sanpling, vAiere the sanples were aneilyzed for tiie PPL VDCs and heavy metals, total phenols, and cyanide, all sanples (except soil gas and ambient eiir analyses) were aneilyzed for the ccnplete PPL ocnpounds.

Ihe surface water and sediment sanples frcm the Rockaway River and the Beaver Brook did not indicate the presence of any appreciable ccnoentraticns of the ocxitaminants of concem. Only one of the residential wells is used as a source of potable water. Lead (52 ug/L) and TCE (4.1 ug/L-est±Dnated value) were found in the water frcm one of the residential wells and is currently not used for any purpose. Contaminants of c o n c e m were not found in the water frcm the one residential well used as a source of potable water simply ( G i h - 9 ) . In addition, one indust:rial well (GW-2) showed elevated concentraticais of heavy metals viiicii may be associated with the use of punps at the well head.

Soil gas monitoring results showed PCE and TCE at a maximum veilue of 3,100 ppb and 19 ' p p b , re^)ectively. The maximum value for PCE was encountered in a sanple frcm soil covered by pavement. Ambient air monitoring data did not indicate einy appreciable concentratu-cais of the contaminants of concern at the site.

C. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

No site-specific physiceil hazards were r^xsrted in the information reviewed ty AISCR.

EEMDGRATHICS OF POHJIATION NEAR SITE

The site is located in a suburban residential set±ing and is surrounded hy homes, businesses, emd municipeil property. An estimated 6,383 persons lived in the B o r o u ^ of Rockaway in 1980. In addition, the Boroi*^ of Rockaway's municipal wells sipply potable water to about 11,000 persons (ROD, 1986).

EVAIDATICN

A. SITE CHARACTERIZATICN (DATA NEEDS AND EVAimTICN)

1. Enviroimentcil Media

The conclusions and reocnsnendations made in this Heeilth Assessment are w based on the informatiOTi and monitoring data provided. The following ^ information and monitoring data, as detailed in this section, azce needed

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to characterize the site and to evaluate the public health concerns ocnpletely. The reoonntendations based on these data needs are presented in the Oonclusiais and Reccmroendations Section. Additional information and mcsiitoring data, as it beccnes available, may necessitate a reevaluaticxi by ATSER of the public health concems associated with the Rockaway Borcu^ Well Field NPL Site.

Ground water monitoring for VDCs, at least cn a quarterly basis, for private water wells (residentied or industried) identified in the area is needed in order to evaluate any future significant human eo^xDSure to TCE and/or PCE throu^ oral, denned, or inhedation expoGure to drinking viater frcm the private residential well or inhalation ej^xjsure to volatilized VDCs from industrial well water used in manufacturing.

2. land Use and Demographics

Adequate information is available to evaluate the land use and demogr^iiics of the Rockaway Borou^ Wtell Field NPL site.

3. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)

QA/QC was performed cat edl of the RI data reviewed for this Heedth Assessment. It is not kncwn if tlie NJ[3EI> and the Borou^ of Rockaway monitoring results have peissed QA/QC standards. Ihe EPA data reviesred for this Ifecdth Assessment passed tiie QA/QC requirements. Conclusions cont:ained in this Health Assessment eire based on the informaticai received by ATSER. Ttie accuracy of these coiclxisions is det:ermined by the avciilability emd reliability of the data.

B. ENVIRiaMEMIAL PAIHWAYS

GROUND WATER

As previously stated, the source(s) of the TCE and PCE plumes have not been definitively established. This will be investigated by EPA during the Riase II RI. Soil gas and ground water monitoring have identified several potential sources of TCE and PCE contaminatJ.on in t h e area, of the well field.

irfo aquifer systems exist in the subsurface formations underlying the site. Ihe vpper aquifer is ccnposed of sand and gravel with layers of till, and the lower aquifer is ccnposed of a mixture of metamorphic, igneous, and metasedimentary bedrock. The lower bedrock aquifer is kncwn to contain numerous faults, fissures, and joints. The i;pper aquifer is the most productive of the two; therefore, most wells, including the Borou^ of Rockaway's wells, are oonpleted in this hydrogeologiced unit.

The natural direction of ground water flow in the area is not well established (RI, 1986). Hcwever, the Borou^ of Rockaway's hi^ily _ productive wells have a significant effect on localized ground water flow o

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direct ica i because of t i ie cone of d ^ r e s s i o n they produce. In addi t ion , given t h e h i ^ d y f ractured na ture of t h e lower aqui fe r , t h e potent ied for ocnteminant migraticai i n any direct icai e x i s t s . Based on information provicJed i n t h e RI, t h e Rocdcaway River, vftiicii i s loca ted wi th in about 1,000 f e e t south of t h e Borou^ of Rociaway's w e l l s , may rprharge t h e aqu i fe r s i n seme a reas of t i ie s i t e , and i n o the r po r t ions of t h e s i t e t h e ground water cxdy peirt iedly discharges t o t h e r i v e r . "

Un t i l t i ie source(s) of t h e ground water ocaitamination i n t h e eirea eure icJentified emd mi t iga ted , and u n t i l t h e ground water cxaitaminaticjn i s remediated, t h e potent ied e x i s t s for contamination of t h e Borou^ of Rockaway's wel l water o r t h e p r i v a t e wel l water ( i . e . , resicientied or i n d u s t r i a l ) i n t h e a r ea . Monitoring cJata frcm 1985 cSoes no t i n d i c a t e ariy apprec iable ocaioentrations of VDCs i n t he se p r i v a t e w e l l s .

SURFACE WATER (SURFACE RUNOFF)

Beised CXI s o i l gas emd anibient a i r mcaiitoring ciata, i t s p e a r s t i i a t mcst of t h e cxMTtamination i s confined t o t h e subsurface s o i l zones; hencse, t h e potent ied for surface runoff of contaminants i s u n l i k e l y . Ifcwever, t h i s cannot be caefinitu.vely es tab l i shed u n t i l t h e source (s) of t h e ground water contamination have been icJentified and t h e appropr ia te subsurface and surface s o i l s i n t i iese area(s) a r e charac te r i zed . Surface water and sediment monitoring ciata frcm t h e Rockaway River o r t h e Beaver Brooik ( located about 2,000 f ee t e a s t of t h e well f i e ld ) d id not i n d i c a t e ^ p r e c i a b l e cxaicentrations of t h e contaminants of concem.

AIR

Based on ambient edr monitoring, i t appeeirs t h a t e^preciable concentraticais of VDCs a r e not p resen t i n t h e eiir. When t h e souroe(s) of t h e contamination i s fcxmd, add i t iona l ambient a i r monitoring i n these eireas, e ^ e c i e d l y i n po ten t i ed ly eiffected enclosed spaces , would be needed t o cxaif irm o r deny t h e presence of e ^ r e c i a b l e concent ra t ions of VXS a t potent ied exposixre p o i n t s .

CC SUMABIE BIOTA

Because most of s i t e - r e l a t e d contaminants ( i . e . , VDCs) a r e be l ieved t o be confined t o subsurface zones, and s i g n i f i c a n t contamination of t h e Rockaway River o r t h e Beaver Brook dees not appeeu: t o have occurred, t h e potent ied for bioaccumulat:ion of s i t e - r e l a t e d cxaitaminants i n ccHisumable ^ b i o t a ( i . e . , t e r r e s t r i a l animals o r f i s h , respet:tJ.vely) i s unliJcely. i^ Furthermore, TCE and PCE eire not known t o bioaccumulate t o a s i g n i f i c a n t ex ten t i n t e r r e s t r i a l einimeds o r f i s h . °

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HUMAN EXPOSURE PAIHWAYS

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Ihe eontaminaticxi of t h e environmental nedia previous ly icJentif l ed i n t h e vi Environmented Pathways Secticai c o n s t i t u t e t h e follcwing pcstential humem ° ejqxasure pathways of concem:

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(1) Potentied oral (ingesticai) ei^xasure to elevated concentraticais of TCE and PCE in the finished rauniciped well water for the pcpulaticxi using the Borough of Rockaway's municipal water st^plies. This potential significant exposure can occur if the ac:tu.vated carbon treatment system, enployed by the Borcu^ of Rcx:kaway, fails to reduce ccaitaminant cxaicentrations because of inproper cperation or maintenance. Ifcwever, it is not likely that breaJcthrou^ will occur because of "the remedial action provided by the Environmental Protecticai Agency's Record of Decision.

(2) Potential oral (ingestJ.cai), cJermal, or ihhalaticai exposure to elevated cxaxentrations of TCE ancVor PCE in private resiciential drinking water eis a result of future contaminant plume migration.

(3) Potential inhalat:icai e:qx3sure to elevated cxaxentrations of TCE and/or PCE in private industrial wells as a result of volatilization of these contaminants during tiie use of well water for industrial purposes. Current concentrations of VDCs in the private industrial well water c3o not ccaistitiute a signific:ant hianan expc3sure pathway; hcwever, future appreciable cxaitaminaticxi of these wells, and subsecjuent significant human e x p o s a r e , may cxxur as a result of plune migration.

HJBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

The public health inplicaticais, resulting from potentied himan exposure to contaminants at the Rcsckaway Borou^ Well Field NPL site, are discajssed below according to potential hvman eaqxjsure pathways and the contaminants of concem for each of those patiways. TCE and PCE were the major contaminants of ocaicem to human health at the site.

1. Increstion of TCE and PCE-cx)ntaminated municipal well water

TCE is a volatile organic contaminant detected in the finished municipal well water. This contaminant is sli^tly water soluble and is quite stable in ground water for a pericxi of severed months to years; hcwever, TCE can be bacteriedly cJegraded by anaerobic microbes to form vinyl chloricie. This cJegradation process dees not necessarily mitigate the problem, as the cJegracJaticai proc3uc:t, vinyl chloride, is edso an oral carcinogen, and has been estimated to be more than two orders-of-magnitude more toxic them TCE. The maximum level of TCE detected in finished municiped well water is hi^er than the Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 5 i*g/l (USEPA (1987). Ifcwever, exposure to the TCE levels detected in the municipal wells would not typically result in ncaxarcinogenic health effects. TCE has edso been designated as a probable human carcinogen (Group B2) by the USEPA. The mechanism of carcinogenicity prtjposed is that TCE is metabolized to a ^ toxic epoxide, vAiich direc^tly interacts with ENA and subsecjuently, exerts Nf carcinogenic effects (USHEW, 1978). The maximum TCE level, detected in

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finished nuniciped well water (14.8 ug / l ) , i s unacc^rtable aid may pose a significant carcirogenic r i sk to hinnan health with Icatg-term oral e^qx^sure.

Based on numerous carcinogenic studies in laboratory animeds, PCE has been designated as a probable human carcinogen (Grtxp B2) by the USEPA. Long-term ejqxisure t o PCE, a t the naximum level present in finished nunicipal well water (25.4 ug / l ) , may pcsse a significant carcinogenic r i sk tjo users of municiped well water through Icng-term exposure.

The human exposvaze pathways and subsequent potential health effects from ingestion and inhalation exposixre t o TCE and PCE-cxaitaminated finished municipal well water eire of present cxaioem t o human health, i f tiie current activated carbcai i s not replaced and the t reataent system fa i l s to reciuce contaminant cxaxentrations because of inprcper cperaiiicai and maintenance ( i . e . , breakthrou^ of the contaminant). Since the likelihood of breakthrou^ i s not currentdy probable (as a resu l t of the remedLed acticai provided ty the EPA ROD), ingestion and i i i ialaticn of TCE and PCE-contaminated municipal well water azre not of current probable concem to human health. Past exposure (intermittent) of municipal well users i s probable, as a resu l t of brea)cthrou^ (once), indicating the need for f i l t e r r^lacement.

2. Ingesticai, -inhalation, emd dermal exposure t o TCE and/or PCE-oontaminated residentied drinkincr water (future concem)

TCE and PCE were detected a t levels of cxaxem to human heedth in of f - s i te ground water monitoring wells. These ocattaminants were not detected a t levels of ccaicem t o human health in of f -s i te residentied wells (as discussed in the narratu.ve cai Off-Site Ocgitaminat:icai). Hcwever, the prevedence of these ocattaminants in of f -s i te ground water monitoring wells and tile potential for future plume migraticai, poses a tiireat t o ground water in of f -s i te private resiciential wells. Ingestion, inhedation, and dermal absorpticai would be the human ejqposure pathways of concern t o human healtii. Long-term oral exposure to levels of TCE and PCE-oontaminated ground water (off-site) nay resul t in significant carcinogenic effects and i s descaribed in the neirrative above. long-term eiqposure t o meiximum levels of PCE, detected in of f -s i te ground water (1.17 mg/l), may also resul t in noncarcinogenic health effects via oral eziqposore. PCE i s readily absorbed via the lungs, skin, and gastrointest inal t r a c t (Arena, 1974). Particularly susceptible individueds may be those with l iver , kidney, nervous system, and blcxad pressure disorders. Alcohol reacts synergistically with PCE, emd heavy alcxiiol cxaisumers may be particadarly a t r i sk from PCE exposure (Genered Electr ic Oo., (1978). PCE i s edso a probable human carcinogen (Grotp B2) via inhedation ejqxjsure. Ixaig-term inhalaticai of PCE-ocaitaminated v ^ » r s ciuring domestic use of ground water may also be of cxaxem t o human health. Ingestion, dermal and inhalation exposure would be the possible e^qjosure rxxites of concem frcm future domestic use (e .g . , drin]dng water, shcwering, bathing) of TCE and/or p PCE^xaitaminated resiciential ground water. There i s no appreciable U^

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bicacxuraulation of tiiese volatile contaminants in the fcxxi chedn; thus, the irrigatJ.pn of garden crops with TCE and PCE-cxaitamirated ground water is not a probable cxaxem to human heedth.

3. Inhalation of elevated TCE and/or PCE cxaxentrations in private industried wells (future cx)noem)

Inhedation of elevated TCE anchor PCE levels in private industuried wells, ciuring tiie use of well water for inciustrial purpcees, may be of cxaxem to human heedth; hcwever, aciverse human health effects would result primarily frcm long-term expcjsure. The heedth effects frcm long-term inhalation e^qxDSure (i.e., significant carcinogenic risk) would be of cxaxem to human health, if elevated levels of tiiese VDCs continued to contaminate ground water taken frcm industrial wells for a significant period of time.

Ot ICLJUSICNS AND RECCMMENDATICKS

Based cn the public health ccaxems eisscx:iated witii the Rockaway Borou^ Well Field site, the follcwing cxaiclusicais and recxxnmendations eire warranted:

Based cai information received, ATSCR has oonclixied that this site is of a potentied public health concem because of the risk to hvnnan health resulting frcm possible expcjsure to hazardous substances at cxaxentrations that xaeiy result in aciverse heedth effects. As noted in the Human E>qx)sure Pathways and Public Heedth Inplicaticais Sections above, human exposure to elevated cxaicentrations of TCE and/or PCE may cxxair, be ocxairring, or have cxxairred via oral, dermal, or inhalation esposure to municiped drinking water (cady in the unlikely event tiiat breakthrou^ occurs) or private well water (residential or industried).

The RCO remedial measures should mitigate eiposure to VDCs frcm municiped waters as long as e^rcpriate cperation and maintenance procetiures are inplemented to ensure that VDCs do not "breaJcthrou^" the activated carbon water treatment system. Furthermore, if monitoring indicates that VDCs have entered the distributicai system, then expropriate measures to reduce e}pc3sure should be inplemented.

Gixund water mcaiitoring for VDCs should be performed, at least on a cjuarterly basis, for private water wells (resiciential or industrial) identified in tiie eirea. This monitoring is needed in order to eveduate any future significant human exposure to TCE and/or PCE throu^ oral, dermed, or inhalaticai e x p o s u r e to cirinking water frcm the private residential well or inhedaticai exposure to volatilized VOCs from industirial well water used in manufacturing. 2

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Institutional cxaitrols should be inplemented to prevent future use of contaminated acjuifers fbr cirinking water supplies in the areas of known ground water cxaitaminatJ.cai, until remetiiation of all known contaminant sources has rectuced concentrations belcw levels of cxaxem to human health.

In acx3ordance with the Ocnprehensive Environmental Reqpcaise, Ocnpensaticai, Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as amended, the Rcxdcaway Borou^ Well Field site has been evaluated for appropriate follow-ip with respect to health effects studies. Althou^ there are indicatJ.cais that human e x p o s a r e to site-related contaminants may have cxxaarred in the past, this site is not being consicierecl for follcw-ip health stxxiies at this 1:ime becawise there are no indicaticais of ongoing ejqxasure and no test is avciilable to evaluate pcassible past exposures. If ciata becxme available suggesting that human exposure to significant levels of hazardous substances is currently occaarring, AIBER will reevaluate this site for any indicated follcw-^vp.

PREPARERS OF REPCKT

Environmental Reviewer: Gregory V. Ulirsch EnvircaTmented Health Engineer Environmental Engineering Branch

Health Effects Reviewer: Cynthia M. Harris, Ph.D. Ttoxicolcjgist Health Sciences Branch

Typis t : Cheirlotta V. Gavin Clerk Typis t Environmental Engineering Branch

ATSCR REGIONAL REFRESENIATIVE

Regional R i^ re sen ta t ive : Denise Johnscai E\ablic Heedth Advisor F ie ld Cperatu.ons Branch Regicai I I

REFERENCES W.

ATSCR F i l e s . o o u>

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Draft Fined Remedial InvestJ-gatiorVTeasibility R^ort for Rockaway Boroui^ Well Field Site, Rocdcaway Borou^, Morris County, New Jersey, May 1986. Rr^ared ty Science Applications International Corporation for the New Jersey Department of Envircairoental F>rotecticai.

Geyer, H., Kraus, A.G., and Kline, W, '"Relatu-onship Between Water Solubility and the BioaocumulatJ.on ftjtential of Organic Chemicals in Rats". Cheniosphere 9: 277-291 (1980)

Neely, W.B., Envircamental Science emd Technolcagy 8: 1113-1115 (1974).

Sittig, M., 1985. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. Nqyes Data Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. Si:perfund Public Health Evaluation Manual. Office of Emergency and Remedied Response, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Envirtairoental Protection Agency. Office of Drinking Water Health Advisory—Trichloroethene (1987).

U.S. D^artinent of Health, Educatu-on, and Welfare (National Institute of Ocxupational Safety and Heedth). Specied Occxpational Hazard Review of Trichloroethene, Washington, D.C, 78-130 (1978).

Arena, J.M. and Drew, R.H. Poisoning Toxicology. Synptoms. Treatments; 3rd ed., p. 185 (1974).

General Electric Ocnpany. Material Safety Data Sheet #313 (1978).

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