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AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIEINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Clean Energy and Sustainable Development
Clean Fossil Energy Opportunities:CO2 Capture and Storage
Dr. Jacek PodkanskiInternational Energy Agency
Energy Week 2006The World Bank Group
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
What is CO2 capture & storage?
Capturing CO2 from the gas streams emitted during electricity production, industrial processes or fuel processing
Transporting the captured CO2 by pipeline or in tankers
Storing CO2 underground in deep saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs or unminable coal seams
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Global CO2 emissions
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Emission stabilisationMarginal CO2 abatement cost
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Capture at various CO2 prices
0
5
10
15
20
25
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
[Gt
CO
2/yr
]
GLO100
GLO50
GLO25
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
CO2 capture by process area
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
COCO22 emissions from electricity emissions from electricity generationgeneration
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
[Gto
n C
O2]
0$10$25$25$ NoCCS50$50$ NoCCS
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Electricity production by power plants fitted with CCS, by region
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Fuel market implications:CCS impact on coal use at 50$/t CO2
0
100
200
300
400
No CO2 policy 50 US$/t CO2,CCS
50 US$/t CO2,no CCS
2000 2050 2050 2050
[EJ/
yr]
CCS impact
2050: 50$/t CO2 results in 80% or 40% decline in coal use, depending on availability of CCS
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Challenges
RD&D gaps
Public awareness and acceptance
Legal and regulatory framework
Long-term policy framework and
incentives
PROSPECTS FOR
CO2 CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Energy Technology Scenarios
Carbon Capture & StorageResearch, Development, Demonstration and Deployment
● US● EU● Canada● Australia● Germany ● UK● Norway ● France ● Italy● Japan,…
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum
International Energy Agency
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
World Energy Council Bilateral Agreements, …
Alstom ExxonMobilBP EniTecnologie SpAChevronTexacoEPRI Shell InternationalRWE AG TotalRio Tinto, Schlumberger,…
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Programme MembersProgramme Members
1818
Member CountriesMember Countries
13 Industrial Sponsors13 Industrial Sponsors
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Japanese Vision - Development for 21Japanese Vision - Development for 21stst Century Century
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Japanese Roadmap Development – Starting PointJapanese Roadmap Development – Starting Point
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Japanese C3 Initiative toward ZET Coal UtilisationJapanese C3 Initiative toward ZET Coal Utilisation
Coal gasification technology
Fixing technolog
2010
Air-blowing
gasification
Oxygen-blowing
gasification
High-grade coal
gasification
CO2 separation/ recovery
CO2 fixing
Timing of commercialization
Demonstration test
Demonstration testR&D
Zero-emissionZero-emission
Demonstration test
2015 2020 2025 20302004
Demonstration test
R&D
R&D
Realization of zero-emission
2005
Commercial facility of IGFC
Demonstration test
Gasification furnace for
industrial use
A-IGCC/A-IGFC
46-48% (Transmission-end
efficiency)
>65% (Transmission-end efficiency)
R&D
Assimilation with separation/fixing
technologies
Hydrogen
FC FC FC FC
CO2
Demonstration test of the new separation and recovery
technologies
Deployment to fully-fledged storage
Improvement of heat efficiency
On the assumption that the amount is the same as the current unit price of coal-fired power generation (¥5.9/kWh as calculated on a trial basis by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan)
F/S
A-IGCC/A-IGFC
¥6/kWh* ¥6-¥7/kWh
55% (Transmission-end
efficiency)
Coal gasification technology
Fixing technolog
2010
Air-blowing
gasification
Oxygen-blowing
gasification
High-grade coal
gasification
CO2 separation/ recovery
CO2 fixing
Timing of commercialization
Demonstration test
Demonstration testR&D
Zero-emissionZero-emission
Demonstration test
2015 2020 2025 20302004
Demonstration test
R&D
R&D
Realization of zero-emission
2005
Commercial facility of IGFC
Demonstration test
Gasification furnace for
industrial use
A-IGCC/A-IGFC
46-48% (Transmission-end
efficiency)
>65% (Transmission-end efficiency)
R&D
Assimilation with separation/fixing
technologies
Hydrogen
FC FC FC FC
CO2
Demonstration test of the new separation and recovery
technologies
Deployment to fully-fledged storage
Improvement of heat efficiency
On the assumption that the amount is the same as the current unit price of coal-fired power generation (¥5.9/kWh as calculated on a trial basis by the Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan)
F/S
A-IGCC/A-IGFC
¥6/kWh* ¥6-¥7/kWh
55% (Transmission-end
efficiency)
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Japanese R&D ProgrammeJapanese R&D Programme• IGCC Demonstration Project
• Demonstration of 250 MW IGCC (based on oxygen enriched air blown gasifier) to be operational by 2007
• Target efficiency (LHV basis) ~ 48%
• Energy Application for Gas, Liquid and Electricity (EAGLE) Programme• Target to deploy 50 MWe IGFC by 2010 (for distributed electricity)• Target to deploy 600 MWe IGFC by 2020
• Oxy-Combustion Development• International cooperation with Australia
• Hyper-Coal Project (Ultra Clean Coal Project)• International cooperation with Australia• Target to produce coal processed to remove ash and other
undesirable components which will be fired directly in a turbine.
www.ieagreen.org.uk
Australia – Coal21 Action PlanAustralia – Coal21 Action Plan
Pilot Implement
Demo Commercial
Pilot Demo
PilotEval Demo Commercial
Pilot Demo Commercial
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Lignite Drying
Black & Brown Coal IGCC with
CO2 Capture
Geological Storage of CO2
OxyfuelCombustion
Ultra-Clean Coal
Demo Commercial
Pilot Implement
Demo Commercial
Pilot Demo
PilotEval Demo Commercial
Pilot Demo Commercial
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Lignite Drying
Black & Brown Coal IGCC with
CO2 Capture
Geological Storage of CO2
OxyfuelCombustion
Ultra-Clean Coal
Demo Commercial
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Australian R&D ProgrammeAustralian R&D Programme• Oxy-Combustion Development
• Japanese-Australian cooperation• Pilot Scale study for PC Boiler Retrofit (25 MWe) – Callide A Project
• IGCC Demonstration Plant Programme• Demonstration of IGCC with carbon capture programme• Pilot plant study (16 MW and 65 MW)• 200 MW will be commissioned at Stanwell Power Station by 2010 -
depending on the outcome of the feasibility study• IDGCC for brown coal
• Target to commission 800 MWe IDGCC by 2010• 100 MW IDGCC demonstration project is currently at site selection
and costing stage. Decision to proceed will be made by mid-2006• Ultra Clean Coal Development Programme
• International cooperation with the Japanese (Hyper Coal Project)• A relationship was developed with the Chinese power utilities
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USA Roadmap Development PrincipleUSA Roadmap Development Principle• Short-term: keep existing fleet in
service; prepare for transition to near-zero-emission future
• SO2, NOx, Hg
• Plant optimization and control
• Reduced carbon intensity
• Long-term: add near-zero emission energy plants
• IGCCs to market
• Advanced materials
• Ultra-high efficiency hybrid systems
• CO2 capture and storage
Rev. 071404
www.ieagreen.org.ukRev. 071404
USA Roadmap DevelopmentUSA Roadmap Development
• Global Climate Change Initiative• set a target of 18% GHG emission intensity reduction by
2012 (baseline year 2001)
• Future Gen – “Integrated Sequestration and Hydrogen Research Initiative”• US$ 1 Billion – 10 year programme• Target to demonstration a 275MW polygeneration plant
by 2015
• Turbine of the Future Programme• Development of Gas Turbine firing with H2 rich fuel
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Gasification with Cleanup Separation System
Integration
CarbonSequestration
USA: Overview of the FutureGen USA: Overview of the FutureGen ProgrammeProgramme
Optimized Turbines
Fuel Cells
H2 Production
www.ieagreen.org.ukRev. 071404
USA Roadmap DevelopmentUSA Roadmap Development• Clean Coal Technology –
• “Clean Coal Power Initiative” (2001 – 2011)• US $ 2 Billion over 10 years
• “Power Plant Improvement Initiative” (2001)• Focus on efficiency improvement and emission
reduction
• VISION 21 Programme – “21st Century Power Plant”
• Material Development Programme• Development of boiler material to achieve
operating steam temperature greater than 750oC
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Vision 21 Programme - StrategyVision 21 Programme - Strategy
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www.ieagreen.org.uk
2050
2020
2015
Pote
ntia
l of
Utili
satio
n on
Tim
e Sc
ale
2010
2005
Risk of R&D
highlow medium
Vision
Steam PP =50%Gas PP >60%
Steam PP =55%Gas pp =65%
Hybrid-Power Plant
Zero-Emission
Power Plant
Capture with
Membranes
Oxyfuel-Demo
IGCCDemo
CO2-Wash
CO2-Reservoirs
CO2/H2-Turbine
Materials
Materials 700°C
Procedures ProtectionSystems
Materials800°C
Min. Leaks
Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage
2050
2020
2015
Pote
ntia
l of
Utili
satio
n on
Tim
e Sc
ale
2010
2005
Risk of R&D
highlow medium
Vision
Steam PP =50%Gas PP >60%
Steam PP =55%Gas pp =65%
Hybrid-Power Plant
Zero-Emission
Power Plant
Capture with
Membranes
Oxyfuel-Demo
IGCCDemo
CO2-Wash
CO2-Reservoirs
CO2/H2-Turbine
Materials
Materials 700°C
Procedures ProtectionSystems
Materials800°C
Min. Leaks
Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage
German: COORETEC ProgrammeGerman: COORETEC Programme
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CarbonReduction
Time
`Increased Efficiency`Trajectory
`Zero Emissions`Trajectory
Near-term Mid-term Long-term
Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant
Key issue will be value of CO2
UK: CAT Options are complementaryUK: CAT Options are complementary
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EC: COEC: CO22 Capture and Storage R&D Policy Capture and Storage R&D Policy
A Priority in Long Term Energy R&D in FP6 (2002-2006)
• Capture and sequestration of CO2, associated with cleaner fossil fuel plants.• Targets: reduce the cost of CO2 capture from
50-60 € to 20-30 € per tonne of CO2 captured, whilst aiming at achieving capture rates above 90%, and assess the reliability and long term stability of sequestration.
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Components of FP7Components of FP7
• Continued focus on Carbon Capture and Storage
• Re-introduction of Clean Coal Technology in recognition of the drive for greater efficiency whilst CCS is developed and deployed
• Technology Platform to advise on strategy and direction of these two elements
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European Based R&D ProgrammeEuropean Based R&D Programme• CCS Projects
• Enhanced Capture of CO2 in Large Power Plant (ENCAP) Project – FP6 funded project
• CO2 from Capture and Storage (CASTOR) – FP6 funded project dealing with post-combustion capture
• ISCC (In-situ CO2 Capture Technology for Solid Fuel Gasification) – FP6 funded project
• Vattenfall taking the initiative – 30 MW pilot plant study• Polygeneration of Hydrogen and Electricity
• HYPOGEN Project• Material Development Programme
• Component Test Facility for a 700oC Power Plant (COMTES700) – RFCS funded project – continuation of AD700 programme
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
International Energy AgencyWorking Party on Fossil Fuels and IEA Clean Coal Centre
G8 Plan of Action: Cleaner Fossil Fuels
Global databaseGlobal database with complete
information on efficiency of
fossil-based electricity
generation
ReportReport on best practices in
power plant operation
Series of case studiesSeries of case studies on
recently constructed plants
Joint effort of IEA and IEA Clean Coal Centre in collaboration with the World Bank, European Commission, World Energy Council, VGB, EOn
Focus on Russia and +Five Developing Countries
Final Report to the G8 in mid-2008WB/IFIs: Review of deliverables
ReportReport on potential of
upgrades and replacement
ReportReport on potential of future
developments
Global conferenceGlobal conference and three
regional workshops
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
International Energy AgencyWorking Party on Fossil Fuels and IEA GHG R&D
Programme
G8 Plan of Action: Carbon Dioxide Capture and StorageWorkshop on Early CCS Opportunities: CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery, CO2
Separation from Natural Gas
- organised jointly by the IEA’s WPFF and Oil and Gas Advisory Group, Chevron, US
Energy Association, IEA GHG R&D Programme and EOR R&D;
- San Francisco, 22-23 August 2006;
- gathering of professionals from industry and research institutions: information
exchange, preparation of dissemination and popularization conference;
- follow-up publication;
- conferences to disseminate information and popularise early opportunities (2007).
Coordination with the CSLF Involvement of developing countries
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
International Energy AgencyWorking Party on Fossil Fuels and IEA GHG R&D
Programme
G8 Plan of Action: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage
Study on capture ready plant:
- Engineering and cost study on capture ready plant (GHG R&D
Programme, on going subcontracting process);
- Report on policy instruments and incentives for capture ready
plant (IEA Secretariat);
- Dissemination efforts
Coordination with the CSLFInvolvement of developing countries
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Long-term policy framework andincentives
In addition to the acceleration of RD&D funding, countries should create a level-playing field for CCS alongside other climate change mitigation technologies. This includes ensuring that various climate change mitigation instruments, including market-oriented trading schemes, are adapted to include CCS.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE
Conclusions
CCS can play a key role in addressing global warming mainly through coal plants in coal-rich regions – but
efficiency first but also some natural gas opportunities
Carbon incentives are needed, but also: Proven technology – too early to pick up winning
technology Acceptable storage
Capture ready plant ?