age of revolutions unit 5 - staffweb.srk12.orgstaffweb.srk12.org/binion_j/global review/unit 5- age...
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Unit 5: Age of Revolutions
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Vocabulary
► 1. Scientific Revolution: Change in European thought starting in mid 1500s, where there was study of natural world by observation and questioning of accepted beliefs.
► 2. Scientific Method: Logical procedure for gathering info about the natural world by using experimentation and observation.
► 3. Heliocentric: Theory earth and other planets revolve around the sun.
► 4. Enlightenment: European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society.
► 5. Natural Law: Laws that come from nature and are binding between people and the government.
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In what ways was the Scientific Revolution a rejection of traditional authority?
► They began to challenge the idea of ancient thinkers and the church.
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Explain how each of the following challenged traditional authority:
► 1. Copernicus: Learned that the stars and earth revolved around the sun.
► 2. Galileo: Looked through the telescope and supported Copernicus.
► 3. Newton: Developed laws of gravity.► 4. Descartes: Reason rather than tradition
should be the way to discover the truth.
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Science and the Enlightenment
► Used reason to explain why things happened in the physical universe, natural laws that govern human behavior
► Rationalism: is the belief that logical thought can lead to truth
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What did each of the Enlightenment thinkers do?
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Thomas Hobbes
► There was a Social Contract between people and their government. All humans acted in their own self interests so the best government was an absolute monarchy.
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John Locke
► People are born with 3 natural rights- life, liberty and property.
► Government is there to protect peoples rights and if it doesn’t do it, they need to change the government.
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Baron de Montesquieu
► Separation of powers.► Government needs to have different
branches, so that no one person has too much power.
► Checks and Balances.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
► Only good government was 1 that was freely formed by the people.
► Government works for the general will of the people.
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How did the ideas of the Enlightenment impact Europe?
► People began to question established beliefs and customs.
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How did governments respond to the spread of Enlightened ideas?
► Government & church leaders censored Enlightened ideas and threw thinkers into prison, and banned their books.
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What is an Enlightened Despot?
► 18th Century European monarch, which would still have absolute monarch, but try to use its power to reform society.
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Enlightened Despots:
► 1. Maria Theresa: Improved tax system, forced all people to pay.
► 2. Joseph II: Modernized government, choose people based on ability not social status.
► 3. Catherine the Great: Wanted to modernize and westernize Russia. Asked the people for advice.
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Political Revolutions► 1. Estates General: An assembly of representatives
from all 3 estates or social classes.► 2. National Assembly: Frances congress
established by members of the 3rd Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
► 3. Maximilian Robespierre: Dictator who ruled France with a Reign of Terror.
► 4. Napoleon Bonaparte: Emperor of France who led the empire to take over many lands.
► 5. Napoleanic Code: Legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas, such as equality of citizens and religious toleration.
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The French Revolution:
► Explain the Basic Causes of the French Revolution:
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Absolute Monarchy
► King had total power. ► King often failed to listen to others and had
little patience.► People were denied basic rights and any say
in government.► Spent extravagantly leading to high taxes.
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Social Inequality
► There were 3 estates with the 1st and 2nd estates (church and nobles) being granted privileges while the 3rd estate had very few rights and had to pay the highest percentage of taxes.
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Economic Injustices
► 3rd estate paid most of the taxes, and they were the people who were the poorest and had very little way to make money.
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Enlightenment
► People in the 3rd Estate began to believe that their ideas should spread and be able to question the government and tradition.
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English and American Examples
► English:► Magna Carta and Parliament limited the
power of monarchs► English Bill of Rights
► American:► American Revolution used Enlightened
ideals to break free from Great Britain
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Describe the French Revolution
► First Stage: What was the National Assembly and its purpose:▪ Delegates of the Estates who were trying to
change the government.▪ Pass laws and reforms in the name of the
French people.
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What happened July 14th 1789?
► Fall of the Bastille.► Considered the beginning of the French
Revolution.
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What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
► Statement of individual rights.► All people have basic rights.► Men are born free and equal.
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Second Stage:
► How did the Constitution of 1791 define the purpose of the new government?▪ Limited monarchy and representative assembly.
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How did the rest of Europe react to the news of the French Revolution?
► Monarchs and rulers were afraid it would happen to them.
► Nobles were afraid that it would happen in their country.
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Third State: Radicals
► What was the slogan of the radicals?▪ Republic by virtue. “Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity”.
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What was the Reign of Terror?
► The elimination of those that were against the Revolution by Robespierre.
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How did the radical stage end?
► Robespierre went to the guillotine.
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Fourth Stage- Directory
► Why was the Directory a failure?▪ It was weak and inefficient.▪ Rising bread prices brought about riots.
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Fifth Stage: Napoleon
► How did Napoleon come to power?▪ Coup d'état.
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Napoleon’s Achievements
► Economic: Controlled prices, supported new industry, and built roads and canals
► Education: established a gov’t supervised public school system
► Napoleonic Code: legal code of equality for citizens and religious toleration
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What were the only nations that Napoleon was unable to conquer?
► 1. Britain because of their navy.► 2. Russia because of the winter.
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Why did Napoleon's empire begin to fall?
► Nationalism: People began to look at the French as oppressors.
► Alliance of Russia, Britain , Austria and Prussia.
► Invasion of Russia in the winter.
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Effects of the French Revolution
► Democratic Ideals: ► Napoleon’s conquest spread ideals of
democracy through Europe; wanted liberty from absolute rulers
► Liberty, Equality, Fraternity► Nationalism:
► People replaced loyalty to their monarch with pride in their nation
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Latin American leaders of independence movements:
► 1. Toussaint L’Overture: Former slave who took control of Haiti and freed all enslaved Africans. Was aware of Enlightenment ideas.
► 2. Simon Bolivar: Helped lead Venezuela to its independence. Used French Revolution and Enlightenment to get his ideas.
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Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
► 1. Conservatism: Protecting traditional monarchies.
► 2. Nationalism: People’s loyalty to their country, not king or queen.
► 3. Oligarchy: Group of leaders of a country.
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Congress of Vienna
► What was its purpose?▪ Establish long-lasting peace and stability on the
continent.
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How did the Congress attempt to meet each of its goals?
► To prevent France from going to war again, they would surround France with strong countries.
► To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon, they would restore Europe’s royal families to their throne.
► To protect the new system and maintain peace, create the Concert of Paris an organization to maintain peace in Europe.
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New Revolutions in Europe?
► Describe the Causes of the Revolutions of 1830 & 1848► Liberalism: People opposed the power of
monarchs and sought democratic reforms► Nationalism: People wanted independent
nation-states that were free from foreign rule
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Revolution of 1830
► France: Successfully revolted against the monarch’s attempt at absolutism and created a constitutional monarchy.
► Belgium: attempt for independence was successful
► Italy: attempt for independence was not successful
► Poland: attempt for independence was not successful
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Revolution of 1848
► France: King Louis Philippe was corrupt, leading to a revolution where he stepped down, creating a republic
► Austrian Empire: Student revolt supported by working class caused a revolution, but was eventually stopped by the army
► Italy and Germany: Revolts were successful in Italy for a short time, but in Germany, efforts failed as revolutionaries turned on each other.
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Absolutism in Czarist Russia
► What was the impact of the French Revolution on Russia?▪ Russia changed very little- Czars attempted to
keep it out.
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What political conditions existed in Czarist Russia?
► It needed to modernize and industrialize.
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Social Conditions of Russia
► Russia’s Feudal System: Powerful nobles resisted change, middle class too small to have any influence, while serfs were bound to the land
► Freeing the Serfs: They understood that the country needed to modernize and industrialize
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Russification: What is it and how did Russian Czars attempt to deal with Russia’s ethnic
diversity?► Russification is making everyone follow
Russian culture.► Alexander III persecuted non-Russians.► Pogroms were violent attacks on Jews.
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Instability in Latin America: Factors that hurt Latin America from revolutions:
► 1. Geographic Barriers: Things like Andes Mountains led to difficulty uniting.
► 2. Social Injustice: Colonial class structure remained intact.
► 3. Military rulers: No experience governing themselves because of colonial empires.
► 4. Power of the Church: Still owned and controlled land and preserved old order.
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Economic Problems
► 1. Cash Crop Economies: When a country depends on 1 crop, droughts, crop failure or falling prices can devastate an economy.
► 2. Economic Imperialism: Only upper classes and foreign investors profited because of rigid class structure.
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Global Nationalism
► 1. Mazzini: leader of Young Italy. Unify Italy.► 2. Cavour: Prime Minister of Italy. Wanted to gain
control of Northern Italy.► 3. Garibaldi: Leader of the Red Shirts. Unify Italy.► 4. Otto von Bismarck: Chancellor of Prussia.
German unification. Blood and Iron.► 5. Pan-Slavism: Slavic people who shared a
common nationality wanted to unite.
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What two effects can Nationalism have on a country or region?
► 1. Break up an empire.► 2. Unite a country.
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Explain how the following people helped to unify Italy:
► Mazzini: Created Young Italy, writings and speeches provided inspiration.
► Cavour: Used diplomacy and war to drive Austria out of Italy.
► Garibaldi: Soldier who led forces in the South to unite the North.
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Problems in Italy after Unification
► Urban north quarreled with the rural south► Catholic Church resisted the new
government ► Unrest grew in the late 1800s
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How did Napoleon’s conquests help unite Germany?
► Feelings of nationalism stirred in those Germans that wanted to be free from French rule
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What German state led the Unification movement?
► Prussia
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Why did Bismarck want to Unify Germany?
► His loyalty to make the Prussian King ruler of a strong and united German state
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What did Bismarck mean by “Blood and Iron”?
► Blood and Iron was how to unify Germany. Blood was the blood of soldiers and Iron was building up of the military.
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What is Zionism?
► Movement to build a Jewish state.
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How is Zionism a result of increasing Nationalism in Europe?
► Because people became intolerant of outsiders and they began to kill Jews.
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Nationalism in Asia
► India
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What country controlled India?
► Britain
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What was the Indian National Congress?
► Formed by nationalist leaders trying to unify India and get power.
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What was Congress looking to achieve?
► 1st, equal opportunity to serve in government.
► Then, greater democracy and western style modernization, looking to self rule.
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What was the Muslim League?
► Formed by Muslims who grew distrustful of Indian National Congress because it was Hindu.
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What were the goals of the Muslim League?
► 1. Protect own rights and interests.► 2. Setting up a separate Muslim state
(Pakistan).
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Turkey
► Who were the Young Turks & what did they achieve► A young group of liberals in the 1890s
that wanted to strengthen the Ottoman empire and end the threat of western imperialism
► 1908, overthrew the sultan and took control of the gov’t
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Turkey
► Armenian Massacre ► Young Turks supported nationalism► Muslim Turks turned against Christian
Armenians living in the Ottoman empire► Accused the Armenians of plotting with
Russia against Ottoman empire, the Turks killed over 1 million Armenians over the next 25 years
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Nationalism and Conflict in the Balkans
► List all different nationalities located in the Balkans.▪ Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians.
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What did European nations hope to gain from a declining Ottoman Empire?
► Gain land.
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How do you think Russia’s support of Pan-Slavism was received by other European countries? Why?
► Fear: Concern because of the Slavic population and their alliance with Russia.
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Economic and Social Revolutions
► 1. Agrarian Revolution: Change of methods of farming.► 2. Industrial Revolution: Change in making goods from
hand made to machine made.► 3. Laissez-Faire: Idea the government shouldn’t interfere
with or regulate industries and businesses.► 4. Adam Smith: Supply and demand, law of competition,
law of self interest. Wealth of Nations.► 5. Socialism: Economic system in which the factors of
production are owned by the public and operate for welfare of all.
► 6. Karl Marx: Came up with idea of Socialism (Communism)
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The Agrarian Revolution
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In 1750, how did most people live?
► They lived on farms, making everything that they needed (Self-sufficient)
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How did each of the following help cause the Industrial Revolution?
► Agrarian Revolution: led to newer, better ways to grow crops, making less farmers needed, people could eat more, live longer, creating a larger population and more workers.
► Enclosure: Led to larger amounts of crops as farming became more efficient.
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► Population Explosion: More people to work, as the food became more plentiful and people lived longer and babies were born healthier.
► Energy Revolution: Allowed for things to be produced quickly as they used water and coal.
► Geography: Britain had coal and iron ore, and was located near water which was key.
► Capital: $ which was needed to build factories and Britain had it from its overseas empire.
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Factory System and Mass Production
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Before the Industrial Revolution, where was the primary location for industry?
► In the home.
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Why were the 1st factories created?
► Goods were produced in large quantities, quickly.
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How were the new machines powered?
► Water and coal.
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What is mass production?
► Making the same product over and over, quickly and at a low cost.
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
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Describe Laissez-Faire economics:
► Economic policy in which the government lets businesses do what they need to do to survive and not get involved in the decision making process.
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Why was this a popular thought among the manufacturing class?
► They could make more money.
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How are corporations created?
► People (entrepreneurs) will sell stock to raise $ to build factories, buy materials, etc. In return, people who buy stock get to share in the profits.
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What led to their creation?
► The need for $ to build factories and to build up their businesses.
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How did the Industrial Revolution change the following classes?
► Upper- Became made up of original wealthy landowners, and new business owners (factory owners, merchants and bankers)
► Middle- large middle class, neither rich nor poor emerged. Somewhat comfortable standard of living.
► Lower- Poor, little improvement in working/living conditions.
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What is Urbanization?
► Urbanization is the growth of cities.
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How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Urbanization?
► Factories developed in clusters of areas where there was energy. People would then move to these areas looking for jobs.
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Describe the working conditions of a 19th Century factory.
► Long hours (14 hours a day)► 6 day weeks.► Not well lit.► Easily injured.► If injured and couldn’t work, no pay.
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How did the Industrial Revolution improve transportation?
► Steam engine, steamboat came about.► Roads, canals and railroads were built to get
natural resources to factories to make products, then ship products to cities.
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Why did various philosophies spring up as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
► Liberalism: Wanted to give more political power to the ELECTED parliaments.
► Conservatism: Wanted to give more political power to the monarchs.
► Social Darwinism: Survival of the Fittest.
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Socialism
► Economic system in which factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
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What happens to private property under socialism?
► The state owns all of the property.
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What were the 4 main ideas of Marxism?
► 1. History was a class struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class.
► 2. In order to make profits, capitalists took advantage of proletariat.
► 3. The proletariat would eventually rise up and overthrow the capitalists creating their own society.
► 4. Proletariat society would take control of the means of production and establish a classless, communist society in which power and wealth are shared equally.
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Who are the Proletariat?
► The working class.
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Education and the Arts
► Industry and Education: taught children to read, write, and obedience
► Romanticism: a reaction to the impersonal nature of industrial society
► Realism: showed the harsh side of industrialization (Charles Dickens)
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British Reform Legislation► Right to Vote:
► 1829: Catholics could vote, hold office► 1867: Vote to working class men► 1884: Voting for farmers► 1918: Voting for Women
► Workers Rights:► 1825: Trade unions legalized► 1840-1925:
► limits on child labor and hours for women and children
► Regulations on safety, minimum wage, accident insurance
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Global Impact of Industrialization
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How did the Industrial Revolution effect the migration of people throughout the world?
► Improvements in transportation led to easier movement for people. Also, people started going to places looking for better social and political conditions.▪ Ex) Polish and Germans went to the US, Russian
Jews left Eastern Europe.
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How did the British policy contribute to mass starvation in Ireland?
► Potatoes were the main crop, supported their food.
► Wheat and oats were taken to England.► A disease destroyed the potato crop in
1845, but the British continued taking products out of Ireland.
► Led to mass starvation and about 1 million Irish dying and millions of others moving to the US and Canada.
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How did Industrialism lead to a global marketplace?
► New powers emerged around the world.► As these powers emerged, they competed
for their share of wealth around the world.► Led to a new imperialism.
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Japan and the Meiji Restoration
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What is the Meiji Restoration?
► Rapid period of modernization and industrialization in Japan.
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Prior to 1853, why was Japan isolated from the rest of the world?
► It had been banned from contact by the Tokugawa Shoguns.
► They were ethnocentric.
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Describe how Japan was finally opened for world trade.
► American warships sailed to Japan and presented a letter to the Japanese from the US president demanding that Japan open up. (Matthew Perry)
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What was the Treaty of Kenagwa?
► Opened 2 Japanese ports to US ships.
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What impact did it have on Japan?
► 1. Some Japanese felt the Shogun showed weakness in front of foreigners by agreeing to the treaty.
► 2. Some Japanese felt the need to modernized to compete with the industrialized world.
► 3. A rebellion overthrew the Shogun, restored the emperor to power and launched Japan on a road to modernization and industrialization.
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Describe how each of the following led to the modernization and industrialization of Japan.
1. Borrowing from the West: They learned about the west’s government, economy, technology and customs.
2. Economic Development: Used western methods and machinery to develop an industrial economy. Government built factories and sold them to wealthy families.
3. Strong Central Government: Chose Germany as a model. Emperor had autocratic power and there was a 2 house legislature.
4. Military Power: Modernized the army and navy. All men had to enter into military service.
5. Social Change: Public education was going to teach modern technology, while women faced inequality.
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How did Japan seek to overcome its lack of natural resources?
► Imperialism: Taking over other areas looking for their raw materials.
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Imperialism
► Domination of 1 country politically, economically, and/or culturally of another country or region.
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How was New Imperialism different from Old Imperialism?
► Old Imperialism: From 1500-1800, established colonies.
► New Imperialism: From 1870-1914, focused on Africa and Asia, in attempts to take over weakened states.
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Causes of Imperialism: How did each of the following lead to New Imperialism:
► Nationalism: Idea that their country was superior. They had the right to take over weaker countries.
► Social Darwinism: Survival of the fittest. Stronger nations dominate weaker ones.
► Military Motives: Needed bases to resupply ships. A nation with many colonies had power and security.
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► Economic Motives: Raw materials to supply factories. Needed foreign markets to sell finished products. Looking for places to invest.
► Science: New weapons, medicines, ships.► The White Man’s Burden: White imperialists
had a moral duty to educate people in nations considered less developed.
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British In India
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By the mid 1800s, who controlled India?
► British East India Company
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What was the Sepoy Rebellion?
► Uniting of Hindus and Muslims to unite against the British.
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How is the Sepoy Rebellion a turning point in Indian-British relations?
► British government took direct command of India which led to the eventual independence of India.
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The Scramble for Africa
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Why did Europeans meet in Berlin in 1884?
► To set up rules for colonizing Africa.► The Africans were not invited.► There was no regard for the people who
lived there.
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Southern Africa
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What African tribe controlled South Africa before Europeans arrived?
► Zulu
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Who were the Boers?
► Dutch farmers.
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What was the outcome of the Boer War?
► The British won control after suffering heavy losses.
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Imperialism in China
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Why was the Opium War fought in China?
► Because the Chinese didn’t want opium brought into their country and the British wanted to keep trade open in China.
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Nanjing?
► 1. China had to pay for Britain’s war cost.► 2. British got Hong Kong.► 3. China had to open ports to British trade.
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What are Spheres of Influence?
► An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges in another country.
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Describe each of the following responses to European imperialism in China:
► 1. The Taping Rebellion: Chinese peasants rose up because of their poverty and corrupt Qing officials.
► 2. The Boxer Rebellion: Boxers assaulted foreign communities across China trying to get them out.
► 3. Sun Yixian and the Chinese Revolution: Chinese nationalism. Wanted to end foreign domination.
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Effects on the Colonies
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Short term effects: Some effects were immediate:
► Large number of Asian and African countries under foreign rule.
► Local economies dependent on foreign powers.
► Nations introduced changed to meet imperialist challenges.
► Resistance of European domination.► Western culture spreads.
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Long Term: Other effects took longer:
► Western culture influenced the world.► Transportation, medicine and education
improved.► Resistance to imperial rule led to nationalist
movement.► Economies became cash crops.
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Effects on Europe and the world: How the West changed because of Imperialism:
► West discovered new crops, food.► West introduced new cultural influences.► Competition for empires. Led to wars.► Industrial nations controlled the new global
economy.