agama dan kepercaaan - religion as eufunctional, events that lead towards mourning
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RELIGION AS EUFUNCTIONAL
Piacular Rites And The
Ambiguity Of The Notion
Of Sacredness
-Emile Durkheim-
Prepared by :
Abdul Hakim Ali bin Abdul Aziz
Wan Zhafirah binti Wan Zainudin
Najwa Elia binti Mohamad Fauzi
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Positive Rites
Common characteristics
perform in a state of confidence
joyfully anticipating the happy
event
enthusiasm
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Sad celebrations
To meet a calamity
To commemorate
To deplore
Have special aspects for example
the funeral rites
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PIACULAR
These ceremonies are called piacular.
Term piaculum suggests the idea of expiation
and also extended signification. Misfortune, evil omen, sentiments of sorrow
or fear necessitates a piaculum and therefore
called piacular.
Celebrated in a state of uneasiness or sadness.
Piaculum = misfortune
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Piacular rites
Mourning but with abstention like:
Forbidden to pronounce the name of the dead
Forbidden to remain near the place where thedeath occurred
Relatives especially female must abstain from
all communication with strangers
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Funeral rites Change according to tribes
Vary with the age, sex and social importance ofthe individual
Repeat the same them everywhere.
Father beats and cuts his head with tomahawk,utter bitter groans
Mother Burn her breasts and abdomen with asmall fire stick.
Shedding of blood
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Scene in a funeral rites
Loud, continuous wail
Rushing about, cutting themselves with knife andsharp pointed sticks.
Women battering one anothers head withfighting clubs.
Slashes their thighs
Cut their whiskers and hair, smear their scalp withpipe-clay
Kissing and holding to each other
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Reasons for the rites
Ritual attitudes that they are forced to adopt
out of respect for custom.
Sanctioned by mythical or social penaltiesthey believe if a relative does not mourn, the
soul of the dead man will follow upon his
steps and kills him.
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Warramunga Tribes
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Preparation and Final Ceremony around the Ground
Painting in Connection with the Wollunqua Totem
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WARRAMUNGA BURIAL IN WHITE ANT-HILL FOR
REINCARNATION
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Some Australian tribes eat their dead as a
sacred duty, to ensure reincarnationamong kinsmen. The tribes of the
Northern Territory have a shorter way of
burial. Having collected the bones from
the tree-grave, they knock off the top of a
white ants' mound, slide the remains
down the centre, and replace the top of
the hill. Only an arm-bone is kept
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THE MYSTIC ARM-BONE IS
PREPAREDF
OR TOTEM RITES
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Here opens the grand ceremony over thedetached arm-bone of the dead man. The
oldest tribesman carefully wraps it inpaper-bark and ties it with opossum furstring, decorating one end with feathers.He places it in the hollow trunk of a gum-tree, and all the burial party then hunt inthe scrub for a day. They have to get thefuneral meats for the totem ceremonies
http://ian.macky.net/secretmuseum/page_5.37.html
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Other events that leads
towards
the mourning rituals
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Treasures lost Aruna tribes
Treasures had been stolen by their
enemies
Men will smear their bodies with white
pipe-clay and remain in camp weeping
and lamenting for two weeks
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Body smearing
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Aruna tribes
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Insufficient harvest
Lake Eyre natives
Prolonged fastDances persisted in up to the
exhaustion of the dancersPhysically pain
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Lake Eyre
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Drought Kaitish tribe
Pull out an incisor from one man and hang it on a
tree
Dieri tribe
bloody incisions made in the skin of the chest and
arms
They will assemble and groan and cry
Beg the Mura-mura to give rain
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Kaitish tribe
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Excessive rainfall
Dieri tribes
Old men enter into a veritable
frenzy
While the crowd cries in a very
painful voice to be heard
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To multiply the animal species
Urubunna tribes Want to multiply the Wadnun gadnithat are used
as totem
One man will kneels down on the ground, holding
is arm straight out and the assistant will pinchesthe skin of his right arm and forces a pointed bonefive inches long.
Dieri tribes To make wild hens lay, they pierce their scrotums
Lake Eyre people To make yams reproduce, they will pierce their
ears
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Believes The Kurnai people
Believe in fire lighted in the heavens by the
great god Mungan-ngaua
Whenever they think they see it, they afraid
that it may spread to the earth
Thus, they shake hand and utter cries as
Send it away, do not let us burned
At the same time, the old men order an
exchanges of wives
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Curing maladies
Dieri peoples
Beat their head with clubs or
boomerang until the blood flows downover their faces
They believe that this will relieve the
child of the suffering
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Science of religious
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Pure powers
Impure powers
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Pure powers
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Religious forces
Beneficent
Guardians of the physical and moral order
Dispensers of life and health All the quality which men esteem
Eg: mythical ancestor, the animal-protector,
the civilizing heroes, tutelar gods of every kinddegree
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Holy things
Things or persons that relatesor have the
same charcters as the religious forces.
Eg: priest, objects that serve in the regularrites, ascetics
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Impure powers
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Evil
Productive of disorders
Causes of death and sickness
Instigators Sacrilege
Arise from corspe or menstrual blood
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Death and the Reintegration of theGroup.
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Primitive attitudes towards death.
Extremely complex emotions
Love for the dead and loathing for the corpse
This reflects in rituals at death
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This reflects in rituals at death
In the tending of the corpse
In the mdoes of its disposal
In the post-funerary and commemorativeceremonies
The mother mourning for her son
The widow for her husband. All show horror and fear with pious love.
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Mortuary proceeding
Body is washed, anointed and adorned
Arms and legs tied together.
Mourning begin: Grief and wailing in sorrow,bodily laceration and tearing of hair.
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Forms of disposal
Open or closed grave inhumation,in hollow
trees.
Burn Set adrift in canoes.
Mummification.
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