afroasiatic case systems
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Helmut Satzinger Università di Vienna
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Berber: Shilh iuɣa urgaz aɣiul he.bought the.man.DEP the.donkey.ABS
=NOM Classical Arabic ’ištarā r-‐rajulu l-‐ħumāra he.bought the-‐man.NOM the-‐donkey.ACC
BERBER CASE vs. ARABIC CASE
V S O
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Berber: Shilh argaz iuɣa aɣiul the.man.ABS he.bought the.donkey.ABS Classical Arabic ’ar-‐rajulu štarā l-‐ħumāra the.man.NOM he.bought the-‐donkey.ACC
BERBER CASE vs. ARABIC CASE
S V O
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Berber: Shilh argaz iuɣa aɣiul the.man.ABS he.bought the.donkey.ABS Classical Arabic ’ar-‐rajulu štarā l-‐ħumāra the.man.NOM he.bought the-‐donkey.ACC ’inna r-‐rajula štarā l-‐ħumāra PCL the.man.ACC he.bought the-‐donkey.ACC
BERBER CASE vs. ARABIC CASE
S V O
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Berber: Shilh aɣiul iuɣa‑t urgaz the.donkey.ABS he.bought‑it the.man.DEP =NOM Classical Arabic ’al-‐ħumāru štarā-‐hu r-‐rajulu the-‐donkey.NOM he.bought‑it the-‐man.NOM
BERBER CASE vs. ARABIC CASE
O V+ S
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Berber: Shilh aɣiul iuɣa‑t urgaz the.donkey.ABS he.bought‑it the.man.DEP
=NOM Classical Arabic ’al-‐ħumāru štarā-‐hu r-‐rajulu the-‐donkey.NOM he.bought‑it the-‐man.NOM ’inna l-‐ħumāra štarā-‐hu r-‐rajulu PCL the-‐donkey.ACC he.bought‑it the-‐man.NOM
BERBER CASE vs. ARABIC CASE
O V+ S
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Typical morpheme: a Berber: m. a-, f. ta- Cushitic: *-a
Functions in Berber, after Sasse (1984) : The absolutive rather than nominative (subject) case is • the citation form of the noun, • the predicative form of the noun in a verbless sentence; • The absolutive is also used for the vocative, measure constructions, and with adverbial case markers; it also occurs when case is neutralized as a consequence of • group inflection or • focus marking. Gensler (2000) adds that the absolutive is used for the • fronted topic and emphatic noun in situ position.
Mous typology p. 25
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BANTI 1988: 14, on Oromo: The absolutive is the unmarked case, and is used for • non-subjects, for • focussed NPs, for • citation, and generally when the other case marks do not apply. (G. Banti, Two Cushitic Systems: Somali and Oromo Nouns. In: van den Hulst & Smith, eds. 1988. Autosegmental Studies on Pitch Accent. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. 11–49.)
BANTI 2003: 21, on Saho: The absolutive is the unmarked case, used for the • direct object of a verb, as • citation form, and when a noun is used as a • predicate followed by the copula kinni 'to be' or by a verb like ekke 'to be, to become, to happen', etc., e.g., xiyawto uble 'I saw a man', yemeete tii xiyawto kinni 'the one who came is a man'. (BANTI, in VERGARI & VERGARI Saho Dictionary 21 § 2.3.)
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SAHO
Nominative vs. absolutive
xiyawt.i okolo yuble man.NOM donkey.ABS he.saw
‘The man saw the donkey’ okol.i xiyawt.o yuble donkey.NOM man.ABS he.saw
‘The donkey saw the man’ xiyawt.o uble ‘I saw a man’ man.ABS I.saw yemeete tii xiyawt.o kinni he.came one-‐that man.ABS to-‐be
‘The one who came is a man’
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Ergative-Absolutive: Nominative-Accusative:
Absolutive (unmarked)
!"#$%$&#'()%**+,--().+,*&/%$,()0#/"-()topic, subject of intransitive verbs, object, adverbial form Ergative (marked) agent (subject) of transitive verbs
Accusative (marked) (-a) object, adverbial form Nominative (unmarked) (-u)
!"#$%$&#'()%**+,--().+,*&/%$,()0#/"-()topic, subject of intransitive verbs, agent (subject) of transitive verbs
Proto-Afro-Asiatic ? Otherwise, e.g., Basque
Semitic Otherwise, e.g., Indo-European
)
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Ergative-Absolutive: Nominative-Absolutive: Nominative-Accusative:
Absolutive (unmarked)
!"#$%$&#'()%**+,--().+,*&/%$,()0#/"-()topic, subject of intransitive verbs, object, adverbial form Ergative (marked) agent (subject) of transitive verbs
Absolutive (unmarked) (-a)
!"#$%$&#'()%**+,--().+,*&/%$,()0#/"-()topic, object, adverbial form Nominative (marked) (-u) subject of intransitive verbs, agent (subject) of transitive verbs
Accusative (marked) (-a) object, adverbial form Nominative (unmarked) (-u)
!"#$%$&#'()%**+,--().+,*&/%$,()0#/"-()topic, subject of intransitive verbs, agent (subject) of transitive verbs
Proto-Afro-Asiatic ? Otherwise, e.g., Basque
Berber, East Cushitic Otherwise, e.g., C. Nilotic
Semitic Otherwise, e.g., Indo-European
)
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EGYPTIAN personal pronoun ! "#!$%&'('%&'%)!
(*+%+,%!-+.&!/'*0'/1!2#!3'('%&'%)!(*+%+,%! 4#!5,6607!(*+%+,%!
854! jnk![/a»nak] *’anákV! wj *yuwa ?! !j [-i] *-i / -ya ?!95:! Twt [cu»wat]? *kuwátV?! Tw [cuw]? *kuwa ?! !k [-ak] *-ka!95;! Tmt [ci»mat]? *kimátV?! Tn [cin]? *kima ?! !T [-ic] *-ki!<5:! swt [su»wat]? *suwátV? sw [suw]? *suwa ? !f [-uf] *-fu ? < *-hu ? <5;! stt [si»tat]? *sitátV? sy [siy]? *siya ? !s [-as] *-sa …!
!
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! "#!$%&'(#!()*%*+%!!!!!!,*-&!.')/'.0!
1#!2'('%&'%3!()*%*+%! 4#!5+66/7!()*%*+%!
854! jnk![/a»nak] *’anákV! wj *yuwa?! !j [-i] *-i / -ya ?!95:! Twt [cu»wat]? *kuwátV?! Tw [cuw]? *kuwa?! !k [-ak] *-ka!95;! Tmt [ci»mat]? *kimátV?! Tn [cin]? *kima?! !T [-ic] *-ki!…! ! ! ! quotation form;
predicate (jnk pw it is I) partly, subject of
nominal predicate (jnk sn!k I’m your brother)
augens (m pr!j jnk in my own house)
subject of adjectival predicate (nfr wj I’m good)
object (sDm wj hear me!)
with thetic elements (m!k wj here I am!; nn sw he does not exist)
possessive=genitive (pr!j my house)
prepositional
(Hr!f on him) subject of verbal predicate
(sdm!j I’ll hear)
~ absolutive case, absolute state
~ absolutive case ~ nominative/ genitive case
!
EGYPTIAN personal pronoun
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! "#!$%&'!&%&()*+,-./!0%12!
3#!45%1/!!&%&()*+,-./!0%12!
6#!4*+,-./!0%12!
746! !""#!"$%#!"!!%#!&''%( !)( %*+!846! ,"$%#,"!!%#,"''%( ,+( %'+!94:! ,%%#,%!!%( ,%%( +-+,!94;! '&!%#'&!!%( '&&( )-.)#)-.&!<! ( ( (!
SAHO
personal pronoun
Cp. G. Banti, “Grammatical Notes,” 22, in Vergari & Vergari A Basic Saho-English-Italian Dictionary
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! "#$%&!'%()"&! *+!,-#.-/0!('#-12!
*+!,-#.-/0!'%('#-12!
"#$%&!344'5&+!%$6/!!"!63'/$%7!355368#!!
*+!"#)"&!19-:!$%&!7!©;#8'()!
<!! =>?@ABCDEF! =>?@ABCDEF! 83!GHFIDCDEF!J!I@KDI=CDEF!
HFIDCDEF!J!I@KDI=CDEF!
HFIDCDEF!J!I@KDI=CDEF!
L?M! %-NN! 8O'PQ'! 8O'PQ'! 8O'PR! 8'!S?K! N-1 ˚1̊!! 8O'PN! 8OQP3N! 8O'PN! 8N!S?T! N-66! 8O'PN-6! 8OQP36! 8O'P6! 86!U?K! %-2 ç2 ç3! 8O'P2! 8OQP3/! 8O'P/! 8/!U?T! %-2 ç2 ç32!! 8O'P2 ç!OVP! 8OQP3/! 8O'P/! 8/!LWK! %-NR%'! OQP3©! OQP3©! 8%%-©! 8%-©!LWT! %-NR%2'! OQP3©! OQP3©! 8%%-©! 8%-©!SWK! N;%R'! 8O'PNR-%! 8OQP3R-%! 8%R-%! 8R-%!SWT! N;%%-62'! 8O'PNR-%2! 8OQP3NR-%2! 8%NR-%2! 8NR-%2!UWK! %;2%'! 8O'P2-%! 8OQP3/-%! 8%/-%! 8/-%!UWT! %;2-%2'! 8O'P2-%2! 8OQP3/-%2! 8%/-%2! 8/-%2!!!
BERBÈRE pronom personnel
Cp. A. Mettouchi, « Le “t” n'est-il qu'une marque de féminin en berbère (kabyle)? », dans La Catégorisation dans les langues, Faits de Langue n° 14, Ophrys, Gap-Paris 2000, particulièrement pp. 223-224.
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! " # $ % & ' ( " ) * + ) , + - % . $ ( * " / ) 0 % . ( " / " 1 / * % 2 ! + / 3 1 0 ) ( 4 %! "#$%&%'! ()*+&%,-!! .#/01!23,0*415!!61!7-8#+#-8#-&!+/9-9:-!;1! *’anå(ku) jnk -#33 <1$1! *’anta †wt < *kw=t 3#' ˚'̊ <1>! *’antŒ †mt < *km=t 3#$$ ?1$1! *‚¨ sw=t -#& ç& ç, ?1>1 *‚Œ st=t -#& ç& ç,& .1!@#+#-8#-&!+/9-9:-!;1! (=nŒ) wj < *jw? =2%5*% <1$1! A! †w < *kw =2%53 <1>! A! †n < *km =2%53#$ ?1$1! A! sw =2%5& ?1>1 A! sj; st =2%5&!B1!":>>%C!+/9-9:-!;1! *= /*=ya =j =% <1$1! *=ka =k =3 <1>! *= =† ki) =$!D=3%$ ?1$1! *=‚¨ =f =E ?1>1! *=‚å =s =E!!!
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! "#!$%&%'(%')!&*+'+,'! -#!.,//01!&*+'+,'!2.-! 3<!"!4!3#$µ ! 3%!5!!67*&'%() !8.9! 3*" ! 3%*) !8.:! 3*!+ ! 3%*!,+- !;.9! 3." ! 3%." !;.:! 3.! ! 3%.) !<! <! <!!
The B and C pronoun form sets are not identical (Fs Vycichl p. 490)
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There is no original set of A pronoun forms (Fs Vycichl p. 492)
The forms of the A pronoun, as actually attested in the Afro-siatic languages, are obviously of four types: 1. B pronouns, unmodified; perhaps they were marked by a vocalic ending, as in Semitic *šuwa < *šu-a, *šiya < *šī-a ). 2. B pronouns with additions; in the main, a stressed ending *-átV: Egn. *kuwát, *suwát, etc.; Akk. yāti, kuāti etc.; Ge’ez wǝ’ǝtu, yǝ’ǝti, etc. (Lipiński p. 308). 3. A base *’an-, to which stative endings or other pronominal elements are attached: Akk. anāku, Sem. Cush. *’anta / *’antī, etc. 4. Nominal bases with a C pronoun added; this is obviously a late feature, as Egn. int-k / int-T, int-f / int-s; Beja barū-k / batū-k, barū-s / batū-s.
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Correlation of case functions of personal pronouns and substantives
!"#$%&'("#()*%*+%## ,"#-'('%&'%.#()*%*+%# /"#0+1123#()*%*+%#quotation form; predicate (jnk pw it is I) partly, subject of nominal
predicate (jnk sn!k I’m your brother)
augens (m pr!j jnk in my own house)
subject of adjectival predicate (nfr wj I’m good)
object (sDm wj hear me!)
with thetic elements (m!k wj here I am!; nn sw he does not exist)
possessive=genitive (pr!j my house)
prepositional
(Hr!f on him) subject of verbal predicate
(sdm!j I’ll hear)
~ absolutive case, absolute state
~ absolutive case dependent state
~ nominative/ genitive case
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speculations...
AA originally of ergative-absolutive alignment ? Typically of nominative-absolutive alignment
(Berber, Cushitic, ...) Could develop to nominative-accusative alignment
(Semitic) — with conspicuous residues of the old structure, in particular in Classical Arabic — predicative, adverbial, etc. uses of the naSb.