africa-rising quick feed project synthesis workshop, addis ababa, 3-4 september 2012
DESCRIPTION
production system characterization feed technology prioritization and Sheep value chain analysis, in Horro district of Oromia region, Ethiopia . Gemeda Duguma Bako Agricultural Research Center OARI. Africa-RISING Quick Feed Project Synthesis Workshop, Addis Ababa, 3-4 September 2012. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PRODUCTION SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION FEED
TECHNOLOGY PRIORITIZATION AND SHEEP VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS, IN
HORRO DISTRICT OF OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA
Africa-RISING Quick Feed Project Synthesis Workshop, Addis Ababa, 3-4 September 2012
Gemeda DugumaBako Agricultural Research Center
OARI
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION Production systems characterization (FEAST) Feed technologies prioritization (TechFit) Sheep value chain analysis
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BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION Horro is located at about 315 km from Addis
Ababa 9º 34´N latitude and 37º 06´ E longitude Two major agro-ecologies: highland (49.8%)
and midland (48.96%) Lowland area covers only about 1.24% of the
total area of the district Diverse crops and livestock resources due to
its favorable production environments (Mixed crop-livestock agriculture)
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•Human population ≈ 103,707 •Average family size ≈ 7 people•Livestock population ≈ 351,305 heads•Cattle 43.3 % and sheep 16.8%•Total land area of the district ≈ 77,998 ha•Average landholding/HH ≈ 1.8ha•Grazing lands ≈ 8.3% grazing lands•AGP District, ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project site, USAID financed wheat seed production site of ICARDA
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FEAST
Characterization of the Farming and Livestock Production Systems and the Potential for enhancing
Productivity through Improved Feeding in Horro District, Ethiopia
Objectives:
To assess feed resource availability and utilization using FEAST within the context of the overall farming and livestock production systems
To determine the potential of site-specific feed interventions in selected areas
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METHODOLOGYo Three kebeles were selected from Horro district o Criteria used to select the kebeles were:
Sheep production, crop production potential and accessibility About 15 farmers were selected from each kebele
Land holding, age, education and gender were considered in selecting the interviewees.
Kebeles № of households Altitudes (m.a.s.l.) GPS coordinates
Gitlo 501 2758 09 33´ N and 37 03´ E⁰ ⁰Lakku 388 2710 09 34´ N and 37⁰ ⁰ 03´ E
Oda Buluq 457 2490 09 38´ N and 37⁰ ⁰ 04´ E
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OVERVIEW OF FARMING SYSTEM The average farm size was about 2 ha for Gitlo and Lakk and
1.6 ha for Oda Buluq kebele.
There is only one cropping season that coincides with the rainfall season in the three kebeles.
Predominant crops grown in the three kebeles include wheat, tef and barley in order of importance.
About 66.0% of households in Gitlo and 10.4% in Lakku have access to irrigation. The other kebele does not have irrigation access
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CONTRIBUTION OF LS TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME
About 59%, 38% and 28% of the HH income contributed by LS in Gitlo, Oda Buluq and Lakku, respectively.
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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Livestock species Uses
% of HH Av. № % of HH Av. № % of HH Av. №
Gitlo Lakku Oda Buluq
Local dairy cows
Traction, milk, income and manure 90 5 94.1 3 66.7 4
Improved dairy cows
Milk, traction, income from sell of male calves 0.20 3 3.8 3 0.22 1
Draught cattle Traction, threshing and income 70 2 91.1 2 77.8 2
Fattening cattle
Income (fattened cattle fetch higher price) 3 1 14.8 1 5.5 1
Sheep Income and manure97 15 100 15 88.9 8
Goats Income (twin and triplet bearers, fast reproduction and growth, etc) and manure 10 5 50 3 7.5 4
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FEED AVAILABILITY
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FEED QUALITY
Gitlo
Oda Buluq
Lakku
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PROBLEMS
№ Identified problems Gitlo Lakku Oda Buluq
1. Knowledge 1 1 1
2. Feeds 2 3 2
3. Health 3 2 3
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SOLUTIONS SUGGESTED BY FARMERS
№ Identified problems
Suggested solutions for the identified problems by the farmers
1. Knowledge Training on improved animal husbandry practices in general and market-oriented animal production in particular
2. Feeds Improved forage production, conservation of crop residues, establishment of backyard forage production and reduction of number of animals owned
3. Health Equipping veterinary clinics with necessary equipment, drugs and skilled technicians, and proper feeding and housing managements to animals
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WAY FORWARD--- FEAST Opportunities:
Availability of abundant crop residues
Good initiatives by ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU
Enlightened farmers
Recommendations:
Available feed technologies has to be prioritized for the specific kebeles using appropriate tool, like TechFit.
Optimizing the use of crop residue as animal feed has to get due attention.
success histories from different countries can be borrowed in this regard.
knowledge/skill gap of producers has to be filled through tailor made training.
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Prioritizing feed technologies using TechFit in Horro district
Purpose:
Feed was reported to be one of the major problems
Paramount feed problems intervention technologies have been generated over years.
However, most of them were poorly adopted.
There has not been any workable approach or tool for filtering and prioritizing feed technologies for a specific situations.
Objectives : To prioritize and recommend suitable technologies for Gitlo, Lakku and Oda Buluq kebeles of Horro district using TechFit.
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METHODOLOGIES Pre filter was made based on the context relevance (1 – 6) and impact potential score (1-6) scores.
Main filter was based on availability of attributes (score1 – 5), requirements of the attributes (score1 – 5) and scope for improvement
Costs of the technologies were compared with benefits obtained based on assumptions
Fattening of yearling rams was used for the cost benefit analysis
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Out of 38 technologies 21 were dropped at pre filter.
The reasons were: Un availability Not known in the area Land demanding Agro ecological limitation
FINDINGS --- PRE FILTER
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FINDINGS … MAIN FILTER
№ Technology filter Gitlo Lakku Oda Buluq
Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank
1 Feeding of home grown legume residues 67 1 57 1 35 7
2 Re-threshing and mixing of crop residues 62 2 52 2 43 5
3 Use of weeds, cut grass, tree leaves 61 3 52 5 52 1
4 Hand chopping of crop residues 53 4 45 4 45 3
5 Generous feeding of crop residues 53 4 44 2 44 4
6 Supplement with agro-industrial by-products 46 6 43 6 42 6
7 Fodder trees 24 11 21 8 42 6
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High ranked feed technologies
Feeding of home grown legume residues and re-threshing
and mixing of crop residues
The requirement for the techno attributes is minimum.
Re-threshing and mixing of crop residues is labor intensive compared to feeding home grown legumes .
FINDINGS … MAIN FILTER
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Hand chopping of crop residues was not economical at the three kebeles
More additional costs attributed to: chopping of the residues purchase of chopper
The Benefit Cost ratio ranged from 1.43 to 1.93 at Gitlo/Lakku and from 1.34 to 1.93 at Oda Buluq
Net return ranged from ETB 20.18 to 38.95 and 15.66 to 43.18 at Gitlo/Lakku and Oda Buluq, respectively.
MAIN FINDINGS … COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
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Challenges
Cost benefit analysis was based on assumption
Most of the feed technologies make only partial contribution
Valuation of reproductive traits was not easy.
Lessons learned
The tool has strong power in screening technologies that are not relevant
Saves time and resource in identifying suitable technologies
Better understanding of why some technologies are not adopted
CHALLENGES, LESSONS AND WAY FORWARD
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WAY FORWARD --- TECHFIT Manual has to be prepared for users on how to use the tool
Validation of the cost-benefit analysis has to be made
Technologies related with crop residues have to be accompanied by supplementation with high quality feeds.
Valuation of non-marketable attributes or intangible attributes (eg. reproductive traits) is needed
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FEAST AND TECHFIT RESULTS Farmers suggestion for feed problems during FEAST
discussion
Improved forage production, conservation of crop residues, establishment of backyard forage production and reduction of number of animals owned
TechFit result
Improved forage was not among the top ranked Crop residue related technologies favored
Farmers suggestion (improved forage) may based on advise of development workers
Discussion is needed with farmers to reach on agreement
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VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF SHEEP IN HORRO DISTRICT OF OROMIA
REGION, ETHIOPIA
G. Duguma, K. Degefa, T. Jembere, W. Temesgen, A. Haile and G. Legese
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PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES Non-market oriented production
Poor quality animals Inconsistent supply highly disorganized markets producers not linked to proper market and high
transaction cost Objectives
To identify major constraints and opportunities that influence development of sheep value chain
To suggest key intervention areas for development practitioners and policy action
To document important elements and modalities of market strategies to develop sheep value chain
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METHODOLOGIES A combination of different techniques were
applied Secondary information (from DLHA, consulting relevant literatures and documents)
Focused Group Discussions (FGD) Key informants interview, and Visual observations
Different set of checklists were used for different group of actors
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MAJOR FINDINGS – MAP OF CORE FUNCTIONS
Input supply Production Marketing Processing Consumption
s
Supply of:
Breeding stockVeterinary services
FeedingHerdingHousingBreeding
CollectionTransportingFeedingSelling
Slaughtering Frying / cookingMeat retailingChillingTreating Packing
Consumption
Hotels, butcheries
,E.
abattoirs
DLHA, BARC, ICRDA,
ILRItraders
Smallholder Framers
Farmers,Collectors,
TradersE. abattoirs
Consumers
Foreign Domestic
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10 %H. Shoxi
15 %
10 %10 %20 %
15 %10 %
80 %
10 %50 %
25 %
20 %10 %
30 %
Sheboka
MAJOR FINDINGS – MARKET ROUTES
Gaba Sanbata
Saqala
BahirdarFincha’a sugar
factory
Shambu
Harato
Baqale
Dongoro
Jare
Bako
Addis Ababa
Nekmete
Anger Gute
Sire
Export abattoirs
Fincha’a town
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MAJOR FINDINGS – MARKET CHANNELS
Farmers(Breeding purpose)
Individual consumers
Addis Ababa traders
Processing Butchers Hotels
Marketing
Big traders Small traders Collectors
Production Smallholder sheep producers
Export abattoirs
Land tenure
Consumption
SecurityRules and regulations Enabling environments
Veterinary services
Extension services
Finance/credit TechnologyInput supply Market information
Export market
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MAJOR FINDINGS – MAJOR CHANNELS
Six major sheep marketing channels identified: Channel 1: Sheep slaughtered at hotels Channel 2: Sheep slaughtered at butcheries Channel 3: Sheep purchased by individual consumers Channel 4: Sheep purchased to Addis Ababa markets Channel 5: Sheep purchased by other farmers for breeding
purposes Channel 6: Sheep slaughtered at export abattoirs
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MAJOR FINDINGS – MARKET MARGINS
Marketing cost
Marketing margin
Net margin Producer’s share of final price %
Proportion of value added (%)
Channel 1 292.2 531.75 239.55 55.0 27.8
Channel 2 190.95 223.0 32.05 70.0 4.9
Channel 4 16.45 250.0 233.55 60.0 21.2
Channel 6 87.5 256.9 169.4 57.0 25.2
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Input supply Shortage of veterinary drugs Shortage of skilled technicians (6) Lack of transportation facilities
Production constraints Feed shortage (1) Poor/traditional housing High incidence of liver fluke and lice infestation (2) Lack of training on market sheep production and management (4)
Market constraints Transportation problems – road problem Limited access to market information and low bargaining power (3) Animal theft and gaps in the law to penalize the criminals Shortage of consistent supply of quality sheep and multiple taxation
(5) Lack of vertical linkage of sheep producers with other actors in the
value chain (8) Weak horizontal linkages among sheep farmers (7) Seasonality of demand for sheep
MAJOR FINDINGS – CONSTRAINTS
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MAJOR FINDINGS – OPPORTUNITIES Very enthusiastic sheep producers that have been tested for
about four years (ILRI-ICARDA-BOKU sheep breeding site) The presence of large sized, fast grown & prolific sheep breed –
respond well to supplementary feeds (150-200g/h/d) An increasing trend of demand for live sheep and sheep meat The presence of community-based sheep breeding project Possibility of scaling up community-based sheep breeding
program to wider areas Market access and conduciveness of the district for various crops
and livestock production particularly sheep The district is the USAID financed ICARDA wheat seed production
site Government’s commitment and support to increase export of meat The presence of higher learning institution (WU)- Gitlo is the
experimental site of the university Skilled and enthusiastic research staff The area is AGP district
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CONCLUSION Both domestic and export markets prefer young and
fattened animals However, due to the following factors producers are not
benefited from the huge sheep population The existing market is fragmented and transaction cost
is high The existing production system is not market oriented –
poor quality animals, supply is inconsistent There is shortage of feeds particularly during dry
seasons Animal health problems (liver fluke, lice infestation, etc.) Seasonality of demand for sheep Lack of credit
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SEASONALITY OF SHEEP PRICE
Source: Duguma et al. (2012, unpublished)
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RECOMMENDATION Strengthening and scaling up of the community-based sheep
breeding – to ensure continuous supply of quality animals Use of fattening technologies Training of producers and extension workers in livestock marketing Creating /strengthening horizontal linkage among farmers to
improve their exchange of breeding stock and their market supply Conservation and wise utilization of crop residues Assigning skilled manpower Provision of transportation facilities Provision of training on market oriented sheep production
and management Organizing sheep farmers into breeding and marketing
coops Proper use of the revolving fund allocated for purchase of
veterinary drugs Training community-health workers
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MEETING EXPECTATIONSheep producers of the study area
generously provided their experiences and information without any reservation
In return, they expect further intervention based on recommendations resulting from the three studies conducted in the area
I believe that we, ILRI, ICARDA, OARI/BARC, need to find a means in responding to these expectations
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Thank you!