Africa Global Africa Global HealthHealth

2015 the year of Global Health

World Health OrganizationCollaborating Centre,

University of PittsburghEmeritus

Health and Global Health, Health and Global Health, WHOWHO

““Health is not only the absence Health is not only the absence of infirmity and disease but of infirmity and disease but also a state of physical, also a state of physical, mental and social well-being.mental and social well-being.””

With various public health challenges, global With various public health challenges, global health is especially important concept to health is especially important concept to investigate within African continentinvestigate within African continent

GloCalGloCal Health ( Health (GloGlobal to bal to LoLocalcal))

Your Patient andWhere you live

Global health is an Global health is an important new concept. important new concept. The Institute of Medicine The Institute of Medicine refers to global health as refers to global health as

"health problems, issues "health problems, issues and concerns that and concerns that transcend national transcend national boundaries, may be boundaries, may be influenced by influenced by circumstances or circumstances or experiences in other experiences in other countries, and are best countries, and are best addressed by cooperative addressed by cooperative

actions and solutions."actions and solutions."

The Supercourse:The Supercourse:

THE SUPERCOURSETHE SUPERCOURSE is a is a global library of lectures on global library of lectures on

prevention and public health, prevention and public health, shared for free by the best shared for free by the best

faculty in the worldfaculty in the world. Thousands . Thousands of faculty members in the of faculty members in the Supercourse database are Supercourse database are

from Africafrom Africa

www.pitt.edu/~super1

The ancient The ancient Library of Library of

Alexandria in Alexandria in 300 BC 300 BC

captured much captured much of the worldof the world’’s s

science by science by collecting over collecting over

700,000 700,000 papyrus scrolls papyrus scrolls giving birth to giving birth to

the first the first

university.university.

What is WHO?What is WHO?

WHOWHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.

Who are the developers Who are the developers of this lecture?of this lecture?

Global Health Network Supercourse Global Health Network Supercourse ProjectProject

Library of Alexandria, EgyptLibrary of Alexandria, Egypt WHO Collaborating Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre,

University of Pittsburgh Graduate University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthSchool of Public Health

Faculty members from AfricaFaculty members from Africa

Global HealthGlobal HealthGlobal Health Network Global Health Network Supercourse Project, Supercourse Project,

University of PittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh

Building a Global Prevention Building a Global Prevention Network to Share Knowledge Network to Share Knowledge

and Wisdomand Wisdom

Mission of this Mission of this lecturelecture

1.1.Teach every medical, public Teach every medical, public health and nursing student in health and nursing student in the world about global healththe world about global health

2.2. Develop a global health Develop a global health network for students to tackle network for students to tackle local to global health local to global health problems.problems.

The Universal The Universal Declaration Declaration

of Human Rights of Human Rights ““Everyone has the right to a Everyone has the right to a

standard of living adequate for the standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and health and well being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care.housing and medical care.””

    Universal Declaration of Human Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948Rights, 1948

International HealthInternational Health

““International health refers to the International health refers to the interlocking and interrelated interlocking and interrelated health status of people health status of people throughout the world and to throughout the world and to efforts to improve the health of all efforts to improve the health of all people of every country.people of every country.””

Last, Last, FoegeFoege

Public health, medicine, and Public health, medicine, and nursing: parts of the same puzzlenursing: parts of the same puzzle

Why should students Why should students learn about global learn about global

healthhealth As of today, colleges and universities have very As of today, colleges and universities have very

few lectures on global health in their curricula, few lectures on global health in their curricula, however the number of global health certificate however the number of global health certificate programs has been increasing in the past few programs has been increasing in the past few yearsyears

Health is becoming a global problem, with chronic Health is becoming a global problem, with chronic diseases being a number one killer around the diseases being a number one killer around the globeglobe

By learning more about global health research, By learning more about global health research, students will be better equipped to face the students will be better equipped to face the challenges of their unique professionchallenges of their unique profession

Global Health is important for all students, those in Global Health is important for all students, those in health, engineering, chemistry, etc.health, engineering, chemistry, etc.

What should students know What should students know about global healthabout global health

Know the differences between global and Know the differences between global and international health researchinternational health research

Identify key challenges to global healthIdentify key challenges to global health Recognize the importance of information Recognize the importance of information

sharing in the area of global healthsharing in the area of global health Recognize the importance of preventive Recognize the importance of preventive

activities in improving global healthactivities in improving global health Recognize the need for global networking to Recognize the need for global networking to

improve global health locally and globallyimprove global health locally and globally

Local health

International health

Global health

Smallpox vaccination: the Smallpox vaccination: the case of global health effort case of global health effort

in disease eradicationin disease eradication

Most important problems of Most important problems of global health todayglobal health today

Communicable, maternal, Communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional perinatal and nutritional conditionsconditions

Noncommunicable Noncommunicable diseasesdiseases

InjuriesInjuries

There are many challenges to There are many challenges to global health with different global health with different professionals emphasizing professionals emphasizing

different diseases.different diseases.

Interdisciplinary approaches are Interdisciplinary approaches are needed to ease the burden of needed to ease the burden of both communicable and non-both communicable and non-

communicable diseasescommunicable diseases

Cause of death Death in Millions Percent of Death

Coronary heart disease

7.20 12.2

Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases

5.71 9.7

Lower respiratory infections

4.18 7.1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

3.02 5.1

Diarrheal diseases 2.16 3.7

HIV/AIDS 2.04 3.5

Tuberculosis 1.46 2.5

Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers

1.32 2.3

Road traffic accidents

1.27 2.2

Prematurity and low birth weight

1.18 2.0

10 leading causes of death around the world (WHO)

    1. HIV/AIDS 2 678 000     1. Ischaemic heart disease 3 512 000

    2. Lower respiratory infections 2 643 000     2. Cerebrovascular disease 3 346 000

  3. Ischaemic heart disease 2 484 000    3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease1 829 000

    4. Diarrhoeal diseases 1 793 000     4. Lower respiratory infections 1 180 000

    5. Cerebrovascular disease 1 381 000     5. Trachea/bronchus/lung cancers 938 000

    6. Childhood diseases 1 217 000     6. Road traffic accidents 669 000

    7. Malaria 1 103 000     7. Stomach cancer 657 000

    8. Tuberculosis 1 021 000     8. Hypertensive heart disease 635 000

    9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

748 000     9. Tuberculosis 571 000

Leading Causes of Death in 2001Source: WHO World Health Report 2002. Countries grouped by WHO Mortality Stratum, with

Developing countries Developed countries

Problem: Information Problem: Information sharing:sharing:

Important challenge to global health Important challenge to global health in the 21in the 21stst century. century.

Potential Solution: WWW and Potential Solution: WWW and

Mobile Global Health Mobile Global Health

The importance of The importance of knowledge, learning, knowledge, learning,

innovation, and ITinnovation, and IT

““The most fundamental resource in The most fundamental resource in modern economy is modern economy is knowledge knowledge and, and, accordingly, the most important accordingly, the most important process is process is learninglearning””

Lundvall, Bengt-Åke (1992) Lundvall, Bengt-Åke (1992) National Systems of Innovation. Towards National Systems of Innovation. Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learninga Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. Pinter, London and . Pinter, London and

New York, pp. 342New York, pp. 342

BiomedicalResearch

Education in Medicine and Public Health

Importance of global health Importance of global health for Africafor Africa Bolster research capacity through Bolster research capacity through

international and national collaborationinternational and national collaboration Fostering multi-disciplinary research teams Fostering multi-disciplinary research teams

and partnerships to tackle key health and partnerships to tackle key health problemsproblems

Generation of knowledge that leads to Generation of knowledge that leads to action, in particular research outcomes that action, in particular research outcomes that will guide policy and program developmentwill guide policy and program development

Mobilization of resources to support Mobilization of resources to support interventions for improved health outcomesinterventions for improved health outcomes

Forming a networkForming a network

ConclusionConclusion Global health is important, as similar Global health is important, as similar

conditions plague people in conditions plague people in developed and developing countries developed and developing countries alikealike

Life expectancy in the 20Life expectancy in the 20thth century century was improved due to successes in was improved due to successes in global health effortsglobal health efforts

All students need to know more All students need to know more about global health research and about global health research and form networks to share important form networks to share important global health knowledgeglobal health knowledge

Organizations working in Organizations working in the area of global healththe area of global healthWorld Health Organization, the , the

Pan American Health Organization, , the the World Bank, , UNICEF, ,

UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the , the UN Foundation, the , the

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, , CARE International, the , the

Global Health Council, and many , and many othersothers

Ali Ardalan IranSunita Dodani US/PakistanMusa Kana NigeriaRonald LaPorte USFaina Linkov US/UkraineMita Lovalekar US/IndiaEric Marler US Nicholas Padilla MexicoFrancois Sauer USKawkab Shishani JordanEugene Shubnikov Russia

Ali SoniFaina Mita

Francois Eugene

Musa

Additional ReadingsAdditional ReadingsOpen Source Open Source

http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec6921/index.htm

Supercourse and Disaster Management Training Supercourse and Disaster Management Training http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec21601/index.htm

Social Epidemiologic Methods in International Social Epidemiologic Methods in International Population Health and Health Services Population Health and Health Services Research Research http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec17561/index.htm

Principles of Research SynthesisPrinciples of Research Synthesishttp://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec9611/index.htm

How can I join the global How can I join the global prevention network?prevention network?

Join the Join the Supercourse Supercourse email email distribution list distribution list by emailing by emailing super1@pitt.edusuper1@pitt.edu

Present at least 1 Present at least 1 slide on slide on prevention to prevention to your studentsyour students

How do you join this global effort?

•Visit www.pitt.edu/super1/•Send this lecture to as many people you know•Teach at least 1 slide about global health.•Contact us at super1@pitt.edu for other opportunities.