africa. did you know? 2 nd largest continent in the world one-fifth of earth’s land surface...
TRANSCRIPT
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Did You Know?• 2nd largest continent
in the world• One-fifth of
Earth’s land surface• Earliest evidence of
human beings
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Africa’s Geography
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Discussion #1
• Have you ever had to move or did someone close to you move?
• Why did you/they move?
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People on the Move
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• Migration: A permanent move from one country or region to another
• Causes of migration: • Push-pull factors: push people out
of an area or pull them into an area
• What are some examples of PUSH factors?
• What are some examples of PULL factors?
People on the Move
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• Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages
• Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu
• Bantu-speaking Africans moved south & east out of Nigeria from 3000BC- 1100AD
• Spread their language and culture
People on the Move
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• Experts can trace migrations over time by studying the spread of languages
• Most languages in Africa can be traced back to one parent-language: Bantu
People on the Move
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• Reasons for migration:• Slash and burn farming• Overpopulation and search for more land
People on the Move
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Discussion #2• Do you have a friend
you spend a lot of time with?
• What tends to happen when you start hanging around the same person for a long time?
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• Located on Red Sea in present day Ethiopia
• Through trade (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) absorbed many elements of Roman culture, including Christianity
East Africa: Early Kingdom of Aksum
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East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities• Bantu-speaking people established
coastal villages• Muslim and Persian traders settled
in port cities around 639AD• Swahili was formed: blended
language of Bantu and Arabic• Blending of religions of Christianity,
Islam and traditional beliefs
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East Africa: Coastal Trade Cities
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Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade• Swahili cities
became wealthy through trade (gold, ivory, etc)
• By 1300, more than 35 trading cities
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Coastal Trade Cities & Slave Trade• Muslim traders sent African slaves to
the Middle East, India, China
• Numbers of traded slaves remain small (about 1,000 a year)
until the 1700s, when Europeans start buying slaves for colonial plantations
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Discussion #3• Have you ever traded
with someone for something? What factors are necessary for a mutually successful trade?
• How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?
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1.Ghana2.Mali3.Songh
ai
West Africa: The Gold-Salt Kingdoms
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• All 3 kingdoms controlled the GOLD-SALT trade at some point in time
• Occurred in west Africa near the northern part of the Niger River
The Gold-Salt Trade
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• Although rich in gold, West Africa’s savanna & rain forests LACKED salt
• Fortunately, the Sahara Desert contained large deposits of salt
The Gold-Salt Trade
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• Arab traders crossed the Sahara with SALT, cloth & manufactured goods
• West African traders collected gold from the forested regions
The Gold-Salt Trade
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The Gold-Salt Trade• Met in trading cities where they would exchange goods
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Did You Know?Arab traders from North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desert with the help of the camel…• Could cover as
much as 60 miles a day
• Could travel more than 10 days without water (twice as long as most pack animals)
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(AD 500 to 1200)
Ghana:
The Trading Kingdom
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Ghana: The Trading Kingdom
• Ghana’s Wealth:• Ghana grew rich by taxing trade that crossed through the kingdom
• Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large army & conquer neighboring regions
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Ghana: The Trading Kingdom• The king acted as a religious
leader, chief, judge, & military commander
• Only the king could own gold nuggets – WHY?
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• As a result of the trade, Ghana’s rulers converted to Islam and helped spread the religion
Ghana: The Trading Kingdom
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• Ghana’s Decline:• War with a nearby kingdom weakened Ghana’s empire
• Led to internal division & eventual decline…
Ghana: The Trading Kingdom
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The Kingdom of Mali (AD 1235 to
1400)• After Ghana’s
decline, no single kingdom controlled the Gold-Salt Trade
• Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a decline
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• In 1235 Mali rose to power on the same territory
• Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of Sundiata
• Gained control of the Gold-Salt Trade
The Rise of Mali
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Discussion #4• What can you infer
about the man in this picture?
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The Kingdom of Mali• Mansa Musa is the most famous African ruler
• Skilled military leader who expanded the empire
• Under his reign Mali became very wealthy from Gold-Salt Trade
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• Mansa Musa & Religion:
• Was a devout Muslim• In 1324 went on a hajj to Mecca
• Led to MANY changes in Mali…
The Kingdom of Mali
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• Mansa Musa built mosques, schools & libraries where people could study Islam
• As a result Timbuktu, the capital city, became a cultural center for Islam
The Kingdom of Mali
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• Mali’s Decline:• Weak rulers after Mansa Musa
• (Internal & external problems)• Declines & people begin to break away…
The Kingdom of Mali
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The Kingdom of
Songhai (1450 to 1600)• Mali
declines in the 1400s & the Songhai set up an empire
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• Sunni Ali:• Muslim ruler who expanded the empire by military conquest
• Built a professional army• Conquered the city of Timbuktu
The Kingdom of Songhai
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The Kingdom of Songhai
• After Sunni Ali’s death, his son took over but faced a revolt by Muslims who thought he didn’t practice their religion faithfully
• Askia Muhammad took control
• Created a well-organized empire, with an efficient system of government
• Laws were based on the Koran
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The Kingdom of Songhai
• Empire was full of wealth & learning but lacked modern weapons leading to its collapse
• 1591, a Moroccan fighting force of several thousand men equipped with gunpowder & cannons crossed the Sahara and invaded Songhai
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Discussion #5• Conclude: Describe 3
factors that influenced the development of early African societies