Africa and the Middle East

12.2 notes

Africa

• Increased colonial control. European countries saw colonies as a way out of debt

• Farms converted to cash crops, less food=famine

• Forced to carry ID cards, restricted where Africans could live and travel

• Resistance inspired by Wilson’s idea of self-determination and Lenin’s Communist writings

• Some protests, but few revolts• Protestors jailed or in “Women’s War”

shot at• South Africa sets up segregation

system called apartheid (“apartness”)• Took away rights, jobs & land. Forced

on to reserves• African National Congress (ANC)

formed to resist/protest

• Pan-Africanism- emphasized unity of all Africans around the world– Marcus Garvey(Jamaica)-

“Africa for Africans”

• Negritude movement- pride in African roots. Mostly French speaking writers in West Africa and Caribbean

• Egypt does gain independence, but British troops stay to protect Suez Canal interests.

Turkey• Mustafa Kemal- resists Western

control, overthrows sultan and makes Turkey a republic. Nicknamed “Ataturk” or Father of the Turks– Modernized and reformed Turkey,

made it a secular state– Changed many Muslim traditional ways

in favor of Western laws, dress, calendar, alphabet & schooling

– Expanded industry– Not popular with religious Muslims, but

others love him for the reforms

Arab Nations

• Pan-Arabism- similar to Pan-Africanism, pride in Arabs world-wide

• Felt betrayed at Paris Peace Conference• Palestine becomes center of conflict• Zionists want Jewish state in ancestral

homeland (had been moving to the area since the Dryfus Affair in France)

• Arabs had believed they were promised the whole area as an Arab state for their help against the Ottoman Empire in the War.

Iran• Reza Khan- similar

ideas to Attaturk. Westernize or be taken over by the West.

• Modernized country on Western ideas

• Overthrows Shaw who had ruled Iran

• Takes back oil production from Russia and Britain