afghanistan rights monitor monitoring cycle 5: july...

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AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization

AfghanistanRightsMonitorMonitoringCycle5:July-October2017

December2017ProjectReport

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AcknowledgmentsThisisthefifthmonitoringreportofAfghanistanRightsMonitor(ARM).ThisreportwasmadepossiblethroughfundingfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairs,TheNetherlands.APPROwishestoexpressitssincerethankstoallthosewhoagreedtobeengagedfordatacollectionforthisreport.AboutAfghanistanRightsMonitorAfghanistanRightsMonitor(ARM)isdesignedtomeetthefollowingobjectives:

1. RegularmonitoringofthecurrentconditionsoffundamentalrightsinAfghanistanusingasetofindicatorsbasedoninternationallyrecognizedstandardsformonitoringCivic,SocialandEconomicrights.

2. Informed,pragmatic,andconstructiveadvocacymessagingonfundamentalrightsneeds,basedonempiricaldata,anddeliveredbycivilsocietyactors.

3. IncreasedcapacityandresponsivenessofpublicinstitutionsinattendingtofundamentalrightsneedsofAfghancitizens.

FormoreinformationonARM,see:www.nac-pp.netAboutAPPROAfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization(APPRO)isanindependentsocialresearchorganizationwithamandatetopromotesocialandpolicylearningtobenefitdevelopmentandreconstructioneffortsinAfghanistanandotherlessdevelopedcountriesthroughconductingsocialscientificresearchandmonitoring,evaluations,andtrainingandmentoring.APPROisregisteredwiththeMinistryofEconomyinAfghanistanasanon-profitnon-governmentorganizationandheadquarteredinKabul,AfghanistanwithofficesinMazar-eSharif(north),Herat(west),Kandahar(south),Jalalabad(east),andBamyan(center).APPROisthefoundingmemberofAPPRO-Europe,registeredinBelgium.Formoreinformation,see:www.appro.org.afandwww.appro-europe.netContact:mail@appro.org.afAbouttheResearchersTheresearcherswhoworkedonthisreportwere(inalphabeticalorder):RahmatullahAloko,FarebaAuob,EnayatBashardost,ShekibaBroumand,SamadEbrahimi,AtefaGhafori,EhsanullahKhalili,FatimaKhavari,RaziaHaidari,HamedNadir,AbidullahNikzad,SaeedParto,BashirQuraishi,MohammadAnwarRahimi,AlamuddimRizwan,EhsanSaadat,ZarghonaSaify,LemaSakhizai,andNazaninSayed.DanaHolland,SaeedParto,andEhsanSaadatauthoredthisreport.APPROtakesfullresponsibilityforallomissionsanderrors.©2017.AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization.Somerightsreserved.Thispublicationmaybestoredinaretrievalsystemortransmittedonlyfornon-commercialpurposesandwithwrittencredittoAPPROandlinkstoAPPRO’swebsiteatwww.appro.org.af.Anyotheruseofthispublicationrequirespriorwrittenpermission,whichmaybeobtainedbywritingto:[email protected]

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ListofAbbreviationsAIHRC AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionAGO AttorneyGeneral’sOfficeAOGs ArmedOppositionGroupsALP AfghanLocalPoliceANP AfghanNationalPoliceANSF AfghanNationalSecurityForcesAOG ArmedOppositionGroupAPPRO AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganizationARM AfghanistanRightsMonitorAWDP AfghanistanWorkforceDevelopmentProgramBHC BasicHealthCenterDOWA DirectorateofWomen’sAffairsEUI EuropeanUniversityInstituteEVAW EliminationofViolenceAgainstWomenFGD FocusgroupdiscussionFRU FamilyResponseUnitIDP InternallyDisplacedPersonOHCHR UnitedNationsHumanRightsOfficeoftheHighCommissionerSTD SexuallyTransmittableDiseaseUN UnitedNationsUNAMA UnitedNationsAssistanceMissioninAfghanistanUNHCR TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sEmergencyFundUNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationVAW Violenceagainstwomen

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TableofContentsIntroduction...........................................................................................................................5

ObjectiveandMethodology.............................................................................................................5Scope...............................................................................................................................................6

FindingsfromQualitativeData...............................................................................................8Balkh................................................................................................................................................8Bamyan..........................................................................................................................................11Daikundi.........................................................................................................................................14Herat..............................................................................................................................................17Kabul..............................................................................................................................................20Khost..............................................................................................................................................26Kunduz...........................................................................................................................................28Nangarhar......................................................................................................................................30Nimruz...........................................................................................................................................33

ResultsFromSurveys............................................................................................................35CivicRights.....................................................................................................................................35SocialRights...................................................................................................................................37EconomicRights.............................................................................................................................41

Conclusion.............................................................................................................................42CivicRights.....................................................................................................................................42SocialRights...................................................................................................................................43EconomicRights.............................................................................................................................43GenderRelations,Corruption.........................................................................................................43

Appendix1:MonitoringIndicators........................................................................................44

Appendix2:ListandDefinitionofCodes...............................................................................46

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Introduction

ThesecuritysituationinAfghanistancontinuestoworseninthelaterpartof2017,withciviliancasualtiesamongtheirhighestratessince2002andunprecedentedlevelsofconflict-induceddisplacement.UNAMA’srecentestimatesshowthatthenumberofcivilianskilledandinjuredbyarmedconflictin2017remainsonparwith2016—fromJanuarythroughSeptember2017,UNAMAdocumented2,640civiliandeathsand5,379injuries.Disturbingly,greaternumbersofciviliandeathsin2017haveresultedfromAOGsuicideattacks,targetedanddeliberatekillings,andimprovisedexplosivedevices.Thusfarin2017,morethan200,000Afghanshavebeeninternallydisplacedbyconflictand44,000othersweredisplacedbynaturaldisasters.Thisdisplacement,combinedwithasurgeinreturneesfromIranandPakistan(over400,000in2017accordingtotheInternationalOrganizationofMigration)hasbroughtmountingpressureonhumanitarianassistance.InsecurityinAfghanistanistakingaheavytollonprivateinvestmentandlegalcommerce,withinflationrisingfasterthaneconomicgrowth(5.1percentversus2.6percent)accordingtotheWorldBank.Inflationisparticularlyevidentinhigherfoodprices,especiallyfruitsandvegetables.Nearly40%ofthepopulationlivesbelowthepovertyrateandemploymentopportunitiescontinuetodecline.Only19%ofthelaborforceisfullyemployed,withthefemaleunemploymentratetwicethatofmales.Unemploymentisparticularlysevereamongstlow-skilled,illiterateandyoungworkers,whohistoricallyareatthegreatestriskoffallingintopoverty.1

ObjectiveandMethodology

Theobjectiveforthisandthepreviousmonitoringreportsistoassesschangesinfundamentalrightsconditionsacrosstentargetprovincesonanongoingbasis.“Fundamentalrights”aregroupedundercivic,social,andeconomicrights.2AbaselineassessmentwasconcludedinDecember2015toestablishthebasisagainstwhichtomonitorchanges,followedbymonitoringduringJanuary-April2016,May-July2016,August-November2016,andMarch-June2017.Theperiodcoveredunderthisroundofmonitoring(Cycle5)isJuly-October2017.

1See:InternationalOrganizationforMigration.(Oct22–28,2017).ReturnofUndocumentedAfghans.WeeklySituationReport;CentralStatisticsOffice(2016-2017).AfghanLivingConditionsSurvey–Midtermresults2016-2017,availableathttp://cso.gov.af/en/page/1500/1494/nrav-report;Overview,theWorldBankinAfghanistanathttp://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/overview;UNAMA(12October2017).AfghanistanProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflictQuarterlyReport;Wieser,Christina;Rahimi,Ismail;Redaelli,Silvia.2017.Afghanistanpovertystatusupdate:progressatrisk.Washington,D.C.:WorldBankGroup.http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/667181493794491292/Afghanistan-poverty-status-update-progress-at-risk

2RightspillarswereconceptualizedbasedontheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR),theinternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR),andprotocolsoftheGenevaConventionastheyrelatetoprotectionofrightsinsituationsofarmedconflict.TheworkingdefinitionsforeachrightspillarhavebeenadaptedfortheAfghancontextandwereafterthebaselineassessmenttoreflectgroundrealities.

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Thecompositeindicatorsusedformonitoringarebasedoninternationalrightsmonitoringstandards,weretestedduringthebaselineassessmentinlate2015,andrefinedforsubsequentmonitoringrounds.Table1providesabreakdownofthecompositeindicators.Table1:IndicatorsbyPillar3Pillar IndicatorCivicRights RightstoLife,Liberty,SecurityandDignityofPerson

RighttoEfficientandFairJusticeChildren’sRightsRighttoParticipateinPublicAffairsRighttoFreedomofOpinionandExpression

SocialRights

RighttoHealthRighttoAdequateHousingandFacilitiesFoodSecurityRighttoEducationFamilyRights

EconomicRights RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmploymentRighttoDecentWorkingConditions

Scope

Twenty-ninedistrictsintenprovinceswereselectedforfundamentalrightsmonitoring(Table2).TheprovincesareBalkh,Bamyan,Daikundi,Herat,Kabul,Kandahar,Khost,Kunduz,Nangarhar,andNimruz.Theselectionoftargetprovinceswasbasedongeographicalrepresentationandheterogeneityofsocio-economicconditions,civilsocietyengagement,securitysituation,andfocusofrights-basedprogramming.Table2:BreakdownofProvincesandDistrictsProvince DistrictsBalkh Mazar-e-Sharif,Khulm,BalkhBamyan BamyanCenter,Shibar,YakawlangDaikundi Nili,ShahristanHerat HeratCenter,Kohsan,GuzaraKabul KabulCenter,KhakJabbar,IstalifKandahar KandaharCenter,Arghandab,DamanKhost Matun,MandoZayi,TereZayiKunduz KunduzCenter,ImamSahib,AliabadNangarhar Jalalabad,Kama,SurkhrodNimruz Zaranj,Chakhansur,ChaharBurjak10Provinces 29DistrictsAtotalof703individualswereengagedforthismonitoringcycle,consistingof91femalesand185malesinterviewedaskeyinformants,and208femalesand219maleswhoparticipatedinfocusgroupdiscussions.AbreakdownofthesourcesofdataisprovidedinTable3.

3ForafulllistoftheproxiesforeachoftheseindicatorsseeAppendix1.

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Table3:SourcesofInformation

ProvincialCenters OutlyingDistricts• Workingwomen,inparticularteachersandEPDprovincialwomennetworkmembers

• Workingmen,includingshopkeepers,farmersandteachers

• Legalorganization• DepartmentofWomenAffairs• DepartmentofJustice• DepartmentofEducation• DepartmentofHealth• DepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs

• AttorneyDirectorforFightingViolenceAgainstWomen

• DepartmentofHumanRightsinPolice

• UniversityStudent(Male)• UniversityStudent(Female)• Representativesofoneyouth-focusedCSO

• RepresentativesofonewomenfocusedCSO

• Representativesofmediaorganizations/journalists

• RepresentativesofAIHRC• ProvincialCouncilMember(Male)• ProvincialCouncilMember(Female)

• DepartmentofMigration

• Workingwomeninparticularteachersandhousewives

• Workingmen,includingshopkeepers,farmersandteachers

• Onecommunityleader(male)• Oneinfluentialwoman• Huqooq• DepartmentofEducation• DepartmentofHealth• DepartmentofPolice

Semi-structuredindividualinterviews,focusgroupdiscussions,andaquantitativesurveyquestionnairewerethetoolsforthecollectionofmonitoringdata.Theresearchteamsusedguidingquestionsforsemi-formalkeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswhileaquantitativesurveyquestionnairewasusedtocollectadditionalquantitativedatafromthefocusgroupparticipantsandkeyinformants.ThefindingsfromtheanalysisoftheprimarydataarereferencedinfootnotesusingthecodingkeysdescribedinAppendix2.ThethreecategorieschangesforeachindicatorareUnchanged,Improved,andDeteriorated.Thesecategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusive.Toillustrate,forthismonitoringperiodinBamyantheindicator,“RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities”wasgivenallthreecategoriesatthesametimebecause:• Accesstohousing,waterandelectricityhasnotchangedinthelastseveralmonths;andtherehas

beennochangeintheincidenceoflandandwaterconflictsàUnchanged• TheDepartmentofRefugeesandRepatriationdistributednearly600housingunitstodocumented

returnees(whohadimmigrationcards)àImproved• Disputesincreasedinthedistrictsbecauseofdemandforwaterduringthecultivationseasonà

Deteriorated

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FindingsfromQualitativeData

Balkh

Intheareaofcivicrights,thesituationinBalkhprovinceremainssimilartothepreviousroundofmonitoring.Oneexceptionischildren’srights,inwhichchildlaborisincreasingbecausefamilieslackingalternativesarecompelledtosendtheirchildrentowork.Manychildrenarethesolebreadwinnersoftheirhousehold.SocialrightsaresimilartothesituationinfourthmonitoringcycleinBalkh,exceptfordeterioratingaccesstoelectricity.Inaddition,IDPsfromneighboringprovinceshavereceivedlittlesupportandthereareincreasingconflictsoverlandandwater.Withtheexceptionofonedonorfundedprojectthatistargetingwomen,thenumberofjobscontinuestodeclineinBalkh.Administrativecorruptionremainshighandisincreasingacrosssectorswiththeexceptionoftheformaljusticesector,inwhichrecentincreasesinofficials’salariesisbelievedtohavereducedincentivesfortakingbribes.Table4:SummaryProfile–BalkhPillar/Indicators

StatusUnchanged Improved Deteriorated

CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ ✔RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities7 ✔ ✔

FoodSecurity8 ✔ RighttoEducation9 ✔

FamilyRights10 ✔

EconomicRights: RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment11 ✔

RighttoDecentWorkingConditions12 ✔

CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ Corruption14 ✔ ✔

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Notes:41. Whilepoliticalconflictsandviolencebetweenparties(specifically,JamiatandIslamicparties)andamong

leadingpoliticianshavecreatedasenseofdecliningsecurity,theincidenceofcrimeinBalkhprovincehasremainedlargelyunchanged.TrustinANP,whichishighinMazar-e-SharifaswellasKhulmandBalkhdistricts,alsoremainsthesameasduringthefourthmonitoringcycle.Mostalsobelievethatpasttrendsinpolicebehaviorarecontinuing,withincreasinglevelsofprofessionalismandgrowingsatisfactionwithANP.

2. AccesstoformaljusticehasnotchangedinBalkhoverthelastfourmonthsandtherecontinuestobeagoodlevelofperformanceamongofficialsintheformaljusticesystem.Peoplebelievethatthecourtsareresolvedtofightcorruptionandthatcasespresentedreceivefairtreatment.Justiceofficials’treatmentofwomenisalsoreportedtobegood.

3. Withtheexceptionofchildlabor,violenceagainstchildrenhasnotchangedinMazar-e-Sharif,KhulmorBalkhdistrictsoverthelastfourmonths.Childlaborisincreasingbecausefamilieslackingalternativesarecompelledtosendtheirchildrentowork.Manychildrenarethesolebreadwinnersoftheirhouseholdsbecausetheyhavelosttheirfathersduetoconflict.Children’saccesstojusticeandavailabilityofandaccesstorehabilitationcentersandorphanagesremainunchanged.Instancesofthesexualabuseofchildrenarealsounchanged.TherearenoreportsofchildrenbeingengagedinarmedconflictalthoughAOGscontinuetoexploitchildren.

4. TherearesplitopinionsconcerningparticipationinelectionsinBalkhandthesedivergencesaresimilartothoseexpressedpreviously.Peopleareskepticalaboutelectionssincetheyhaveseennochangesinthesystembytheelectioncommission,butalsowanttoavoidpoliticalcrisisinthefuture.Thereisnochangeinpeople’saccesstopublicpositions.Whilepoliticalpartyparticipationisattractiveforsome,primarilyasameansofsecuringemploymentorascholarship,mostappeartohavedeclininginterestinthem.Corruptioninaccessingpublicpositionscontinuestobehigh.

5. ThreatsagainstthosewhospeakfreelyremainatthesamelevelinMazar-e-Sharifasinthepast,andareveryrareornonexistentinthedistrictsofKhulmandBalkh.Publicgatheringshaveoccurredandhavebeenpeaceful.UnderstandinganduseoftheAccesstoInformationLawremainslowasinthepast.

6. AccesstohealthserviceshasnotchangedandremainsrelativelygoodinBalkh.Reproductivehealthservicesareincreasinglyappreciatedandused,thoughtherearesomecomplaintsofpoortreatmentofpatients.Healthcarequalityremainsaconcernduetopoorsupervisionandcorruption.Forexample,medicinesareoftennotavailableotherthanthroughprivatepharmaciesforafee.Also,physicianssometimesrequestillicitfeesfornormalserviceswhilepatientsarereferredtoprivatehospitalsforfee-basedtreatment.

7. AccesstohousingandwaterhasnotchangedinBalkhoverthelastfourmonths.However,thepriceofelectricityhasincreased,whichmeanslessaccessformanywhocannotaffordthenewrates.TherehasbeenlittlesupportprovidedtoIDPsfromneighboringprovincesoverthelastfourmonthsbythegovernment.Thereissomedissensionaboutthenumberofdisplacedpersonsandtheirstatus(whetherpermanentortemporary).Poverty,increasingpopulation,andcorruptionaredrivingarecentincreaseinthenumberofdisputesoverwaterandland.

8. Similartothefourthmonitoringcycle,foodassistancehasbeengreaterinMazar-e-Sharifthaninthedistricts.Basicssuchasoil,flour,beansandsalthavebeendistributedbyanumberofnationalandinternationalaidagenciesaswellasgovernmentdepartments.

9. AccesstoeducationremainshighinBalkh,includingforgirls.However,educationqualityremainslacking,largelybecauseteachersarehiredbasedonnepotismandbribery.

10. WhiletherearemixedviewsaboutchangesintheprevalenceofconflictsoverinheritanceinBalkh,themostcommonbeliefisthattheyhaveincreasedrecentlyduetoincreasingpoverty.Theincidenceofdomesticviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenremainssimilarasinthepast.DivorcecontinuestoberareandtherearenochangesinaccesstoFamilyResponseUnits(FRUs)andshelters.

4Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Bal-Go-10 ,FGD-M-Bal-CS-1 ,KI-F-Bal-Go-15 ,KI-F-Bal-CS-8 ,KI-M-Bal-CS-9,KI-M-Bal-NG-2 ,KI-F-Bal-NG-4 ,KI-M-Bal-NG-1 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-2,FGD-F-Bal-Go-5 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-14 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-12 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-13 ,KI-F-Bal-PI-1 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-11 ,KI-F-Bal-Go-1 ,KI-M-Bal-NG-3 ,KI-F-Bal-Go-8 ,FGD-F-Bal-Go-3 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-18 ,FGD-M-Bal-CS-2 ,KI-F-Bal-CS-6 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-6 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-16 ,KI-F-Bal-Go-20 ,KI-M-Bal-CS-4,KI-F-Bal-CS-7 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-21 ,FGD-M-Bal-CS-3 ,KI-M-Bal-Go-7,KI-F-Bal-Go-19,KI-M-Bal-Go-17,KI-M-Bal-CS-5

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11. AsidefromthePROMOTEproject,beingimplementedtocreateemploymentopportunitiesforwomen,accesstopaidemploymenthasdecreasedinBalkhprovinceoverthelastfourmonths.Insecurityandalackofinvestmenthavebroughtaboutadecreaseinthenumberofbusinessesandorganizationsprovidingjobopportunities.Feweremploymentopportunitieshaveresultedinmorecorruptionandnepotismassociatedwiththefewpositionsthatdobecomeavailablefromtimetotime.

12. TherehavebeennochangesinworkingconditionsinBalkhinthelastfourmonths.13. GenderrelationsandgenderdiscriminationinBalkhremainunchanged.14. Increasingcorruptioninemploymentcutsacrosseverysector,affectingpublicaswellasprivateemployment.

CorruptioninANPandeducationsectorsremainshigh,althoughitisthoughttohavedecreasedintheformaljusticesystembecausethesalariesofjusticeofficialshaverecentlybeenincreased.

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Bamyan

CivicrightsinBamyanduringthefifthmonitoringcycleshowconsistencieswiththepreviousmonitoringcycleswiththeexceptionofimprovedperformanceofbothformalandinformaljusticesystems,includingbettertreatmentofwomen.Opinionsaboutsocialrights,however,areverydividedinBamyan,withnearequalnumbersofrespondentspointingtoevidenceofimprovementanddeteriorationinallareas,largelybasedonmore,orless,accesstobasicservices.AccesstopaidemploymenthasdecreasedoverthelastfourmonthsinBamyan.Thishasbeenduetothecessationofreconstructionprograms,lackofinvestment,andgenerallackofemploymentopportunities.Manyworrythatyoungpeopleareleavingtheprovinceforlargercitiesandothercountries.GenderrelationsandadministrativecorruptioninBamyanduringtheperiodforthismonitoringcycleremainedcomplex,withareasofimprovementanddeterioration.Aswasthecasewithcivicrights,thejusticesectorstandsoutforitsperformanceindealingwithwomen’sissues.AdministrativecorruptioninANPandtheformaljusticesectorisreportedtohavedecreased.Table5:SummaryProfile–BamyanPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔ ✔

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities7 ✔ ✔ ✔

FoodSecurity8 ✔RighttoEducation9 ✔ ✔

FamilyRights10 ✔ ✔



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ ✔Corruption14 ✔ ✔

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Notes:51. Despiteproblemsinsomepartsoftheprovince,securityinBamyanCityandYakawlangandShebardistricts

hasbeenstableoverthelastfourmonths.TrustinANPremainshighandhasincreasedinYakawlangdistrictasanapparentoutcomeofcommunitypolicingtechniquesandincentivesforgoodperformancewithinANP.Theincidenceofpoliticalconflictsincommunitiescontinuestoberare,thoughresource-basedconflicts–someofwhicharelong-standing–remainthesameasduringthepreviousmonitoringrounds.

2. IncreasingprofessionalismhascontributedtobetteraccesstobothformalandtraditionaljusticeinBamyan.Women’sdealingswithtraditionaljusticemechanismshaveincreasedbecauselocalcouncilsarelessinclinedtoforcedecisionsonwomen.

3. Instancesofviolenceagainstchildrenremainunchangedandconsistentwiththepast.Reportedly,therehavebeenonlyafewnewcasesofunderagemarriageandchildsexualabuse.Theharvestseasonresultedinanincreaseintemporarychildlabor.Children’saccesstojustice,juvenilehomes,andorphanagesisunchanged.

4. People’sviewsaboutelectionsandtheperformanceofgovernment,especiallytheparliament,remainverynegativeandconsistentwithpreviousmonitoringcycles.Therehavebeennochangesinaccesstotheverylimitedpublicpositions.

5. WhilethereweresomeprotestsdirectedtowardthelocalcouncilinYakawlangdistrictovertheDamborafestivalandprotestsinconjunctionwiththevisitshighrankinggovernmentofficialstotheprovince,mostbelievethatfreedomofexpressionremainsthesameasinthefourthmonitoringcycle.Therearenochangesinpeople’s(limited)understandingoruseoftheAccesstoInformationLaw.

6. ThereissomeindicationthataccesstohealthserviceshasdeclinedinBamyaninthelastfourmonths.Medicinedistributionhasdeteriorated,pregnancytestingremainslimited,thereareshortagesoffemalenursesinsomeclinics,andthesalariesofhealthcareworkershavenotbeenpaidontime.Atthesametime,therehavebeensomeadvancesinreproductivehealthandawarenessprogramminginBamyanCityandYakawlangdistrict.

7. Accesstohousing,waterandelectricityhasnotchangedinthelastseveralmonthsinBamyan.TheDepartmentofRefugeesandRepatriationsdistributednearly600housingunitstodocumentedreturnees(whohadimmigrationcards).TherehasbeennochangeintheincidenceoflandandwaterconflictsinBamyanCity;however,disputesincreasedinthedistrictsbecauseofdemandforwaterduringthecultivationseason.

8. FoodsecurityandthequalityofnutritionavailableinBamyanarecomparabletothefourthmonitoringcycle.Unemployment,especiallyinthedistricts,isputtingpressureonfoodsecurityformanyfamilies.Atthesametime,foodassistanceprogramsbyNGOsarealsodeclining,leadingtoconcernsaboutmorewidespreadfoodinsecurity,particularlyduringthewintermonths.

9. Accesstoeducationvariesdependingonlocationandeducationallevel.AnincreasingnumberofprimaryeducationstudentsareattendingschoolinYakawlangdistrict,despitethelowqualityofeducationbeingprovided.Yakawlangisthoughttohave3%morefemalestudentsthanmalestudents.InShebardistrictthesupportofanumberofNGOsandINGOsthatarepayingteachers’salariesandpurchasingtextbookshascontributedtoanincreaseineducationalquality.AccesstohighereducationattheUniversityofBamyanissaidtohavedeclined.

10. ConflictsoverinheritancerightsinBamyanhaveincreased,forreasonsthatvarybylocation.InBamyanCity,moreandmorewomenarebecomingawareofanddemandingtheirrights.InShebardistrict,familiesreturningtotheirvillagesfromthecityareconfrontingfamilymemberswhohavebeenusingtheirlands.TheincidenceofdomesticviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenhasincreasedinBamyan.TheDirectorateofWomen’sAffairsloggedaround120casesofviolenceagainstwomeninrecentmonths,includingphysicalviolence,forcedmarriage,underagemarriageandalimonydisputes.InShebardistrict,therewerereportsof

5Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-BAM-PI-1,KI-F-BAM-GO-1,KI-F-BAM-GO-13,KI-M-BAM-GO-12,KI-F-BAM-GO-9,KI-M-BAM-GO-11,KI-M-BAM-GO-14,KI-F-BAM-GO-15,KI-M-BAM-GO-10,KI-M-BAM-NG-2,KI-M-BAM-CS-9,KI-F-BAM-CS-8,FGD-F-BAM-GO-5,FGD-M-BAM-CS-1,KI-M-BAM-GO-20,KI-M-BAM-GO-6,KI-F-BAM-CS-6,FGD-F-BAM-GO-3,FGD-M-BAM-CS-3,KI-M-BAM-GO-19,KI-M-BAM-GO-7,KI-F-BAM-CS-7,KI-M-BAM-GO-2,KI-F-BAM-NG-4,KI-F-BAM-GO-8,KI-M-BAM-NG-3,KI-M-BAM-GO-16,KI-M-BAM-GO-17,KI-M-BAM-GO-21,FGD-M-BAM-CS-2,KI-M-BAM-CS-4,KI-M-BAM-GO-18,FGD-F-BAM-GO-4,KI-M-BAM-CS-5,KI-F-BAM-NG-1

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youthescapingfromhome,denialofaccesstoeducation,andhinderingaccesstojustice.Therehasbeennochangeintheincidenceorhandlingofdivorcecases.SomegovernmentofficialsinBamyancontendthattheprocessofhandlingfamilyconflictsthroughthepolice,courts,NGOs,andsheltershasimprovedinBamyanCityoverthelastfourmonthsbecausepriortothistheEliminationofViolenceAgainstWomenLawwasnotconsideredintheprocessasitisnow.Resourcesavailablethroughsheltershavealsoimproved.

11. AccesstopaidemploymenthasdecreasedoverthelastfourmonthsinBamyanduetoageneraldecreaseinreconstructionprograms,lackofinvestment,andgenerallackofemploymentopportunities.Youngpeoplearebelievedtobeleavingtheprovinceforcitiesorothercountries.Corruptionandnepotismcontinuetounderminefairaccesstopaidemployment.

12. Safety,security,andsanitationinworkplaceshavenotchangedinBamyanoverthelastfourmonths.Sexualharassmentcontinuestobeaproblemforfemaleemployeeswhodonotfeelsecuretoreportincidents.

13. Womenandgirls’accesstoeducationcontinuestoincreaseinBamyan.Atthesametime,therearealsoreportsofincreasesintheharassmentofgirlsinschoolsanduniversities.Femalejournalistshavealsofacedharassment,withpolicefailingtotaketheircomplaintsseriously.However,women’saccesstoformaljusticehasimprovedinBamyaninthelastfourmonths,ashasthebehaviorandattitudeofformaljusticeofficialstowardwomenandtheircases.Thisissaidtobetheresultoftheappointmentofthreenewfemaleprosecutorsandtheinvolvementofanumberofgovernmentdepartmentsandsupportorganizationsinwomen’scases.

14. Thereiswidespreaddisaffectionabouthighlevelsofcorruption.TherearenumerousallegationsofcorruptioninANP,attributedlargelytopoorprovisionsforthepolicepersonnel,drivingmanytoresorttobribeseekingasasourceofincome.Despitethepresidentialdecreemandatingtheuseofexamsforhiringingovernment,nepotismcontinues.Atthesametime,corruptioninformalandtraditionaljusticeinstitutionshasdecreased,particularlyinBamyanCityoverthelastfourmonths,duetochangesinpersonnelandleadership.Prosecutionsaretakenmoreseriously,thereisbettersupervisionbycentraladministrationoftheMinistryofJusticefromKabul,andCSOsandtheGovernor’sofficehavebeenworkingtogetherthroughvariouscommitteestooverseetheevaluationandperformanceofjusticeinstitutions.Theextentandnatureofcorruptioninthehealthandeducationsectorsremainunchanged.

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Daikundi

Intermsofcivicrights,whilethereisevidenceofimprovementsinaccesstojustice,includingforwomen,thereismountingunhappinesswiththeperformanceofANP.Violenceagainstchildrenisalsothoughttobeincreasing,withasubstantialjumpinthenumberofcasesreportedduringthisperiod.AccesstoinformationandfreedomofexpressionhavedeterioratedwithnewrestrictionsemanatingfromtheGovernor’sofficeandprovincialleadership.Accesstoandqualityofsocialserviceshavechangedlittlesincethefourthmonitoringcyclewiththeexceptionofsomeexpansioninhealthcareservicesintheprovincialcenter.Therehasbeenanincreaseinreportedcasesofdomesticviolenceandotherfamilyissues,thoughthismightbeaby-productofmoretrustinorrelianceontheformaljusticesystemtoresolveconflicts.PaidemploymentopportunitiescontinuetodeclineinDaikundi,precipitatingincreasesincorruptionassociatedwithsecuringajob.Table6:SummaryProfile–DaikundiPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔ ✔

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities7 ✔





CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ ✔Corruption14 ✔ ✔

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Notes:61. TherearecontradictoryopinionsaboutthesecuritysituationandperformanceofthepoliceinDaikundi,with

theoverallsituationappearingtobeunchangedsincethelastmonitoringcycle.Therehavebeenanumberofmurdersintheprovinceaswellascasesofrobberyandbanditry.People’soverallviewofthepoliceappearstobelow,despitetheappointmentofanewcommander.Themurdersaresuspectedofbeingtheresultofpoliticalconflictbetweenarmedgroups(ratherthananti-governmentelements).Thepowerfulcontinuetobeabletointerfereinpoliceaction.Thefrequencyofconflictsovernaturalresourcesisunchanged.

2. Therearecompetingopinionsaboutthestatusandperformanceoftheformaljusticesystem.Evidenceprovidedaboutrecentimprovementsinthejusticeformalsysteminthecenteroftheprovinceincludestheseriousnessofprosecutorsandjudges,changesinpersonnel,enhancementinsalaries,andbettersupervision.Women’saccesstoformaljusticeisalsoimprovingduetoeducation,publicawareness,andeffortstoholdformaljusticeofficialsaccountablefortheiractions.

3. InstancesofviolenceagainstchildreninDaikundihaveincreasedinthelastfewmonths.Roughly150caseshavebeenreportedofsexualabuseandunderageforcedmarriage,comparedto30casesforsameperiodin2016.Children’saccesstoformaljustice,rehabilitationcentersandjuvenilehomeshavenotchanged.Childlaborisontherise,andchildrenareubiquitouslyseenworkinginmarketsandvillages.Workingchildrenareparticularlysusceptibletosexualabuse.Childrenhavealsobeenthevictimsofarmedconflict,butarenotgenerallyengagedascombatants.

4. TherecontinuestobedisillusionmentaboutelectionsandtheperformanceoftheNationalUnityGovernmentandpoliticalparties.Direeconomicandsecurityconditionsarecontributingtothisdisillusionment.Murdersinseveraldistrictshavediscouragedmanypeoplefrompoliticalpartyparticipation.

5. Therehasbeenanincreaseinrestrictionsonaccessinginformationfromgovernmentofficials,specificallyintheGovernor’soffice.Aninstanceofjournalistsuncoveringadministrativecorruptionresultedinextra-judicialthreatstothejournalists.Theprovincialgovernmentappearstobeunwillingtoallowdisseminationofinformationdespite(orperhapsbecauseof)purportedimprovementsinpeople’sawarenessoftheAccesstoInformationLaw.

6. Therearemixedviewsaboutrecentchangesinaccesstoandqualityofhealthservices.Therehavebeenimprovementsininfrastructureandmanagementsuchasthereplacementofthedirectorofpublichealth,reorganizationofhealthpersonnel,theestablishmentofanICUaswellaseyeanddentalunitsattheprovincialhospital,andimprovedtransportationforvictimsofviolence.However,availabilityandqualityofhealthcarecontinuestobeconstrainedinthedistricts.Forexample,only5ofthe144typesofmedicationthataresupposedtobeavailableareactuallyinstockattheKetidistricthealthcenter.Corruptioninthehealthsector,suchasstealingmedicineandchargingadditionalfeesforservice,continuesunabated.

7. Accesstocleanwater,electricityandhousinghasnotchangedoverthelastfourmonths.Disputesoverirrigationwaterhavedeclined,mostlikelybecausetheirrigationseasonhaspassed.RecentlydisplacedarrivalstotheprovincialcenterfromPatawdistrictbecauseofinsecuritycontinuetoawaithousingassistance.

8. Thedailydietformostpeopleintheprovinceremainspoor,withmostsurvivingonbread,teaandyogurt.Short-termfoodshortagescontinuetooccurwithoutresolution.Itisestimatedthat80%ofthepopulationinDaikundiisfoodinsecure.

9. Therehasbeennonotablechangeinthepoorqualityofeducationintheprovince.Educationinfrastructureandteachingresourcesremaininadequate.Overhalfoftheschoolsintheprovincelackbuildingsandmustholdclassesoutdoorsorundertents.Somecontendthattheyoungarebecomingmoreskepticalofthevalueofeducationbecausetheyseepeoplewitheducationwhocannotfindjobs.Moreandmoreyoungboysareleavingschooltoseekworkinotherlargecitiesorcountries.Onthepositiveside,therearehighlevelsofschoolattendanceamonggirlsinDaikundiandhighfemaleparticipationintheKankorexamforuniversityentrance.

6Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Dai-Go-2 ,KI-F-Dai-Go-14,KI-M-Dai-Go-10,KI-M-Dai-Go-12 ,KI-F-Dai-Go-1 ,FGD-M-Dai-CS-1 ,FGD-F-Dai-Go-5 ,FGD-M-Dai-CS-2 ,FGD-F-Dai-Go-3 ,KI-F-Dai-Go-18 ,KI-M-Dai-Go-6 ,KI-M-Dai-CS-9 ,KI-M-Dai-Go-9 ,KI-F-Dai-CS-8,KI-M-Dai-PI-1 ,KI-M-Dai-NG-2 ,KI-M-Dai-NG-3 ,KI-M-Dai-GO-11 ,KI-M-Dai-CS-4 ,KI-M-Dai-NG-4 ,KI-F-Dai-NG-1

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10. ThestatusoffamilyrightsinDaikundiismixed.Therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoffamilycasesbroughttotheformaljudiciary,mostofwhichinvolvecasesofviolenceagainstwomen.Thefactthattherearemorecases,however,maybetheresultofpeoplehavingmoretrustincourtstointerveneanddeliverjustice.

11. Opportunitiesforpaidemploymenthavedecreased..Thereareveryfewemployers,poorinfrastructure,andnorealinvestmentintheprivateorpublicsectors.Asjobsbecomemorescarce,employmentrelatedcorruptionandotherformsofcriminalactivityarealsoontherise.

12. Therehavebeennochangesinthesafetyandsecurityofemployeesattheworkplace,jobsecurity,orininstancesofsexualharassmentatworkoverthelastfourmonths.

13. Domesticviolenceissaidtohaveincreased,dueinlargeparttoeconomicstresses.Theincidenceofconflictsoverinheritancerightsisunchanged.Mostbelievethereisnochangeinwomen’saccesstoFRUsandshelters.

14. Therearemixedviewsaboutthestatusofadministrativecorruption,withsomecontendingthingshaveimprovedandothersbelievingthesituationisgrowingworseorremainingthesameasinthepast.Inpolicing,anewcommanderhasprojectedseriousnessaboutfightingcorruption.Yet,unprofessionalbehavior,theft,andotherformsofcriminalitypersist.Thereissimilarvariabilityinviewsaboutcorruptioninthejusticesector,suggestingthatimprovedprofessionalismislikelycoexistingwithcontinuedcorruptpractices.Poormanagementandnepotismintheeducationsectorandpublicemploymentpersist.

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Herat

IncreasedAOGactivitieshaveledtoadeclineincivicrightsinHeratprovinceduringthefifthmonitoringcycle.TrustinANPhasbeenshakenandthereisgrowingconflictamongthepoliticalpartiesaswell.Therehavebeenimprovementsintheperformanceoftheformaljusticesystem,despitesomecontinuinginefficienciesandlingeringcorruption.Childrencontinuetobeincreasinglyengagedinhardphysicallabor,criminalactivities,andarmedconflict.Therehasalsobeenanincreaseinincidentsoftargetingprotestorsandlimitingfreedomofexpression.SocialrightsinHeratshowimprovementsinhealthandeducationservices,buttherehasbeenacontinuingdeclineinfoodsecurity.Thoughthesituationwithfamilyrightsislargelyunchangedfromthefourthmonitoringround,severalhighprofilecasesofviolenceagainstwomenhavebeenreported.AccesstoemploymentandemployeerightsremainunchangedinHerat.Genderrelationsalsoremainunchanged.Administrativecorruptionisunchangedexceptforthejusticesector,wheretherehavebeensomeimprovements.Table7:SummaryProfile–HeratPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔



FamilyRights10 ✔


RighttoDecentWorkingConditions12 ✔ ✔


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Notes:71. ThesecuritysituationhasdeterioratedinthelastfourmonthsduetoanincreaseinAOGactivity.InHeratCity

thereweretwosuicideattacksthatkilledmorethan80people.ThereisgrowingfearandlesstrustbythepublicinANP.ThereissomeoptimismaboutthepossibilityofimprovedconditionsinGozrahdistrictduetotheappointmentofanewpolicecommissioner.Violenceduetopoliticalconflicthasalsobeengrowing,withdisputesoccurringdailyalongtriballinesandseveralrecentincidentsresultingindeath.Theseconflictsaresometimesoveraccesstowaterandhavebeenfueledbythegrowinginfluenceofpoliticalparties.

2. RecentimprovementsintheleadershipandmanagementintheDepartmentofJustice,includingtheappointmentofcompetentcourtofficials,hasbroughtincreasesinaccesstojusticeandthequalityoftheformaljusticesystem.AccesshasimprovedinHeratCityaswellasinGozrahandKohsandistricts.Despitetheseimprovements,mostpeoplecontinuetoprefertheinformaljusticesystem,especiallyinthedistricts.Also,significantproblemsremainregardinglengthydetention,sometimesfiveormoreyears,ofthosearrestedbutnottriedforpurportedcrimesandcorruptionthatcontinuestoundermineequitablejustice.Delaysinprocessinganddecidingcasesarealsospurringpeopletodropcasesortaketheirissuetoinformaljusticemechanisms.

3. ViolenceagainstchildreninHeratprovinceremainsunchanged.Numerouschildrencontinuetobeengagedinhardlabororlivingonthestreetandsubjecttomuchcrueltyandviolence.Therearefewpublicorprivatesupportservicesforchildreninneed.ChildlaborisincreasinginHeratCityandthedistricts.Childrencontinuetobevictimizedinworkplacesandtherearesuggestionsthatthisproblemhasincreased.Therearesplitopinionsaboutwhethertherehasbeenachangeinchildren’sengagementinarmedconflict,thoughmostbelievethisproblemhasincreasedinrecentmonths.Childrenarealsoinvolvedincreasinglyinarmedrobbery.

4. InterestandtrustinelectionscontinuetobeverylowinHerat.Therehavebeennochangesintheelectionsystemorelectoralcommissiontobolsterconfidence.

5. Threatsassociatedwithfreedomofexpressionhaveincreasedduringthefifthmonitoringcycleduetoinsecurity.Withtheexceptionofonegatheringovertheissueofelectricity,publicprotestshavedecreasedasaresultofmountinginsecurity.TherearesplitopinionsaboutwhetherawarenessoftheAccesstoInformationLawhasincreasedordecreased.

6. AccesstohealthserviceshasrecentlyimprovedinHeratduetotheintroductionofmobilehealthcenters.Agrowingnumberofpatientsandsupplyshortagesareputtingpressureonthesystem,however.Thisisparticularlyevidentinthezonehospital,whichservestheentirewesternregionofthecountry(andnotjustHeratprovince).Reproductivehealthcarefacilitiesandmedicinesarealsoinshortsupply.Whilehealthservicequalitycontinuestobeanissue,onepositivesignisTransparencyWatchsigningaprotocolwiththeMinistryofHealthtogiveitauthoritytomonitorhealthcareservices.

7. TherehavebeennonotablechangesintheadequacyofhousingandutilitiesinthelastfourmonthsinHerat,otherthancontinuingstrugglesforIDPstoaccesshousingandservicesandanincreaseinthecostofelectricity.Thenumberofdisputesoverlandandwateraresimilartothelastmonitoringperiod,withproblemsstillspurredbystoragesofwaterandlandusurpation.

8. FoodsecurityhasdeterioratedinrecentmonthsinHeratasaresultofworseninggeneraleconomicconditions,ongoingconflict,andinsecurity.Manypeoplecanonlyaffordbread.Foodaidorganizationshaveprovidedsomesupportthoughinsufficienttomeeteveryone’sneeds.

9. Theavailabilityandqualityofeducationhaveimprovedoverthelastfourmonths.Theseimprovementsareduetoprofessionaldevelopmentprogramsforteachersandthetimelydistributionoftextbooks.However,economicpressuresarepromptingsomefamiliestowithholdtheirchildrenfromschoolandanumberoffemaleschoolsinremoteareashaveclosedduetoinsecurity.

7Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-F-Her-NG-1,KI-F-HER-NG-2 ,KI-M-Her-NG-3 ,KI-M-Her-NG-4 ,KI-F-Her-Go-1,KI-M-Her-Go-2,FGD-F-Her-Go-3,FGD-F-Her-Go-4,FGD-F-Her-Go-5,KI-M-Her-Go-6,KI-M-Her-Go-7,KI-F-Her-Go-8,KI-F-Her-Go-9,KI-M-Her-Go-10,KI-F-Her-Go-11,KI-M-Her-Go-12 ,KI-M-Her-Go-20,KI-F-Her-Go-13,KI-F-Her-Go-14,KI-M-Her-Go-15,KI-F-Her-Go-16,KI-M-Her-Go-17,KI-M-Her-Go-18,KI-F-Her-Go-19,KI-M-Her-Go-20 ,KI-M-Her-Go-21,FGD-M-Her-CS-1,FGD-M-Her-CS-2,KI-M-Her-CS-4,FGD-M-Her-CS-3,KI-M-Her-CS-5,KI-F-Her-CS-6,KI-F-Her-CS-7,KI-F-Her-CS-8,KI-M-Her-CS-9 ,KI-M-Her-PI-1

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10. Despiteincreasesinawarenessaboutwomen’srightstoinheritance,disparitiescontinueasbefore.Povertyandaddictionaredrivinganincreaseindomesticviolence.Severalhighprofilecasesofviolenceagainstwomensuchasanacidattackonawomanandawoman’smurderbyherfather-in-lawhavecontributedtotheimpressionthatviolenceagainstwomenisincreasing.AccesstosheltersandFRUsremainsthesameasinthefourthmonitoringcycle.WorkersunionsaresaidtobefulfillingsomeoftherolesofFRUs.

11. AccesstopaidemploymentisunchangedinHeratprovinceoverthepastfourmonths.12. Workingconditionshavedeterioratedduetoinsecurity,lowpayandpoorincentives.Mostbelievejob

securityiscontingentonobedienceandacquiescencetoexploitation.Onepositiveimprovementisadecreaseintheincidenceofharassmentbasedongender,ethnicityandlanguage.

13. Overthepastfourmonths,therehasbeennosignificantchangeingenderrelationsorwomenandgirls’accesstoservicesandsupportinHerat.Consistentwiththeoveralldeclineinemployment,women’saccesstopaidjobscontinuestobelow.

14. ThesituationwithcorruptionismixedinHerat.Mostbelieveithasrecentlydeclinedinthejusticesectorduetoeffortstoprofessionalizetheformaljusticesystem.Evidenceincludesthearrestofbribetakingcourtadministrators.Corruptioninothersectorsremainsunchangedfromthefourthmonitoringcycle.

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Kabul

ProblemswiththesecuritysituationandpoliticalconflicthavehadanegativeeffectoncivicrightsinKabul,particularlyinKabulCity.Thejusticesystemisshowingsomeimprovements.However,freedomofexpressionandassemblyhasdeterioratedsomewhatsharplyduringthismonitoringround.Socialrightsremainlargelythesameasthefourthmonitoringround.ExceptionsincludedeterioratingcircumstancesfortheincreasingnumberofIDPswhohavearrivedinKabul,andcontinuingissueswithinfrastructureandcorruptionineducation.Therearenochangesineconomicrightsasidefromtheincreaseinthenumberofwomenworkingintheformaljusticesystem.Genderrelationsarealsounchanged.Administrativecorruptionhasdeclinedinthejusticesector,butremainscomparabletopreviousmonitoringcyclesinothersectors.Table8:SummaryProfile–KabulPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ ✔RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔ ✔



FamilyRights10 ✔

EconomicRights: RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment11 ✔ ✔



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Notes:81. AlthoughsecurityhasdeclinedinKabulCityoverthelastfourmonthswithanumberofterroristattacks,

conditionshaveimprovedinthedistricts,possiblybecauseofthecolderweather,oftenassociatedwithloweractivitylevelsofAOGs.TrustinANPandviewsaboutitsperformanceareunchanged.Disagreementsonethnicgroundsareincreasingandlinkedtohigherlevelpolitical/ethnicdisputes.

2. Viewsabouttrendsinaccesstojusticearedivided,withsomeseeingprogress,othersstasis,andyetothersdecline.Mostbelieve,however,thattherehavebeenrecentimprovementsintheperformanceofformaljusticeofficials,includingtowardwomen.Fewercomplaintshavebeenpublicizedthroughthemediaabouttheformaljusticesystem.

3. ViolenceagainstchildreninKabulremainsunchangedfromthefourthmonitoringcycle.ItcontinuestobehigherinKabulCitythaninthedistricts,likelyduetotherebeinghigherlevelsofcommunity-basedaccountabilityinruralareasthaninKabul.Therearereportsofeffortstodrawchildrenintoarmedconflict.Forexample,aprivateschoolwaschargedwithradicalizingchildren.

4. DeterioratingsecurityconditionsandtheincreaseinattacksinKabulCityhavecontributedtoalossofinterestbymanyinpoliticsandelections.OneexceptionisKhakiJabbardistrict,whereinterestinelectionshasincreaseddue,inpart,toayouthmovementlaunchedrecently.Also,somearguethatparticipationinpoliticalpartieshasincreasedduetothereturnofGulbuddinHekmatyar.Therearemixedviewsaboutwhetheraccesstogovernmentemploymenthasbecomemoremeritocratic.

5. FreedomofexpressionandassemblyhasdeterioratedinKabulprovincerecently,duetoincidentsofviolenceagainstjournalists.TheLawofCybercrimeshasincreasedrestrictionsontheInternet.Elevenjournalistshavebeentargetedandkilledsofarin2017.Protestgatheringshavebeenrestrictedandcriticizedasmotivatedbydivisivetribalandpoliticalagendas.AlloftheseissuesareaffectingKabulCitymoresothanthedistrictsofIstaliforKhakiJabbar.PublicawarenessoftheRighttoInformationlawcontinuestobelow,despiteeffortstopublicizeit.

6. Accesstohealthservicesandthequalityofthoseserviceshavenotchangedsincethefourthmonitoringcycle.ThereissomeindicationofimprovementsinIstalifdistrict,however,wheretwonewmaternitydoctorsandotheradditionalstaffhavebeenassignedtothelocalclinic.

7. WiththeexceptionofIDPs,stillarrivinginKabulinhighnumbers,accesstohousingandwaterinKabulCityremainsunchanged.TherearenoknowngovernmenteffortstoprovidehousingandsupporttoIDPs,althoughsomeeffortshaveoccurredthroughtheprivatesector.Accesstoelectricityhasdeclinedwithdailypoweroutages,attributedtoAOGsdestroyingelectricallines.Disputesoverlandandwatercontinueasbeforeandaretillprimarilyadjudicatedmostlybyelders.InKabulCity,thereisgrowingconcernaboutimpendingwatershortagesbecauseoftherateofdeclineofthewatertable.

8. Accesstofoodremainsthesameasduringthefourthmonitoringcycle.TherehavebeenmodestinitiativesbytheBayatFoundationandotherphilanthropicorganizationstoprovidefoodassistanceforfamiliesinneed.

9. Asidefromimprovementintheprivateschoolsector,whichistoocostlyformostAfghans,theavailabilityandqualityofeducationhavedeclinedoverthelastfourmonthsinKabul.InandnearKabulCitytentscontinuetobeusedforclassroomsandtherearecomplaintsaboutdelaysinschoolrehabilitationprojects.Corruptioncontinuestoplaguethesector,withhighlypublicizedcasesof“ghost”teachersandschools.Thesituationwitheducationinthedistrictsremainsthesame.

10. Inheritancerelatedconflictsremainunchangedandcontinuetodisadvantagewomen.TheincidenceofdomesticviolenceisbelievedtohaveincreasedinKabulCity,butremainsunchangedinthedistricts.TheviolentincidentsdocumentedoverthelastfourmonthsinKabulincludebeatings,withholdingfood,nonpaymentofdowry,forcedmarriages,cancelledengagements,andverbalandmentalviolence.Becauseofhighratesofforcedmarriageinthepast,divorceisontherise.

8Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kab-NG-2,KI-M-Kab-NG-4,KI-M-Kab-CS-9,KI-M-Kab-Go-2,KI-F-Kab-Go-1,FGD-M-Kab-CS-2,KI-M-Kab-Go-6,KI-F-Kab-Go-18,KI-F-Kab-Go-16,KI-M-Kab-Go-7,KI-M-Kab-CS-5,KI-F-Kab-Go-17,KI-F-Kab-Go-9,FGD-F-Kab-Go-5,KI-F-Kab-CS-8,KI-F-Kab-CS-6,FGD-F-Kab-Go-4,KI-F-Kab-Go-8,KI-F-Kab-CS-7,KI-M-Kab-Go-21,KI-M-Kab-Go-19,FGD-F-Kab-CS-10,KI-F-KAB-GO-12,KI-F-KAB-PI-1,FGD-M-KAB-CS-3,KI-F-KAB-NG-1,KI-M-KAB-GO-20,KI-M-KAB-GO-10,KI-M-KAB-Go-11,KI-M-KAB-Go-14,KI-M-KAB-CS-4,KI-F-KAB-NG-3,FGD-M-KAB-CS-1,KI-M-KAB-GO-13

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11. Despitethecommitmentbythegovernmenttolaunchpublicworksprogramsandtherebyincreasepaidemployment,unemploymentpersists.Onerecentpositivechangeistheincreaseinemploymentofwomeninthejusticesector,duelargelytoaninitiativebytheAsiaFoundation.VerylittlepaidemploymentopportunitiesexistinthedistrictsofKhakiJabbarorIstalif,otherthanjoiningAfghansecurityforces.Levelsofcorruptionandnepotisminemploymentremainsimilartothefourthmonitoringcycle.

12. Conditionsoftheworkplaceremainunchangedincomparisontothefourthmonitoringcycle.13. GenderprogramsinKabulCityarebelievedtobemakingadifferencedespitecontinuingresistanceamong

manyfamiliestoallowingtheirwomenfolktoparticipateinpubliclife.Thereisnosignificantchangeingenderrelationsincomparisontothefourthmonitoringcycle.

14. CorruptioninANPissaidtobehigherinKabulCitythaninthedistricts,partlybecauseinthedistrictseveryoneknowseveryoneelse,makingitdifficultforofficialstoabuseauthority.Thesituationhasnotchangedappreciablyfromthefourthmonitoringcycle.Corruptionintheformaljusticesector,however,isbelievedtobeonthedeclineandinstancesofbriberyarefewerthaninthepast.SomeattributethisdeclinetotheappointmentofanewAttorneyGeneralandtheemploymentofmorewomenintheformaljusticsector.

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KandaharSincethefourthmonitoringcycle,civicrightsinKandaharhaveimprovedintermsofoverallsecurity,trustinANP,andaccesstoformaljustice.Violationsofchildren’srights,specificallyintermsoftheincidenceofchildlabor,isgrowing,aspovertyandcontinuedhighratesofunemploymentspurfamiliestorelyonchildrentoearnincome.PoorqualityandrampantcorruptionhavecontributedtodeclinesinrightstohealthcareinKandahar.Accesstofood,housing,andutilitieshasalsodeclinedinrecentmonths.Therearesignificantindicatorspointingtoimprovedaccesstoeducationandteacherprofessionalism.Paidemploymentopportunitiescontinuetodecline.Genderrelationsandwomen’srightsremainunchangedcomparedtothefourthmonitoringcyclewiththeexceptionthatwomenareenjoyinggreateraccesstoformaljusticeinstitutions.Table9:SummaryProfile–KandaharPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔






CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ ✔ Corruption14 ✔ ✔

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Notes:91. KandaharCityandthedistrictsofDamaanandArghandaabareexperiencingrelativelygoodsecurity.People

havebecomemoretrustingoftheincreasinglyprofessionalizedANPthoughreservationsaboutAPLpersist.ReasonsforimprovedviewsofANPareincreasedpressureforreformfromhigh-rankingofficials,socialmediaattentiontopeople’scomplaintsaboutANP,bettercooperationwithlocalcommunitiestosolvesecurityproblems,andbetterpublicawareness.Therehasalsobeenadecreaseinpoliticalconflicts.

2. Therehavebeenimprovementsinaccesstoformaljusticeandthereisincreasedtrustinformaljusticeinstitutions.Thisisattributedtotheenhancedpublicawarenessofcitizens’rightsandtheroleofthejudiciaryinensuringthem.Whileformaljusticeinstitutionsareincreasinglytrusted,thereareconcernsaboutcorruptionwhichremainssignificantandunderminesequitableaccesstojustice.

3. Violenceagainstchildrenissaidtohaveincreasedsincethefourthmonitoringcycle,attributedtopersistentpoverty,sexualabuse,illiteracy,lackofaccesstoeducation,lackofaccesstomedicalcare,andinsecurity.Despitetheeffortsofsomenon-governmentorganizations,povertyandunemploymentremainhigh,resultinginchildrenworkingandmakingchildrenvulnerabletoassociatedabuses.NewlyestablishedorphanagesandprivatekindergartensareimprovementsforchildreninKandaharCity,butarestillnotavailableinthedistricts.Therehasbeenadecreaseinchildren’srecruitmentintogovernmentsecurityforcesduetoimplementationofguidelinesonrecruitmentage.

4. Therecontinuestobeskepticismaboutelectionsandhopelessnessaboutthecurrentpoliticalenvironment.Toimproveelectiontransparencyandregainpublictrust,mostbelievethatelectronicidentitycardsmustbeintroduced.Accesstogovernmentpositionscontinuestobeconstrainedbycorruptionandnepotism.

5. Therearemixedviewsregardingfreedomofexpressionandpublicgatherings,withsomebelievingthatcivilmovementshaveincreasedandfreedomofexpressionhasincreasedwhileotherscontendtheopposite.Thereisnochangeinpeople’sunderstandingoruseoftheAccesstoInformationlaw.

6. Accesstohealthcareisuneven,withrelativelyimprovedaccessinKandaharCityandcontinuedpooraccessandpoorqualityhealthcareinthedistrictswherehealthcareingeneralandmaternalcareinparticularremaininadequateornon-existent.Corruptioninmanyforms,includingrequestsbyhealthcareworkersforsupplementalin-kindpaymentsforserviceandprescriptions,isundermininghealthcarequality.

7. AccesstowaterandelectricityinKandaharhasdecreasedincomparisontothefourthmonitoringcycle.Poorrainfallhaslimitedaccesstowaterinsomedistrictsandelectricityprovisionislimited.Disputesoveraccesstowaterhavebeenincreasing.Also,thegrowingnumbersofIDPsfromHelmandandUruzganhasbeenputtingadditionalpressureonthesealreadyscarceresources.

8. EconomichardshiphasnegativelyaffectedaccesstofoodinKandahar.Thoseaffectedcomplainaboutalackofattentionbygovernmentandlocalmerchantstotheplightofthefoodinsecure.SomeNGOshaveprovidedfoodassistancetothepoor.However,corruptioninfooddistribution,especiallyindistricts,hasmeantthatfoodaidisnotreachingthosemostinneed.Itisestimatedthatmorethan10,000familiesneedfoodaid.

9. EducationrightsinKandaharremainunchanged.TherecontinuestobebetteraccessandprofessionalisminthesectorinKandaharCitycomparedtothedistricts.Thelackofsufficientfemaleteachersremainsaproblem.Therearereportsofcorruptiondecreasingasaresultofdismissingunprofessionalteachersandineffectiveprincipals.Others,however,contendthatcorruptionineducationcontinuesasbefore.

10. Anincreaseinawarenessofinheritancerightsamongwomenhashadtheunfortunatebyproductofincreasingtheincidenceofconflictsoverinheritancesincethefourthmonitoringcycle.Somealsoclaimthatwomen’sgreaterawarenessoftheirrightsissparkingmorecasesofdivorce.Familycasesarestillresolvedprimarilythroughthetraditionaljusticesystem.Theprovincestilllacksanywomen’sshelters.

9Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kan-PI-1 ,KI-F-Kan-NG-1 ,KI-M-Kan-NG-2 ,KI-F-Kan-NG-3 ,KI-M-Kan-NG-4 ,KI-F-Kan-Go-1,KI-M-Kan-Go-2 ,FGD-F-Kan-Go-3 ,FGD-F-Kan-Go-4 ,FGD-F-Kan-Go-5 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-6,KI-M-Kan-Go-7 ,KI-F-Kan-Go-8,KI-F-Kan-Go-9,KI-M-Kan-Go-10,KI-M-Kan-Go-11 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-12 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-13 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-14 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-15,KI-M-Kan-Go-16,KI-M-Kan-Go-17,KI-M-Kan-Go-18,KI-M-Kan-Go-19,KI-MF-Kan-Go-20 ,KI-M-Kan-Go-21,FGD-M-Kan-CS-1,FGD-M-Kan-CS-2 ,FGD-M-Kan-CS-3 ,KI-M-Kan-CS-4 ,KI-M-Kan-CS-5 ,KI-F-Kan-CS-6,KI-F-Kan-CS-7,KI-F-Kan-CS-8,KI-M-Kan-CS-9

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11. AccesstopaidemploymentinKandaharcontinuestodecline,withdecreasesintheactivitiesofNGOs,littleinvestmentinbusinessdevelopment,corruptionandpoliticalconflictunderminingeconomicdevelopment.Womencontinuetohaveparticularlyconstrainedemploymentprospects.

12. Thosewithpaidemploymentoftenfeartheycouldbefiredorreplacedbysomeonewithconnectionsthroughnepotism.

13. ThereislittleevidenceofchangeingenderrelationsinKandaharsincethefourthmonitoringcycle,withtheexceptionofwomen’saccesstotheformaljusticesystem,whichhasincreased.

14. Therearemixedviewsaboutthestatusofadministrativecorruption,withsomecontendingthatithasincreasedexponentiallyandothersbelievingthatacombinationofhighlevelanticorruptionprogramming,civilsocietyadvocacy,andincentivesforgoodadministrativeperformancehaveproducedpositiveresults.

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Khost

TherewerefewchangesinthestatusofcivicrightsinKhostincomparisontothefourthmonitoringcycles,exceptsomedeteriorationintheoverallsecuritysituationandsomeimprovementsinaccountabilitypracticesintheDepartmentofJustice.TherearenonotablechangesinaccesstosocialrightsinKhost.Problemswithaccesstosufficientandnutritiousfoodcontinuetobeacute.Intermsofeconomicrights,therehasbeenanincreaseinthreatsagainstgovernmentemployeesandaheightenedresultingsenseofinsecurity.Table10:SummaryProfile–KhostPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ ✔ SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔



FamilyRights10 ✔



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ Corruption14 ✔

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Notes:101. ViewsabouttheoverallsecuritysituationinKhostaredivided,withsomeseeingimprovementsandothers

seeingdecline.EvidenceofdeclineincludesasuicideattacktargetingtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairsandthekidnappingofachild.ViewsabouttrustinANPandpolicebehavioraresimilarlysplit.TherewassomeindicationthatmisbehaviorofthetrafficpoliceisresponsiblefortarnishingthereputationofANPgenerally.Ongoingpoliticalviolencebetweentworivaltribes,theMaqbalandtheMangal,continuesunabated.

2. Accesstojusticeinstitutionsremainsunchanged,includingwomen’slackofaccesstotheformalsystem.ManysuspectthatjusticeofficialsarecorruptanddonotworkinaccordancewithAfghanlaw,contributingtoongoingpreferenceforthetraditionaljusticesystem.However,theappointmentofnewjudgesandtheavailabilityofcomplaintboxesareviewedaspositivesignsofimprovement.

3. Therehavebeennochangesinchildren’srightsinthelastfourmonths.Earlymarriageandchildlaborcontinuetooccurbecauseofhighratesofunemploymentandeconomichardship.ChildreninKhostarenotengagedinarmedconflict.

4. Therearebothnegativeandstrongpositivesentimentsaboutparticipationinelections,althoughthereisnoevidencethatthesedividedviewshavechangedinthelastfourmonths.Therearesimilarlydividedviewsaboutaccesstogovernmentpositions,withsomebelievingthathiringisbasedonmeritwhileothersbelievethatitisbasedonnepotismandcorruption.

5. Viewsaboutthestatusoffreedomofexpressionaredividedthoughthereisgeneralagreementthattherehavebeennorecentchanges.AwarenessoftheRighttoInformationLawhasincreasedinthelastfourmonthsduetotrainings,althoughthishasnottranslatedintoanincreaseofuseofgovernmentinformation.

6. Theprovincehasalargepublichospitalandclinicsineverydistrict.Manybelieve,however,thataccesstoandqualityofhealthcareremainspoor.

7. Thereisnoelectricalgridintheprovince.Sourcesforelectricityaremostlysolarandgeneratedpower.DisputesoverlandandwaterhavedeclinedinpartbecauseofNationalSolidarityPrograminitiatives.

8. Therehavebeennochangesinfoodsecurity.Theimpoverishedcontinuetolacksufficientfoodandareonlyabletoaccesslargelylowqualitynutrition.Thereisintermittentassistanceprovidedbygovernmentunits,mosques,andmerchants.MigrantworkerswholiveinothercountriesalsoprovideassistancetotheirfamiliesthroughremittancesandfoodbroughtbackwhenreturntoKhostforvisits.

9. AccesstoeducationcontinuestoimproveinKhostthoughthereareconcernsoverthelackofqualificationofmanyteacherswithonlyafewhavingadequateacademiccredentials.

10. Womencontinuetobedisadvantagedininheritancerightsandimprovementisstillhamperedbyfearofpublicadmonishmentforseekingtheirrights.Domesticviolenceandviolenceagainstwomanhavedecreasedrecentlyastheresultofpublicawarenessprogramsinthemediaandreligiousmessaginginmosques.Divorceisnotpracticedopenlyandinsteadcoupleswhowishtopartwayssimplyseparate.WomenhaveaccesstoFRUsintheprovincialcenterbutnotinthedistricts.Thererenowomen’ssheltersintheprovince.

11. CloseproximityofKhosttoKabulhasresultedinextensionsofKabulbusinessestoKhost.However,accesstothefewjobsinprivateandpublicsectorisconstrainedbynepotismandcorruption.

12. Governmentemployeeshavebeenthreatenedbyoppositiongroups,contributingtoincreasinginsecurityintheworkplace.Similarly,thosewhoworkforNGOsfacedailydangersandmountingjobinsecurityasfundingispulledbecauseofincreasedsecuritythreats.

13. GenderrelationsinKhostremainunchanged.14. Administrativecorruptioncontinuesatlevelssimilartothefourthmonitoringcycle.Inthehealthsector,illegal

medicinesarebeingimportedandusedandmedicalpersonnelarebeingappointedbasedonnepotism.Corruptioninhiringteachersandgradingstudentscontinuesatpreviouslyreportedintheeducationsector.

10Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-KST-NG-2,KI-M-KST-Go-10,KI-M-KST-Go-12,KI-M-KST-Go-13,KI-M-KST-Go-14,KI-M-KST-Go-16,KI--KST-Go-17,KI-M-KST-Go-18,KI-M-KST-Go-19,KI-F-KST-Go-20,KI-M-KST-Go-21,KI-M-KST-Go-2,KI-M-KST-NG-4,FGD-F-KST-Go-5,KI-M-KST-Go-8,KI-F-KST-CS-8,FGD-M-KST-CS-1,FGD-F-KST-Go-3,KI-M-KST-Go-11,KI-F-KST-NG-1,KI-F-KST-NG-3,KI-F-KST-Go-1,FGD-F-KST-Go-4,KI-M-KST-Go-6,KI-M-KST-Go-7,KI-M-KST-Go-9,FGD-M-KST-CS-2,FGD-M-KST-CS-3,KI-M-KST-CS-4,KI-M-KST-CS-5,KI-F-KST-CS-6,KI-F-KST-CS-7,KI-M-KST-CS-9

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Kunduz

Civicrightscontinuetobechallengedbythevolatilesecuritysituation.DespitehighlevelsofAOGactivity,policeperformancecontinuestobeviewedbycitizensaspositive.InsecurityandalargenumberofIDPshavebroughtaboutrecentimprovementsinaccesstowater,electricity,andfood,asboththegovernmentandNGOshaveprogramstoassisttheprovince.Insecurityhasalsolimitedgirls’accesstoeducationinsomeruralareas.EmploymentopportunitiescontinuetodeteriorateinKunduz.Administrativecorruptiontoocontinuesathighlevels.Table11:SummaryProfile–KunduzPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ ✔ ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔


FoodSecurity8 ✔ ✔RighttoEducation9 ✔

FamilyRights10 ✔



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations13 ✔ Corruption14 ✔

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Notes:111. Despitethevolatilesecurityconditions,trustinANPhasincreasedlargelybecauseANPassistedthecitizens

andhelpedpreventanti-governmentforcesfromtakingcontrolofImamSahibandAliAbaddistricts.TrustinAfghanLocalPolice(ALP)remainslow.Insecurityhasintensifiedconflictswithinfamiliesandbetweengroupsoverinheritance,languagediscrimination,waterandlandrights,anddomesticrelations.

2. AccesstojusticeandtheperformanceoftheformaljusticesysteminKunduzareunchangedandremainrelativelypositive.

3. ViolenceagainstchildrencontinuesaspreviouslyinKunduzduetopovertyandinsecurity.Thisincludeschildlabor,earlymarriage,sexualabuseofstreetchildren,andrestrictionsoneducation.Therealsocontinuetobehighlevelsofchildrenengagedinarmedconflict.

4. Interestinparticipatinginelectionsremainslow,mostlybecauseofthepersistentinsecurity.Participationinpoliticalpartiesalsoremainslow,exceptforthosepursuingitasameansofsecuringemployment.ThedistrictleadershipsinImamSahibandAliAbaddistrictschangedrecentlybasedonopen,competitiveprocedures,whichwasseentobeapositive.

5. Threatsagainstthoseengagedinfreedomofspeechremainhigh.Thethreatsaretypicallymadeoverthetelephone.AwarenessanduseoftheAccesstoInformationLawremainslimitedandunchangedsincethelastmonitoringround.

6. Accesstoandqualityofhealthcareareunchangedsincethefourthmonitoringcycle,withconditionsandqualityrelativelygoodinKunduzCityandmoreuneveninImamSahibandAliAbaddistricts.ThehealthcarefacilitiesinKunduzCityareunderpressurebecausemanypeoplefromoutlyingareasseekservicesinthecity.Somedoctorshavelefttheprovincebecauseofinsecurity.

7. InImamSahibdistrict,accesstowaterandelectricityhasimprovedbecauseofwaterprojectsimplementedwithfundingfromtheGermangovernment.InKunduzCity,theDepartmentofHealthhasimprovedservicesforIDPsandtheNorwegianRefugeeCouncilhasmadeimprovementsforIDPsineducationandhousing.InAliAbaddistrict,therehavebeensomeimprovementsinaccesstoelectricitybecauseofnewpowerlines.Insecurityhashadamoderatingeffectondisputesoverlandandwater,whichhavedecreased.

8. SeveralorganizationshavebeenactiveinprovidingfoodassistanceinKunduzsincetheheightenedconflictinlate2016.

9. AccesstoeducationcontinuestobegoodinKunduz,exceptininsecureareaswheregirlsareprohibitedfromattendingschoolsbecauseofthepresenceofAOGs.Thequalityofeducationremainslowduetonepotisminemploymentandlackoftextbooksandotherresources.

10. Therecontinuestobealackofawarenessaboutinheritancerightsandresultinghighlevelsofconflictwithinfamilies.Therehavebeenafewincidentsofdivorce,withcasesofmaritalstrifetypicallyresolvedthroughcompromiseinvolvingfamilymembersand/ortraditionalconflictresolutionmechanisms.Women’ssheltersarestillavailableinKunduzCity,butareviewednegatively.

11. EmploymentopportunitieshavedecreasedinKunduzduetoinsecurity.Thescarcityofpaidemploymenthasfurtheredthetendencyforjobstobeaccessedthroughnepotism.

12. Safetyandsecurityintheworkplaceremainthesameasthepreviousmonitoringround.13. Women’saccesstoandtreatmentbytheformaljusticesystemremainspoor.Insecurityhasfurther

underminedwomen’saccesstoopportunitiesinthepublicsphere.Genderdiscriminationislowexceptinpoliticalparties.

14. Despitechangesinmid-levelleadership,therearestillallegationsofmisuseandtheftwithinthesecuritysector.Corruptionhasdecreasedintheformaljusticesystemdue,inpart,tosalarieshavingbeenincreased.

11Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kun-Go-2 ,KI-F-Kun-Go-1 ,KI-F-Kun-NG-1 ,KI-M-Kun-NG-2 ,KI-M-Kun-NG-4 ,KI-M-Kun-NG-3 , KI-M-Kun-CS-9 , KI-F-Kun-CS-8 , FGD-M-Kun-CS-1 , KI-F-Kun-Go-8 , KI-F-Kun-PI-1 , KI-M-Kun-Go-13 , KI-M-Kun-Go-10 , KI-M-Kun-Go-11 , KI-M-Kun-Go-12 , KI-M-Kun-Go-14 , FGD-F-Kun-Go-5 , KI-M-Kun-Go-15 , KI-M-Kun-Go-20 , KI-M-Kun-Go-6 , KI-M-Kun-Go-16 , FGD-M-Kun-CS-2 , FGD-F-Kun-Go-3 , KI-M-Kun-CS-4 , KI-F-Kun-CS-6 , KI-M-Kun-CS-5 , KI-M-Kun-Go-21 , KI-M-Kun-Go-7 , FGD-M-Kun-CS-3 , FGD-F-Kun-Go-4 , KI-F-Kun-CS-7 , KI-M-Kun-Go-17 , KI-M-Kun-Go-18 , KI-M-Kun-Go-19

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Nangarhar

ThesecuritysituationinNangarharisvolatile,withthesecurityforcesretakingseveraldistrictsheldbyAOGsandgainingincreasedpublictrustasaresult.TherehavebeenrecenttargetedkillingsaswellasthreatsagainstthosewhospeakagainstAOGs.Theformaljusticesystemhascontinuedtoimprove,includingincreasedaccessbywomen.Therehavealsobeenanumberofprogramsfocusedonworkingchildren.Healthcare,housingandutilities,foodandeducationallshowimprovementssincethefourthmonitoringround.Atthesametime,therehavebeenadditionalnewpressuresonbasicservicesduetotheinfluxofIDPsfromneighboringprovinces.Employmentcontinuestodecline,withincreasinginsecurityintheworkplaceduetoAOGthreats.Therehasbeensomeprogressinreducingadministrativecorruptioninthejusticesector.Table12:SummaryProfile–NangarharPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ ✔ RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔


FoodSecurity8 ✔ RighttoEducation9 ✔ ✔

FamilyRights10 ✔




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Notes:121. Thesecuritysituationisvolatilethoughthesecurityforceshavemanagedtoretakeseveraldistrictsformerly

heldbyAOGs.Therehavealsobeentargetkillingsandanattackonthenationaltelevisionoutletresultinginthedeathsofseveralemployees.Despitetheirinabilitytopreventtheseattacks,ANPappearstohavegainedincreasedpublictrustbecauseofitseffortstopushbackagainstskirmishesbyAOGs.Thepolicehasbeenpraisedforitsinterventiontopreventboysfromharassinggirlsinthestreets.

2. Therehavebeenimprovementsintheformaljusticesystemwithincreasedaccessforwomendue,inpart,tocontinuedawarenessprogramming.Therearestillcomplaintsaboutcorruptionintheformaljusticesystem,however.

3. TheDepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairshashadaprogramtosupportfamilieswhosefatherfigureisabsentsothatchildrencouldcontinuegoingtoschoolratherthandroppingouttowork.Despitethiseffort,theincidenceofchildlaborcontinuestogrowduetowidespreadpoverty,unemploymentandinsecurity.Children’saccesstoformaljustice,orphanages,andjuvenilehomesremainsunchanged.Therehavebeennoreportsofchildrenbeingdrawnintoarmedconflict.

4. Peopleremainskepticalofelectionsandfeelstronglythatfutureparticipationwillneedtobesupportedwithbettersecurityandelectronicidentificationcards.Women’saccesstopublicemploymentisgrowingandisgreaterthanmen’saccess,particularlyintheeducationsector.

5. ThreatsagainstthosewhospeakpubliclyagainstAOGshaveincreasedinthelastfourmonths.Alocalleader’shomewasattacked,killinganumberofguards,afterhespokeoutagainsttheinsurgency.ThenationaltelevisionoutletinJalalabadwasattacked,resultingindeaths.Securityauthoritiesarewaryofdemonstrationsdue,inpart,totheseviolentattacks.Atthesametime,thereisgreaterunderstandingoftheAccesstoInformationlawincomparisontothefourthmonitoringcyclethoughtheuseofthelawisremainslow.

6. AccesstohealthservicesisunchangedthoughthereareincreasingpressuresonservicesbyIDPsandpatientsfromLaghman,Kunar,andNuristan.HealthservicesinthedistrictsofSurkhrudandKamahaveimprovedinthelastfourmonthsduetotheestablishmentoftwonewhealthcenters.Thequalityofmedicationisinconsistentduetoillegalimportationofmedicines.

7. AccesstoelectricityinJalalabadandadjacentareasofSurkhruddistricthasincreased.TherehavebeennoimprovementsinKamadistrict,wherethereisnoaccesstotheelectricalgrid.Additionaldamshavebeenbuiltinrecentmonthsbutaccesstowaterremainsunevenwithmoreirrigationandpipelinewaterinpopulatedareas.CostofrentalhousingisincreasingbecauseoftheinfluxofIDPs.TheIDPsthatcannotaffordtorenthousingliveintents.TherehasbeensomeassistancetoIDPsnearJalalabadfromtheDepartmentofRefugeesandRepatriation.Landconflictscontinueaspreviously.

8. Foodsecurityremainsunchanged.Thereisfoodassistancebutitisinsufficienttomeetthegrowingneedsofthepoor.Inthelastfourmonthsfoodassistanceto200familieshasbeenprovidedbytheDepartmentofLabor,SocialAffairs,MartyredandtheDisabled.Thepoorqualityoffoodstuffsbeingdeliveredthroughassistanceprogrammingisaconcern.

9. Therehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofteachersemployed.Workshopshavebeenheldforteachersandthecurriculumhasbeenimproved.SomefamiliesinSurkhruddistrictcontinuetopreventtheirgirlsfromattendingschoolbecauseofthelongdistancesbetweenhomeandschool.Thereisalsoconcernthatqualityhasnotkeptpacewiththeincreasingnumbersofteachersandstudents.

10. Inheritancerightsremainunchanged.Accesstoformaljusticeisdescribedasgood,includingbywomenandformaljusticeofficialsaresaidtoactresponsiblyandrespectfullywhendealingwithwomen.Opinionabouttheincidenceofviolenceagainstwomenismixed.AccesstosheltersandFRUsremainsthesame.

11. Accesstoemploymenthasdecreasedduetoalackofinvestment,insecurityandfewerdevelopmentprograms.Corruptionandnepotismunderminefairaccesstopaidjobs.

12Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-NGR-GO-11,KI-F-NGR-PI-1,KI-F-NGR-GO-8,KI-F-NGR-NG-3,KI-F-NGR-CS-8,KI-M-NGR-CS-9,KI-F-NGR-GO-1,KI-M-NGR-GO-2KI-M-NGR-NG-1,FGD-F-NGR-GO-5,KI-F-NGR-CS-7,FGD-F-NGR-GO-4,FGD-F-NGR-GO-3,KI-F-NGR-CS-3,KI-M-NGR-CS-4,KI-M-NGR-GO-18,FGD-M-NGR-CS-1,FGD-M-NGR-CS-3,KI-M-NGR-NG-4,KI-M-NGR-Go-9,KI-M-NGR-Go-10,KI-M-NGR-Go-15,KI-M-NGR-Go-16,KI--NGR-Go-17,KI-M-NGR-Go-6,KI-M-NGR-Go-7,KI-M-NGR-Go-10,KI-M-NGR-Go-12,KI-M-NGR-Go-13,KI-M-NGR-Go-21,KI-M-NGR-CS-4,KI-M-NGR-GO-14,FGD-M-NGR-CS-2,KI-M-NGR-CS-5

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12. BecauseofAOGattacksandthreats,manypeoplefeelinsecureworkingforthegovernmentorwithNGOs.Thereisalsoageneralworryaboutdonorprogramsending,resultinginjobsbeingeliminatedandaffectingwomenparticularly.

13. Genderrelationsaredescribedasrelativelygoodbutunchangedcomparedtothefourthroundofmonitoring.14. Administrativecorruptionremainsatthesamelevelasduringthefourthmonitoringcycle,withtheexception

ofrecentimprovementsintheformaljusticesectorduetoimprovedsupervision,newleadership,andemployeeevaluation.

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Nimruz

DespiteanincreaseinAOGattacks,therehavebeensomeimprovementsincivicrightsinNimruz.TrustinANPhasincreasedandaccesstoformaljusticehasimprovedincludingforchildrenandwomen.However,thereislowinterestinelectionsandtherehasbeenanincreaseinthreatsagainstthoseexercisingfreedomofexpression.AccesstoandqualityofbothhealthcareandeducationinNimruzhaveimprovedsincethefourthmonitoringround.However,foodinsecurityisgrowingandhighcostsofwaterandelectricityarelimitingaccessformanywithlowornoincome.Therehavebeennochangesintheemploymentsituation.Therehasbeensomeprogressineffortstocurbadministrativecorruptioninthesecurityandjusticesectors.Table13:SummaryProfile–NimruzPillar/Indicators


CivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity1 ✔ ✔RighttoEfficientandFairJustice2 ✔ Children’sRights3 ✔ RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs4 ✔ ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression5 ✔ ✔SocialRights: RighttoHealth6 ✔


FoodSecurity8 ✔RighttoEducation9 ✔





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Notes:131. TherehasbeenanincreaseinAOGattacksandroadminesandsomeworrythattheopeningoftheKamal

Khandamhascreatedanewtargetforterroristattacks.TrustinANPhasincreased,attributedtotrainingandimprovedsupervisionofthepoliceandmoresystematicfollow-upsoncasesincludingfromwomen.

2. People’saccesstotheformaljusticehasimproved,withparticularbenefitsforwomen.Thishasbeenattributedtoimprovedperformanceofjusticeofficials.

3. Improvementsintheperformanceoftheformaljusticesystemhaveextendedtochildrenwhoarebelievedtohavebetteraccesstojustice,juvenilehomes,andrehabilitationcentersintheprovincialcenter.Economicproblemshaveledtomorechildlabor,however.

4. Manyremaincommittedtothedemocraticprocesswhile,atthesametime,thereisdissatisfactionwiththereformprocess.Accesstogovernmentpositionsisimproving,especiallyforwomenduetotheGovernor’sefforts.Nepotisminrecruitmentcontinuestopersist,however.

5. Threatshaveincreasedagainstpeoplewhoexercisetheirrighttofreespeechincludingreligiousfigures.AwarenessoftheAccesstoInformationlawisimproving,particularlyinthecenteroftheprovinceduetomediacoverageandconferencesheldbytheDepartmentofInformationandCultural.Thenewnessofthelaw,however,meansthatitcontinuestobeseldomused.

6. Accesstoheathserviceshasimprovedsincethefourthmonitoringcycle,attributedtolargelytotheappointmentofanewhealthdirectorfortheprovince.Improvementsincludeincreasednumberofbedsinclinics,mobilehealthteamshavingbeenlaunched,additionalmidwiveshavingbeenhired,inferiormedicineshavingbeendestroyed,anddoctors’behaviorwithpatientshavingimproved.Women’saccesstoreproductivehealthserviceshassimilarlyimprovedrecently.

7. TherehasbeenimprovementinaccesstowaterasaresultofthecompletionoftheQalah-e-Fatahproject.However,highcostsforelectricityandwatercontinue,andsomeareasremainlackingcleandrinkingwater,whichcompromisesthehealthofchildreninparticular.Highcostshavecontributedtoincreasesintheincidenceofwaterandlandrelatedconflictsintheprovincialcenter.

8. Thenumberoffoodinsecurepeopleintheprovincehasgrownoverthelastfourmonthsduetoincreasinginsecurityanddrought.Foodaidprovidedbyavarietyoforganizationshashelped,buthasnotbeensufficienttomeetthemagnitudeoftheneed.

9. People’saccesstoeducationhasimprovedinthelastfourmonthsbecauseofthehiringofqualifiedteachersandestablishmentofanewuniversity.Therehasalsobeenanincreaseinthenumberofprivateschools.Thequalityofeducationisalsoimproving,withnewteachers,schoolrehabilitation,andincreasedtextbooks.ThesechangeswerelessevidentinChaharBorjakdistrict,however.

10. TherehavebeennorecentchangesininheritancerelatedconflictsinNimruz.Domesticviolencehasincreasedespeciallyintheprovincialcenter,includingviolenceagainstwomenintheformsofearlyandforcedmarriages.AccesstoFRUshasimprovedbecauseofthehiringoftwofemalestaffintheattorney’sofficeforthePreventionofViolence.

11. Therehavebeennochangesinemploymentopportunities.12. Therehavebeennochangesinworkingconditions.13. Therearenochangesingenderrelationsorwomen’srights,apartfromincreasesinforcedandearly

marriages.14. Progresshasbeenmadeinreducingadministrativecorruption,attributedtorecenttrainingofthesecurity

forcesinthecenteroftheprovince,highprofilearrestsofcorruptjusticeofficials,andmoreequitablerecruitmentpractices.Thehealthsystemcontinuestoexperiencecorruptionintheformofextrapaymentdemandedforservicesandchannelingpatientstoprivateclinics.Thesituationismixedintheeducationsector.

13Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Nim-PI-1,KI-F-Nim-CS-6,KI-M-Nim-Go-12,KI-M-Nim-Go-13,KI-M-Nim-Go-2,KI-F-Nim-Go-9,KI-F-Nim-Go-8,KI-M-Nim-Go-17,KI-M-Nim-Go-10,KI-F-Nim-Go-1,KI-M-Nim-Go-20,KI-F-Nim-Go-18,KI-M-Nim-Go-6,KI-M-Nim-CS-4,KI-F-Nim-CS-7,FGD-F-Nim-Go-5,KI-F-Nim-Go-19,FGD-M-Nim-CS-1,FGD-F-Nim-Go-4,FGD-M-Nim-CS-3,KI-M-Nim-CS-5,FGD-F-Nim-Go-3,FGD-M-Nim-CS-2,KI-M-Nim-Go-11,KI-F-Nim-CS-8,KI-M-Nim-CS-9,KI-M-Nim-Go-14,KI-F-Nim-NG-1,KI-M-Nim-Go-7,KI-M-Nim-NG-4,KI-M-Nim-Go-15,KI-M-Nim-NG-2,KI-M-Nim-Go-16,KI-M-Nim-Go-21,KI-M-Nim-NG-3

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ResultsFromSurveys

Thissectionreportsselectedfindingsfromtheanalysisofthequantitativedatacollectedthroughasurveyinstrumentusedtosurvey703menandwomen.Thesegraphsarenotstatisticallyrepresentativeandserveonlyassuggestiveillustrations.

CivicRights

Consistentwiththequalitativefindings,thesurveyshowsthatbothfemaleandmalerespondentsbelievethatthetreatmentofcitizensbyANPhaseitherimprovedorremainedunchanged(Figures1and2).ExceptionstothistrendareamodestnumberofwomeninHeratandmeninKhostandBalkhwhocontendthatthesituationhasrecentlyworsened.Figure1.TreatmentofCitizensbyGovernmentAuthorities-Women'sViews

Figure2.TreatmentofCitizensbyGovernmentAuthorities-Men'sViews

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Similarly,Figures3and4showoverallviewsamongbothwomenandmenthatthetreatmentofcitizensbyformaljusticeofficeshaseitherimprovedorremainedunchanged.Figure3.TreatmentofCitizensByFormalJusticeAuthorities-Women'sViews

Figure4.TreatmentofCitizensByFormalJusticeAuthorities-Men'sViews

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SocialRights

Therewasafairamountofvariability,bothacrossprovincesandamongfemaleandmalerespondents,abouthowaccesstohealthserviceshaschangedforthefifthmonitoringcycle.Mostnotably,womeninKandaharandKhostcontendedthatithasdeclinedinrecentmonths(Figures5and6).Figure5.AccesstoHealthServices-Women'sViews

Figure6.AccesstoHealthServices-Men'sViews

WomeninKandaharareoutliersincontendingthattherehasbeenarecentdeclineinaccesstoeducation(Figure7).Mostrespondentshaveseenrecentimprovementsornochange(Figure8).

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Figure7.AccesstoEducationServices-Women'sViews

Figure8.AccesstoEducationServices-Men'sViews

Mostrespondentsbelievethattheoverallsituationregardingviolenceagainstwomenhasimproved,thoughthelevelofthisimprovementisvieweddifferentlybywomen(Figure9)andmen(Figure10).

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Figure9.Women'sViewsonViolenceAgainstWomen-ByProvinces

Figure10.Men'sViewsonViolenceAgainstWomen-ByProvinces

Respondentsinseveralprovinces–Kunduz,KandaharandNangarharinparticular–believetherehasbeenadramaticrecentincreaseinviolenceagainstchildren(Figures11and12).Qualitativefindingsshowthatmuchofthisisaccountedforasaresultofincreasinglevelsofchildlaborandearlyandforcedmarriages.

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Figure11.Women'sViewsonViolenceAgainstChildren-ByProvince

Figure12.Men'sViewsonViolenceAgainstChildren-ByProvince

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EconomicRights

Menandwomenconcuraboutthemainchallengestoaccessingstable,legalemployment(Figures13and14).Consistentwiththequalitativefindings,alackofopportunitiesistheforemostimpediment,followedbycorruptionandnepotism,whichimpactsthepoormostacutely.Womenaremorelikelythanmentobelievealackofskillsanddiscriminationarelimitingfactorsinfindingpaidemployment.Figure13.MainChallengesinAccesstoLicitandStableEmploymentforWomen-All10Provinces

Figure14.MainChallengesinAccesstoLicitandStableEmploymentforMen-All10Provinces

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Conclusion

ThesecuritysituationinAfghanistangenerallyhascontinuedtodeterioratesinceJune2017,compromisinganumberoffundamentalrights,especiallyaccesstopaidemployment,whichisuniformlydeterioratingacrossalltenprovinces.Otherareasofdeteriorationincludeincreasesinchildlabor,foodinsecurity,threatsagainstfreedomofexpressionandassembly,andscarcityofaccesstocleanwaterandelectricity,especiallyamongIDPs.Corruptionandnepotismremainedsignificantobstaclestoaccessingnumerousfundamentalrightsandservicesacrossallsectorsexceptfortheformaljusticesystem,whichhasshownconsiderablerecentimprovementsinreducingcorruptioninmostprovinces.Theimprovementsintheformaljusticesystemhaveextendedtowomenandchildrenandhasbeenattributedtospecificadministrativereformsintheministry.ANPcontinuesitstrajectoryofimprovedpracticeandpublictrustinthepolicehasincreasedacrossallprovinces.Trendsinhealthcareandeducationweremoremixedduringthefifthmonitoringcycle,withimprovementsinsomeareasandlocationsanddeclinesinothersaswellasnonotablechangeinadministrativecorruption.Thefollowingconclusionshighlightsomeofthekeydifferencesamongtheprovinces.

CivicRights

Deterioratingsecurityandvolatility,duemostlytothepresenceofandattacksbyAOGs,wasawidespreadconcerninHerat,Kabul,Kunduz,Nangarhar,andNimruz.Formostoftheseprovinces(Heratbeinganexception),theAOGattacksandeffortstotakecontrolofdistrictshavecontributedtoincreasesinpublictrustinANPandappreciationofitseffortstoresistandsometimesbeatbacktheattackers.Inmoresecureandconflict-freeprovinces,trustinANPisalsopositiveandconsistentwiththefourthmonitoringcycle,exceptinDiakundiwheretherehasbeenalossoftrustinANPcomparedtothefourthroundofmonitoring.ThemostconsistentandstrongestimprovementacrossallARMindicatorsforthefifthmonitoringcycleconcernstheformaljusticesystem.AlthoughKhostwasanoutliershowingnoimprovements,resultsforeachoftheothernineprovincesindicatedstrongincreasesinaccesstotheformaljusticesystemandpositiveimpressionsonitsimprovedperformance,eveninreducingadministrativecorruption.Women’senhancedaccesstojustice,however,hasprecipitatedincreasesinfamilyconflictsoverinheritancerightsinBamyanandKandahar.Children’srightscontinuedtobecompromisedbyincreasesinchildlabor.ThiswasmostevidentinBalkh,Herat,Kunduz,andKandahar.InBamyan,therehasbeenanincreaseinyouthleavingtheprovinceandthecountrytofindemployment.Theincidenceofchildrenbeingrecruitedintoarmedconflictwasmixedacrosstheprovinces,withincreasesintheprovinceswiththehighestlevelsofconflictandattacks,specificallyHeratandKabul,anddecreasesornochangeselsewhere.Therewerenodramaticchangesintheratesofearlyandforcedmarriage,andinchildren’saccesstoorphanagesandkindergartens.Generaldisappointmentwiththeelectoralprocessnotedinthefirstfourmonitoringcyclescontinuedasbeforeacrossalltheprovinces.PoliticalconflicthasincreasedinKabul,BalkhandHerat.

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Therehasbeenadeteriorationinfreedomofexpressionandassemblyduetothreats,mostlybyAOGs.Thiswasmostacuteinprovinceswithhighlevelsofinsecurityandconflict,specificallyKabul,Herat,Nangarhar,Nimruz,andKunduz.ThreatsagainstgovernmentemployeeshavealsoincreasedinKhost.AcrossallprovincestherehavebeensomeimprovementsinawarenessoftheAccesstoInformationLaw.However,thishasnottranslatedintoincreasesinitsuse.

SocialRights

Thereissomeindicationthattherehasbeengeneralimprovementineducationandhealthandinaccesstowaterandelectricity.ThiswasthecaseforNangarhar,Nimruz,andKunduz.InHeratandNimruzenhancedaccesstohealthcareinruralareashasresultedfromtheintroductionofmobilehealthunits.AccesstoandqualityofhealthcaredeclinedinKandaharwhiletheeducationsectorfurtherdeterioratedinDiakundi.FoodinsecurityhasincreasedinKandahar,Khost,Nimruz,Diakundi,andHerat.AccesstowaterandelectricitydeclinedinKandaharandaccesstoelectricitydeclinedinBalkh.ThenumberofIDPscontinuedtoincreaseinKabul,Herat,Kunduz,Nangarhar,andBalkh,wheretheyreceivedinsufficientsupportintermsofsocialservices.

EconomicRights

Acrossalltenprovincestherecontinuedtobedeteriorationinaccesstopaidemploymentandnochangesinworkingconditions.

GenderRelations,Corruption

Therehavebeennonotablechangesingenderrelations.However,women’saccesstoformaljusticehasincreasecomparedtothefourthmonitoringcycleacrossallprovinces.Theincidenceofadministrativecorruptionremainedunchangedacrossallprovincesexceptintheareaofformaljustice,wheretherewereuniformimprovements.

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Appendix1:MonitoringIndicators

CivicRightsIndicator ProxiesRightstoLife,Liberty,SecurityandDignityofPerson

• TrustinANP• PolicePerformanceandBehavior• Security• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)

RighttoEfficientandFairJustice

• AccesstoFormalandTraditionalJusticeSystems• PerformanceofJusticeOfficials• Women’sAccessto,andTreatmentby,JusticeSystems(Genderas

CrosscuttingTheme)• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)

Children’sRights • ViolenceAgainstChildren(DegreeandTypesofViolence)• AccesstoJustice• AccesstoRehabilitationcenters,JuvenileHomesandOrphanages• ChildLabor• SexualAbuse• Children’sengagementinarmedconflicts

RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs

• ParticipationinElections• AccesstoPublicPositions(Genderascrosscutting:WomeninSenior

Positions)• ParticipationinPoliticalParties(GenderasCrosscutting:FemaleParty

Members)• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

RighttoFreedomofOpinionandExpression

• FreedomofSpeech(threats)• FreedomofGathering• RighttoInformationLaw

EconomicRightsRighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment

• AccesstoPaidEmployment• Corruption(JobsforSale,Nepotism)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

RighttoDecentWorkingConditions

• SafetyandSecurityatWorkplace• JobSecurity• Harassment(basedonGenderorEthnicity)

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SocialRightsIndicator ProxiesRighttoHealth • AccesstoHealthServices

• AccesstoReproductiveHealth• QualityofHealthServices• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities

• AccesstoHousing,WaterandElectricity• IDPs(Housing)• DisputesRelatedtoLandandWater• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

FoodSecurity • SufficientFood(NumberofMealsperDay)• AdequateFood(TypeofFoodEaten)• FoodAssistance(Sources,e.g.,Government,INGOs,other)

RighttoEducation • AccesstoEducation• QualityofEducation• GenderDiscrimination• Corruption(inHiringTeachersandinGivingGrades)

FamilyRights • InheritanceRightsandRelatedConflicts• DomesticViolence• ViolenceAgainstwomen• DivorceCasesandWomen’sRightstoDivorce• AccesstoFRUsandShelters

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Appendix2:ListandDefinitionofCodes

Non-Government=NGKI-F-Kab-NG-1(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,1=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-2(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,2=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-3(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-4(KI=Keyinformant,M=MaleKab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,4=Sequence)Government=GoKI-F-Kab-Go-1(KI=Keyinformant,F=FemaleKab=Kabul,Go=Government,1=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-2 (KI=Keyinformant,M=MaleKab=Kabul,Go=Government,2=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-3(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,3=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-4(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,4=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-5(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,5=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-6(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,6=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-7(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,7=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-Go-8(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,8=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-9(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,9=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-10(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,10=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-11(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,11=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-12(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,12=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-13(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,13=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-14(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,14=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-15(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,15=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-16(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,16=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-17(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,17=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-18(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,18=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-19(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,19=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-20(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,20=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-21(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,21=Sequence)CivilSociety=CSFGD-M-Kab-CS-1(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,1=Sequence)FGD-M-Kab-CS-2(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,2=Sequence)FGD-M-Kab-CS-3(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-4(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,4=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-5(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,5=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-CS-6(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,6=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-CS-7(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,7=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-CS-8(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,8=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-CS-9(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,9=Sequence)PublicInstitutions=PI KI-F-Kab-PI-1 (KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,PI=PublicInstitution,1=Sequence)

afghanistan rights monitor monitoring cycle 5: july...

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