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Afghanistan: Pathways to Peace

BUILDING TRUST IN A DIVIDED SOCIETY

SURVEY AND FOCUS GROUP RESULTS

June 2010

Department of Peace, National Centre for Policy Research (NCPR), Kabul University

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1) BACKGROUND

The Afghan war has strong roots in the civil war and important regional dimensions that have not been dealt with adequately. The length and complexity of the civil war, the depth of past grievances, and concerns about ongoing and potential future injustices prevent Afghan groups from uniting for security, peace and stability. The strong ties parties to the conflict have developed with governments and other groups in the region over the course of the civil war have made any inter-Afghan peace deal prone to sabotage and difficult to implement. This is particularly true with respect to India and Pakistan.

The nine-year civil war not only killed over eighty thousands civilians in Kabul, Parwan, Mazar, Bamyan and other parts of the country, but also forced warring factions and coalitions to draw heavily on their identity groups. As the war continued, the parties became progressively more dominated by ethnicity and more dependent on their regional allies. Thus many ordinary Afghans from Pashto, Tajik, Hazara and Uzbek areas have become either combatants or innocent victims of vengeance. Several countries in the region have supplied weapons and money to their allies in the civil war. A month after September 11, 2001, American-led forces joined one side of the civil war to topple the Taliban regime and eliminate the Al-Qaeda leadership. The civil war became entwined with the “War on Terror”; neighbouring states and non-state actors in the region continued to act as key players in the broader conflict, along with the parties to the Afghan civil war. The “War on Terror” that began on Afghan soil in October 2001 added a broader international layer to a complex civil war that had already involved neighbouring and regional countries such as Pakistan, India, the Arab States, Iran, Russia, Tajikistan and Turkey.

The mislabeling of a multi-fragmented civil war as a “War on Terror” has prevented systematic efforts to address its political components. Instead, a military solution was priviledged, but has proven to be an inadequate response. To address the political components of the Afghan war, one needs to explore their nature and role in achieving security, peace and stability in Afghanistan. This qualitative research project is aimed at getting first hand information from key stakeholders in Afghan civil society and from combatants in the current war.

2) OBJECTIVE

To identify conflict resolution and reconciliation options for Afghanistan through interviews and discussions with a diverse sample of key national stakeholders inside Afghanistan.

3) METHODOLOGY

With assistance and guidance from local provincial councils and universities, a combination of Purposive and Convenience Sampling was used to select individuals and groups. Attempts were made to speak to individuals and groups from diverse segments of the population, including men

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and women from urban and rural areas, from different age groups, and from a variety of social backgrounds. The research team, assembled from Kabul University faculty and students, included 3 male senior researchers, 12 junior researchers (11 men and 1 woman) and 7 research assistants (5 men and 2 women). They were informed about the objectives and design of the study and trained in administering a questionnaire in face-to-face interviews and organizing and facilitating focus group discussions. Guidelines on the methodology for the interviews and focus discussions were prepared in both Afghan national languages, Pashto and Dari.

A questionnaire with 25 questions in six domains was developed in Dari, peer reviewed, and translated into Pashto. The questionnaire was then pilot tested in both languages, following guidelines for pilot-testing of a qualitative research instrument. Six questions (one per domain) were used to structure the focus group discussions.

Following the best practice in field research, each researcher and research assistant was introduced by a letter from the Department of Peace at the National Centre for Policy Research (NCPR), Kabul University. The letter explained the purpose of the research, the process of the interview or focus group discussion, and the amount of time it was going to take. Once the potential participant verbally indicated interest, they were assured of confidentiality and of having the choice to discontinue at any moment during the interview or focus group discussion. Participants were informed that the results would be reported as in summary form without identifying individuals or groups.

Key themes covered by the questions included major historic and recent injustices that might play a role in present and future peace and conflict dynamics in Afghanistan; concerns about potential future injustices that prevent groups from working together to address national crises; regional dimensions of the conflict; and viable and sustainable peace options for Afghanistan. The six domains of the questionnaire were 1) dreams for Afghanistan (3 items); 2) grievances related to injustices of the distant and recent past (5 items); 3) current and potential future injustices (5 items); 4) unresolved national issues (4 items); 5) relations with neighboring and regional countries (4 items); and 6) options for peace and stability (4 items).

4) RESULTS

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 453 men and women of diverse ethnic, linguistic, and social backgrounds from 11 provinces of Afghanistan. 30 focus group discussions were held, with a total of 130 men and women participating in 12 provinces.

4.1) Profile of Survey Respondents

The ethnic and linguistic diversity of the survey respondents was close to their demographic representation in Afghan society, and the field research covered 12 provinces and included

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individuals born in 26 provinces. However, one of the major limitations of the research was that the majority of participants were male (71.7%), residing in urban areas (75.9%), and highly educated (86.7% had a grade twelve education or more). They were also in their majority well-off economically and socially in leadership positions, either as traditional leaders or as professionals in government, civil society, or the private sector. This was the result of a deliberate attempt to interview people who would be informed about Afghan politics and recent history and who would be able to make proposals and discuss priorities for ways to address Afghanistan’s problems, but it is unclear to what extent the research findings hold among the illiterate majority, in rural areas, and among women.

Almost two thirds of the survey respondents were men (71.7% male, 26.5% female). The ages of respondents were quite evenly spread out, though with a higher representation of those over 25 years (15-24 years: 17.4%; 25-34 years: 28.9%; 35-44 years: 23.8%; and over 45 years: 27.2%). Most of them were married (Married: 71.1%; Single: 21.9%). There was a high prevalence of participants with post-secondary education (PhD: 0.9%; Masters: 8.2%; Bachelors: 41.9%; Grade 14: 15.2%; Grade 12: 20.5%; Secondary education: 4.9%; Primary education: 2.4%; Illiterate: 1.3%). In addition, over three quarters of respondents lived in urban areas (Urban: 75.9%; Rural 10.6%).

Eight major ethnic groups were represented among the respondents (Pashto: 35.6%; Tajik: 32.7%; Hazara: 14.8%; Uzbek: 7.7%; Pashai: 0.9%; Baluch: 0.7%; Turkmen: 0.4%; Nooristani: 0.2%; other: 3.8%). This means that seven linguistic groups participated in the process (Dari: 56.5%; Pashto: 31.6%; Uzbeki: 7.3%; Pashai: 0.7%; Turkmeni: 0.4%; Nooristani: 0.2%; Baluchi: 0.2%). While the participants in the field research lived in the 12 provinces where the research was conducted, their places of birth included 26 provinces: Kabul Logar, Bamyan, Parwan, Nangarhar, Laghman, Kandahar, Paktia, Khost, Samangan, Hirat, Balkh, Ghazni, Jowzjan, Takhar, Baghlan, Maidan, Panjshir, Kunduz, Kunar, Urozgan, Daikundi, Farah, Helmand, Nooristan and Faryab.

Respondents were highly diverse in their social status and held a wide range of occupations: 10.8% were members of provincial councils; 7.3% village elders; 6.6% members of political parties; and 2.9% were mullahs. The remainder included judges and other civil servants, parliamentary staff, members of the national police and army, staff of the human rights commission, members of organized civil society (including women’s organizations), political analysts, university professors and students, teachers and school principals, high-school students, businesspeople, doctors, lawyers, journalists, and ordinary citizens.

4.2) Focus Groups ParticipantsThirty-two focus group discussions were conducted in twelve cities. No interviews were held in the city of Kabul; instead, ten focus groups were held with gender- and ethnic-specific groups (two women-only groups, two Hazara, two Pashto, two Tajik, one Uzbek, one Turkmen, and one

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combined Qezelbash, Nooristani and Pashai). Twenty-two focus groups were conducted in the provinces, two in each of the 11 provinces.

4.3) Dreams for AfghanistanBoth the survey and the focus groups invited participants to discuss what their ideal Afghanistan would look like. On a general level, Afghans from across Afghanistan shared similar dreams for their country. A dream Afghanistan was, for most participants, associated with security, unity, prosperity, progress, democracy and a politically strong Islamic government that is free from corruption and discrimination. Some participants put more value on one characteristic and some on another:

Survey respondents described their dreams for Afghanistan as involving a country that is secure, progressive and prosperous (74.9%); a place where the rule of law prevails (67.5); ruled by a government that is effective, service-oriented and free from corruption (62.3%); inhabited by people who are united (61.1%); a place where Islamic rules are implemented (61.4%); a country free from ethnic repression (52.1%); a society where democracy is exercised (48.6%); and a state that is politically strong (45.7%).

The responses obtained in the focus groups were similar to those offered in the interviews. In two of the groups, an Afghanistan free from rigid-mindedness, from poverty, and from drugs was mentioned. Some widely-held desires were “a state that nurtures all the cultures of all the ethnicities and promotes tolerance; responsive to the needs of all ethnicities; civilized; self-sufficient; free from tribal dominance and injustice; a state where people understand their responsibilities towards the country; Afghanistan is for all Afghans.” People desired a government of an Islamic nature; for some, that meant a government based on moderate Islamic values, which is run and led by experts with a good reputation and a commitment to the national interest.” The rule of law, the rule of Islam, and democracy were considered as equally important and compatible with each other. Participants in focus groups in all parts of Afghanistan also put emphasis on wishing for “a country with a sufficient number of high-quality educational institutions, including schools and universities, and a country that is technologically advanced.” The value of Afghanistan’s national identity and the need for people to put the national interest ahead of personal interests was mentioned in six of the focus group discussions.

4.4) Biggest Obstacles for Reaching that Dream AfghanistanThere was also wide agreement on what the key obstacles were to attaining that dream Afghanistan, though different people put the emphasis on different aspects. War, insecurity, foreign interference, control of the government by spoilers (warlords and the mafia), inequitable development, ethnic domination, the lack of rule of law, and wide-spread poverty and illiteracy were seen as the main difficulties. In order of importance, the main hindering factors identified were widespread ignorance and illiteracy (65%); lack of the rule of law (64%); corruption in all levels and sectors of the government and its agencies (63.3%); poverty (59%); divisions among

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Afghans (56%); war, insecurity, and foreign interference (54.7%); influence of internal and external mafia on government decisions (53%); a government led by individuals and groups who discriminate against others on an ethnic and/or linguistic basis (45%); inequitable investment for development (45%); dominance of one ethnicity over others (44%); interference of neighbours and superpowers (37%); low economic base; control of spoilers (warlords) over the economy; corruption from the top; violence; and harmful traditions.

4.5) Potential Measures to Remove these Obstacles

There was also wide agreement on the general approaches to dealing with these obstacles, including fighting corruption, creating jobs, appointing people to key jobs based on their qualifications, strengthening the military and police, consolidating national unity, building the capacity of the government, and working for peace. In order of importance, the entry points suggested for solving Afghanistan’s main problems were: fighting corruption (64%); creating jobs, e.g. by establishing factories (63.6%); appointing qualified, professional and honest cadres to key positions and training them (62%); strengthening the military and police, including the border police and national security bodies (60%); significantly reducing poverty and unemployment (58%); promoting social justice (57%); increasing literacy throughout the country (56%); enforcing the rule of law and avoiding nepotism and cronyism (54%); eliminating discrimination (52%); enforcing Islamic Shariat (51%); promoting national unity through wide participation in policy-making and public education led by the mosques and the media (50%); ending the influence of the mafia on the government (50%); rebuilding the factories (but not giving them to the private sector - 40%); holding comprehensive dialogues including all sectors of society; and reconciling with the armed opposition (52.3%).

4.6) The Biggest Injustices at the Present Time

The survey and focus groups then explored the grievances felt by the different population groups of Afghanistan. The most significant present-day injustices experienced by respondents were the misuse of power by spoilers (warlords), ethnic and linguistic discrimination, and the killing of Pashto civilians in the South. The emphasis on the spoilers and warlords may have been due to the urban bias; urban Afghans support human rights, including women’s rights, more strongly. The issue of the “killing of the Pashtoons” represented a strong feeling among the Pashtoons, especially those who live in the South and East.

In order of frequency mentioned, the major grievances mentioned in the survey were: the fact that laws were not enforced, especially not towards warlords (73.7%); corruption (73.5%); the appointment of unqualified individuals to government positions (66.6%); the dominance of the warlords in the political, economic and social affairs of Afghanistan (56.5%); the confiscation of private and public property by warlords and the drug mafia (55%); continuous repression and

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abuse of ordinary people by the warlords (51.2); ethnic and linguistic discrimination (50.3%); and the unjustified killing of civilians in the Southern provinces (50.3%).

The results of the focus group discussions are very similar to those of the survey. Most participants felt strongly about the monopoly of warlords and other spoilers over politics and the economy and the fact that laws were not enforced with respect to warlords and other strongment: “A woman was tortured and killed and the killer is still free.” In addition to having a free hand to abuse local residents, the warlords and other strongmen also hold economic monopolies; for example, to import of fuel to the North, “4 tradesmen, who are supported by the President, have a monopoly, while 64 other local traders get nothing.”

4.7) Measures to Address Present-day Injustices

The measures proposed to remove these grievances were similar to those listed as ways to deal with the obstacles to achieving a dream Afghanistan. In order of frequency mentioned, they were: Establish a government that is sovereign, broad-based, effective, not corrupt, stable, accepted by the public, and capable of enforcing the law (73.7%); promote social justice (67.8%); appoint professional and qualified individuals (academics and professionals) to the government without ethnic and linguistic connections and considerations (66.6%); and create an atmosphere conducive to healthy political, social and economic competition (50.8%).

4.8) Ethnic Grievances and Injustices

The field research started with the hypothesis that victimization and discrimination along ethnic lines was an underlying factor in the conflict in Afghanistan; a factor that had caused significant grievances, but that was somewhat taboo and not discussed as openly as it should be. The survey was hence designed to tease out this aspect more.

The majority of respondents to the survey thought that all ethnic groups had been victimized at one time or another in Afghanistan. A sizable proportion of participants felt that overall, the Pashtoons had been oppressed over the last 30 years or even the last 230 years. About 23.2% of participants thought that Pashtoons had been oppressed culturally during the era of the Pashtoon dynasty (230 – 30 years ago) because the Pashto kings were surrounded by Tajiks and Hazaras. 43.9% disagreed, although only 1.3% thought that the dominance of non-Pashtoons around the Pashto royal families was justified because the Farsi speakers were more urbanized than the Pashto royal families.

About 70% of participants believed that all ethnic groups had been victimized during the past thirty years, but not necessarily based on ethnic factors. Only about a third (32.7%) believed that all ethnic groups had victimized other ethnic groups at one time or another. 27.6% felt that, in the last thirty years, the Pashtoons in particular had been discriminated against. Interestingly, a

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quarter of the participants did not agree that there had been any oppression of any particular ethnic group by another ethnic group, but felt that it had been the government of the day that had treated Afghan citizens in general unfairly.

51.2% believed that the governments of the last 30 years had generally been oppressive, but only 4.2% felt that governments had systematically oppressed certain groups based on ethnicity. 17.9% felt that the Jihadi leaders had discriminated against people on an ethnic basis and 10.2% felt that the Taliban had oppressed people based on their ethnic affiliation.

With respect to the ethnic composition of the current government of President Karzai, around half of the respondents thought that Pashtoons dominated Karzai’s government (47.5%). About a quarter (24.9%) of respondents considered that Karzai’s government was ethnically balanced. A small number felt that non-Pashtoons were dominant in the government (7.3%), and an even smaller number said that more Pashtoons in the government were justified (3.8). 38% thought that there was discrimination based on linguistic affiliation.

Quite a large proportion of respondent (36.4%) felt that ethnicity was not a significant factor and oppression based on ethnicity had not happened. Others objected to the line of questioning, thinking that asking a lot of question about ethnic relations was going to further divide the Afghans (5.3%). A small number of respondents (4.2%) believed that ethnic divisions in Afghanistan were caused by foreign interference.

A majority of the participants thought that grievances related to the past were directly contributing to the current armed conflict (66.4%), and many others felt that they were having an indirect impact (26.7%). The fact that Afghans, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, feel that they have been oppressed and victimized over the past 30 years has serious implications for peacebuilding today in terms of Afghans’ suspiciousness and inability to trust.

4.9) Healing the Wounds and Preventing Further Injustice

When asked what should be done about these grievances fuelling the current conflict, the single most frequently mentioned remedy was education. 68.4% of survey respondents felt that expanding education services across the country was a solution. 58.9% emphasized vocational education in particular. This high faith in education as the solution may be a function of the prevalence of highly educated individuals among respondents and of the urban bias of the field work; however, it has been suggested in the literature that education is highly valued even in rural areas of Afghanistan.

65.1% emphasized dialogue and reconciliation work through the mosques, the media, and education events to eliminate misunderstandings and misconceptions between different ethnic

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groups, and another 58% called for gatherings and other opportunities to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts. 50.3% suggested widening peace education through the media.

However, just as strong as the call for education and dialogues was the call for justice for the crimes perpetrated over the last 30 years. 63.1% of respondents asked for transitional justice to be implemented. 58.2% demanded that criminals and warlords should be punished: “Serious punishment is needed for serious crimes.” 48.3% suggested the creation of an organization to defend the rights of victims, and 47.2% called a mechanism to admit and acknowledge past (and more recent) crimes and repression.

The fourth main area of recommendations related to better governance. 63.5% called for stronger national unity. 61.4% emphasized that all ethnic groups should be included in government decision-making, and 55.6% pointed out that the national budget should be allocated to all provinces in an equitable fashion. 61.1% wanted to see a stronger national army and police and have the international forces transfer their authority to them.

The importance of resolving outstanding issues with the other countries in the region was also highlighted. On the one hand, 52.3% of respondents wanted friendly relationships with other countries based on mutual respect and non-interference. On the other hand, 52.9% wanted better coordination between Afghanistan and the international community in the military, political, economic and cultural areas, which presupposes continued involvement by other countries in Afghanistan.

4.10) Unresolved National and Regional Issues

The survey and focus groups then tried to look at unresolved national and regional issues of relations with neighbouring countries; however, the discussion tended to remain on the ethnic question. It focused on injustices related to languages and on the privileges associated with the numerical size of an ethnic group. Linguistic injustice is considered as a larger problem by Pasthoons than by non-Pashtoons, which goes together with the claim of cultural oppression throughout history. In particular, participants from many provinces considered it unfair that educational curricula, government documents, titles and signs were always in Dari and that Dari was spoken in government offices and the media. For example, more and more Pashtoons were asking for Pashto as a medium of instruction for their children in Kabul schools recently. This issue created considerable tension between Dari-speakers and non-Dari speakers. The most constructive suggestion to resolve this problem was to “develop all languages and support all cultures.”

At the same time, many members of smaller non-Pashtoon ethnic groups, especially Hazara, and also some Pashtoon participants repeatedly asked for a national census to counter the estimates given by the United Nations or the CIA. They considered that ethnic groups tended to receive

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benefits and privileges in proportion to their numerical importance and believed a census would show them to merit greater representation and attention.

Some repondents also mentioned the need to revise the distribution of power between the center (Kabul) and the provinces. Similarly, some pointed to the distribution of power and resources between people living in different regions. Since some districts and provinces have very few residents and others are highly populated, this creates government units disproportionate to the number of people living in them and gives more representation and resources to more sparsely populated areas on a per capita basis.

At the regional level, the major issues discussed were the dispute over the Durand Line and water issues at the borders with both Iran and Pakistan. Iran is opposed to the Salma Dam and is spreading propaganda that the water of this dam is Haram because Indians touch the water. At the same time, the perceived loyalties of some key Afghans and their followers to either Iran or Pakistan were seen as a serious national challenge. Dialogues and cooperation are needed to address the regional disputes.

4.11) Measures to Address the Unresolved Issues

Some survey respondents and focus group participants took extreme views on resolving the conflict in Afghanistan, suggesting either that there was no solution or that only comprehensive development, a strong government “that is made of all and serves all” and “total justice for everyone” could address the conflict.

Others proposed more moderate and concrete steps that could be taken to deal with the outstanding issues at the national level. These included peace and reconciliation processes, Jirgas and dialogues, as well as the promotion of a culture of tolerance. Some of the proposal were to “support all cultures and all languages; resolve the Pashto-Dari issue by promoting both languages; use apology and forgiveness for healing of the past; institutionalize peace work; develop peace education; and organize a peace campaign to take the war thinking out of people’s minds.”

The discussion in the focus groups emphasized the need to promote a culture of peace and tolerance. For example, people had to tolerate if members of a different ethnic group, even a minority, won an election. In order to resolve its national issues, Afghanistan needed to promote respect for individual rights without considering their identity; a just and strong government that was supported by the peple; cultural development and education; freedom in foreign relations; economic self-sufficiency; and justice for war crimes and other atrocities.

When asked if they thought that a federal government system would resolve some of Afghanistan’s problems, 69.1% disagreed and only 16.1% agreed. All Pashtoons and a majority

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of Tajiks and Hazara rejected federalism as a way to address ethnic conflict, and many more though Afghanistan was not ready for it at the time. One focus group argued that the problem was not the system or structure of the government, but its effectiveness and honesty. Some thought that federalism was not feasible because a number of provinces were poor and the differences in resources and revenues would prevent balanced development throughout the country. Some also feared that, by giving more power to the provinces, a federal system would give more freedom and power to war leaders and mafias and would thus increase chaos and anarchy. Some, however, felt that, while a federal system in Afghanistan was not going to solve all the problems, it would allow local planning and better budgeting and budget execution. Participants considered that local elections were important, as a local government elected by the people would be more accountable to them.

In terms of regional conflict, solving the dispute over the Durand line and the water problems with Iran through dialogue was suggested as a key step to address the negative role of these neighbouring countries.

4.12) Foreign Intervention in Afghanistan

Most participants in the survey and focus groups held Afghanistan’s neighbours responsible for some or most of the killing in Afghanistan. A majority had strong opinions on the motives of neighbouring, regional and Western countries for intervening in Afghanistan. Many believed in certain conspiracy theories, including that the British government wanted revenge for the forces they lost in the Anglo-Afghan wars or the killing of British Ambassador MacNaughton, or that the international forces were on a renewed crusade. Another common theory was that the International Forces involvement in Afghanistan was essentially about accessing resources in Central Asia or other hidden agendas. Others pointed to the vicious cycle created by divisions among Afghans, coupled with a weak government, on the one hand and interference from neighbouring countries on the other.

81% of respondents believed that other countries interfered in Afghanistan for their own national interests; 67.3% thought that other countries feared a strong government in Afghanistan; 64.2% thought that other coutries feared in particular a reopening of historical disputes such as the Durand Treaty; 57.8% thought that neighbours were destabilizing Afghanistan to continue making illegal use of Afghanistan’s water; 57.6% believed neighbouring countries feared losing the Afghan market if Afghanistan developped economically; 54.3% thought that countries in the region were afraid of Afghanistan hosting a strong U.S. military base and boosting U.S. influence in the region; and 53% believed foreign countries were interfering in Afghanistan because they wanted to exploit the local natural resources and mines .

In terms of the shape foreign interference took, 81.7% pointed to direct or indirect support, training and equipping of anti-government forces; 72.6% believed foreign countries were

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purposely deepening the divide among ethnic groups; 60% felt foreign groups were supporting the cultivation and smuggling of drugs; and 4.8% believed foreign governments were imposing a dumping policy in favour of foreign products and merchandize.

Most of the participants thought that the interference could be transformed into regional cooperation. 65.1% underlined that investment in regional cooperation was crucial. 64.4% pointed to the need for honest dialogue and mediation and, closely related to the need for dialogue, 53.8% called for mutual understanding instead of blaming games. 52% called for concerted effort to find solutions for problems like the water dispute in Helmand.

4.13 Common Ground for Peace

Information from focus groups brought up a number of important issues. With respect to the regional and international factors, assertions were made frequently that the source of conflict and perceived injustice had been, at least in part, outside Afghanistan. Conflict originated with or was increased by the two main neighbouring countries, Iran and Pakistan, who pursued their interests, whether these were driven by fear or by hegemonic aspirations. A weak Afghan government and a tendency for Afghan political parties to have links to neighbouring countries based on a shared ethnic identity and/or ideology were considered an important part of the dynamic that led to such interference. The notion of ‘cultural invasion’ was considered a threat to Afghan culture that was on the rise and expected to get stronger in the future. On the other hand, there also were comments asking Afghans to accept responsibility for their own failures: “Before blaming foreigners, we should acknowledge the loss of patriotism and humanism” among Afghans.

Almost all participants of the focus groups mentioned one way or another that the Afghans, especially political and military groups, did not trust each other. In particular, they did not trust their leader and felt that the nation’s biggest problems were either caused by leaders or, at a minimum, not solved by the political leaders in power. This might be caused by simple incompetence or by corruption. There was a lot of discussion about the ‘epidemic’ of those in power accumulating wealth, filling their pockets, and stealing. There was a wide-spread sense that the majority of individuals in key positions were after getting and keeping power, as opposed to serving the interests of the people.

Commitment to the rights of everyone in Afghanistan as human beings was seriously overshadowed by a commitment to one’s ethnic group. This was seen as a social ailment. Many respondents indicated that there were small groups in Afghanistan who promoted divides and abuses based on ethnicity; it was not all the people of any given ethnicity who promoted ethnic divisions or commited human rights violations.

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The fact that there are a wide range of common views, at least at the higher, more general level, on the problems and options for solutions is promising. Across ethnic groups and regions, people recognize the role played by Iran and Pakistan, intertwined with the loyalties of different Afghan groups to these neighbours, in maintaining and deepening divisions among political leaders and elite groups. The weakness of the Afghan government makes it unable to counter this trend. Afghans should put their own house in order first before blaming others. This awareness among parts of the (urban, highly educated) study population may not be shared by other, less informed segments of the population.

4.14) Preparing the Ground for Peace and ReconciliationFollowing is the most sensitive part of this report, especially for Afghan readers. Before reading each one of the one-sided, partly exaggerated, partly-unverified, partly incomplete perceptions and grievances of each ethnic group, the following needs to be acknowledged:

Many Afghans, regardless of whether they are Pashtoon, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Pashai, Nooristani, Aymaq, Qezelbash, Arab or Suni, Shiit or Wahabi, share a problem that is common after civil war. They share the memory and trauma of both real and perceived injustice, of mutual and/or one-sided victimization, and of major and long-lasting abuse and suffering. The good news is that experience tells us that there are ways to deal with the trauma and suffering in order to achieve a certain degree of reconciliation and healing, allowing the former opponents in a civil war to re-establish positive, cooperative relationships. The bad news is that this requires bringing the issues into the open, which can be like opening wrapped and dressed wounds. A wound opened may hurt and bleed, but if it is treated right, long-term healing results from the process, which makes it worthwhile.

In addition, sharing stories and perspectives of victimization on each side begins to address the multiplicity of history. In the wake of a long-lasting and bitter conflict, each identity group holds a biased views of the own “in-group” and the enemy “other,” perceiving the own side mainly as the victim and the “other” mainly as the perpetrator of atrocities. As a result, each identity group has a different history of any given incident of conflict based on its own experience. It is vital for all Afghan readers to understand the bias and one-sidedness of their view. It is even more important for all Afghans to listen to the complaints, claims and grievances of the enemy or “the other” with full respect and an open mind, assuming that at least some of the “other’s” claims might be true. Reading this section of the report will open a door to bringing back the lost empathy and mutual understanding.

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A: GRIEVANCES OF THE HAZARA OF AFGHANISTAN:

- At the time of the Pashtoon dynasty, the Pashtoon royal family and people around them took Hazaras as slaves. In general, the Pasthoon kings and royalty suppressed all non-Pashtoons, and most of all the Hazara.

- The Hazara in the army were not allowed to rise to a rank higher than Dagarman or to get promoted beyond Khurd Zabith.

- King Abdul Rahman tortured and killed Hazaras by pouring heated oil on their bodies and cutting off their heads.

- A recent Kuchi attack killed 44 Hazara. A Hazara girl was killed while playing in 2009.

- The Hazara have been marginalized throughout history, including in recent years. 85% of development funds are spent in insecure areas, which leaves out the areas where the Hazara live, including Badakhshan.

- Bamyan is neglected in terms of public investment, despite repeated promises. Bamyan has only 2 kilometers of paved roads, which were paved for the Governor’s use.

- In the current Parliament, large groups of narrow-minded Pashtoons and Tajiks are majorities and the Hazaras form a minority. Hence, Tajiks and Pashtoons dominate decision-making. Hazara Members of Parliament cannot speak about anything that is critical of the Pashtoons.

- Hazaras are discriminated against in terms of employment and educations opportunities.

- The Hazara population is estimated at 16-20% of Afghans, but Hazaras believe their proportion to be higher.

- In the past, Pashtoons and Tajiks did not consider Hazaras as being from Afghanistan.

- Considering the population of Bamyan compared to that of many small provinces, Waras district should become a province.B: GRIEVANCES OF OTHER NON-PASHTOONS:

- The Pashtoons absorbed the Pashai, Nooristani and Baluch ethnic groups. Otherwise, no ethnic group would be the majority in Afghanistan.

- The time of the Kings was bad for Jowzjan because Pashtoons were brought to northern

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Afghanistan as settlers. Retired Pashtoons got 600 Jirib of land, while Tajiks and Hazaras got 300 Jiribs. Pashtoons still hold large amounts of land, which shows their privileged position resulting from their monopoly on power in the past.

- From the time of King Ahmad Shah on, the Pashtoons used more than their share of resources because their proportion of the population was higher than those of other ethnic groups. They also had a higher economic status in society.

- The Pashtoon royal families were busy with amusements or fighting within their families. They did not provide good leadership to Afghanistan or even just for the Pashtoons.

- The times of King Abdul Rahman and of the Taliban were times of high levels of oppressions. Most injustices were committed by Pashtoons. Pashtoons took the best lands and sent the Hazaras to the worst lands. More recently, they sent the Kuchies to Behsood [to attack Hazara villages]. The Pashtoon governments misused government resources.

- During the time of Dr. Najib, General Momen and Hilaludin Helal were unjustly removed.

- Southern Pashtoons were exempted from military service.

- Farsi became the dominant language around the time of the Pashtoon kings because it is a richer language and easy to learn. Many Pashtoons like to learn it.

- Currently, the national anthem and the national ID are in Pashto.

- Acts of revenge by Non-Pashtoons between 1992 and 2001 were an explosive reaction to past repressions. Repression still continues.

- During Rabani’s government, public servants worked without salaries.

- The Turkmens in northern Afghanistan have been ignored.

- The Pashtoons do not allow Tajiks to run the country. Provincial governors and municipal governments are not elected because the Pashtoons want to dominate these positions.

- In some cases, Tajiks are discriminated against by both Hazaras and Pashtoons. “Awgho Awgho; Azra-Azra; Tajik Chi Kare.”

- In the current Afghan Cabinet, Pashtoons are over-represented.

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- The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is not needed anymore. It is a duplication of the Ministry of Interior. There is discrimination in appointments and in the selection scholarship recipients.

- There are coal mines in Samangan, but the people living there have to use primitive fuel.

- Pashtoons have an inclination to dominate, using the majority-minority rhetoric. Majority status should not legitimize a monopoly on power; nowadays, Turks lead Iraq and a black President leads the US. If a Tajik or Hazara wins an election, Pashtoons should tolerate this outcome.

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C: GRIEVANCES OF THE PASHTOONS OF AFGHANISTAN:

- Pashtoons have been culturally oppressed. For example, Farsi was the language of the dynasty and Pashto was labeled as the language of rural and less civilized people.

- Farsi speakers have been manipulating Pashtoon kings, and Pashtoon kings did not do much for Pashtoons.

- Injustice against the Pashtoons started during the time of Tahir Fushanji. Zanborak Shah buried men alive in the Kabul wall. During the era of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi, the tongues of Pashtoon poets were cut out.

- Temorshah Abdali made a mistake when he moved the capital to Kabul, because after that Pashtoons were culturally exploited.

- In Ahmad Shah Baba’s government, there were a lot of Qezelbash employees.

- Abdur Rahman Khan’s government was tough on criminals and he was a good king by the world standards of the time. Pashtoon governments have had the most stability.

- If Pashtoons ruled the country in the past, it was because they were the majority and they were the ones who made sacrifices to defend the country.

- Pashtoons have always made sacrifices and protected and defended Afghanistan, even though the offices were run in the Farsi language.

- When legal and criminal court cases were heard in Farsi, poor Pashtoons did not know what was written, what evidence was presented, or even whether they had lost or won the case.

- Recently, a Pashtoon student at Kabul University who wrote a request in Pashtu was kicked out of the office.

- Pashtoons are fair to everyone, but others are not and do not stand by Pashtoons.

- Atrocities have been committed against Pashtoons, including nails being hammered into the heads of Pashtoons and Talib bodies being fed to dogs.

- Countries such as Russia, Pakistan and the US have the intention of destroying the Pashtoons and indiscriminately label them as Al-Qaeda. This is an international conspiracy against the Pashtoons.

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- Criminals have been brought back into power because of their lobbying and false reporting by anti-Pashtoons to the government or to foreign forces. This stems from Afghan hostilities and has led to bombings, indicriminate killing, and attacks on honor.

- In Bonn, the needs of the people, Hekmatyar, and the Taliban were ignored. That is why the war is continuing. Decisions were imposed on the people and the rights of many were violated.

- There is a long history of invasions and conspiracies against Pashtoons. A mass killing of Pashtoons is underway at present. Any Pashtoon with a turban is labeled as a Talib or as AlQaeda.

- Americans distribute aid and weapons in the North, while the Pashtoons are killed in the South. Neighbouring countries train Afghans to kill Afghans. They want to break Afghanistan into four parts. Foreign forces act based on fear of each other.

- Exposure visits and scholarships are mostly given to Farsi speakers.

- Many Pashtoons quit the national army because the training was in Farsi only.

- Cabinet ministers speak only in Dari. Publications appear only in Farsi. Decrees are always written in Dari.

- The government should immediately dissolve the National Security agency because it persecutes Pashtoons and has a very bad reputation.

- The Afghan government should stop the media propaganda against the Taliban and negotiate with them instead. It should engage with the Taliban through peace talks and give a share in the government to Hekmatyar. It should talk to them and remove their names from the black list.

- Children should be able to choose their language of instruction (Farsi or Pashto). The official language and the language of education in Pashtoon areas should be Pashtu. The school curriculum is currently mostly in Dari. This linguistic supremacy is offensive to Pashtoons. Trainers and teachers should be proficient in both languages. Media training should be in both languages.

These notes reflect the very real grievances and perceptions of injustice that form the tip of the iceberg of the anger and hatred that may have been behind the mass killing of members of

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certain identity groups in Kabul (1992-1996), Mazar, Parwan, Bamyan, and Dasht-e-Laili (1996-2001). The underlying fear and suspicion of one another, the lack of trust, can explain the fragmentation of the government, including the parliament. Governance is hampered by conspiracies based on group interests and the inability of the government to act in a cohesive way based on national interests.

5) DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Due to time constraints, the design of the study was modified and the sample was limited to a majority of city dwellers (75.9%), male (71.7%), young (56.1% 25-44 years of age), educated (86.7% grade twelve or above), married (71.1%), employed and enjoying reasonable social status.

5,1 Afghan Common Ground:It is a promising that the study populations have very common wishes for a desired Afghanistan; common causal analysis and extremely similar solution recommendations. This is a fertile ground for rebuilding the broken trust among Afghans, healing the wounds of the past and effectively dealing with the national issues that require resolution. Large majorities of participants identified, war, insecurity, foreign interferences, spoiler’s controlling the government, inequitable development, ethnic dominance, lack of rule of law and wide spread poverty. On the topic of injustices, all ethnic groups feel they are underrepresented in the government and that they were oppressed and victimized in some way over the past 30 years or prior to that. Solutions suggested to deal with the past grievances starts with investing in education and literacy services which again represent the urban and educated nature of the study participants, which may not be shared by rural Afghans. Despite variations in emphasis on characteristics and features, collectively all participants want the same Afghanistan. This could be a powerful foundation for Afghans to join hands to achieve common goals, which will make addressing the grievances and tackling the differences on the national unresolved issues, easier. Promising are also the common views on the problems, solution options, recognition of dishonesty from Iran and Pakistan, appreciating the loyalties of some Afghan groupings to these neighbors, an recognizing the need that Afghans should first put their own house in order (create an effective and powerful government) and then blame others. The common view on Iran and Pakistan is very interesting because in the past Pashtoons Mujahideen, especially those affected by the civil war (1992-2001) would only complain about Iran’s ill intentions in Afghanistan and the non-Pasthoons emotionally attached to the civil war, would do the same about Pakistan.

It appeared that most participants have a clear understanding of the motives of neighboring, regional and other countries and believed in a few conspiracy theories including revenge by British government for the forces they lost in the Anglo-Afghan wars.

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It was astonishing to learn that some participants talked about the vicious cycle of divisions among Afghans coupled with a weak government encouraging interference from neighboring countries. Key national unresolved issue listed by participants were limited to loyalties of some Afghan to neighboring countries, disputes with Pakistan over Durand and Iran over Helmand water. A few participants mentioned public apathy as a national unresolved issue.

The most constructive suggestion to resolve such problems were “develop all languages and support all cultures.” Peace and reconciliation measures plus tolerance were suggested to deal with the past and dialogues and cooperation to address the regional disputes.

5,1 Multiplicity of History and the Afghan Divide:However, it is important to acknowledge that definitions and understanding of issues like ethnic dominance, inequitable development, and foreign interference are not the same across ethnic groups nor data or evidence are used to back claims related to these issues. By ethnic dominance, Pashtoons mean that member groups of the former Northern Alliance uses force and or clever means possible to keep their monopoly on power as well as their economic upper hand. Pashtoons also claim that various levels and types of discrimination against Pashtoons have been exercised. One participant put it, “any effort to curb this monopoly is treated with huge but invalid reactions and mislabeled as attempt for bringing more Pashtoons to the power structure; while in reality steps like this are just to reduce the monopoly caused by the post-Bonn Victor’s Peace etc.” Non-Pashtoons described ethnic dominance as increasing appointments of Pashtoons in the government especially cabinet and especially to the key ministries such as Defense, Interior, finance, education etc. Such a trend is viewed as similar to the time of Pashtoon kings that is aimed at oppressing other ethnicities.” Among the non-Pashtoon political groups, from time to time claims of injustices against Hazara by Tajik or Uzbek against Turkmen, also surface.Likewise, foreign interference by Pashtoons groups who are friends of Pakistan is defined as the interference of India, Iran, Russia and even the United States. Same is defined by non-Pashtoons as interference of Pakistan through supporting anti-government armed forces. Claims of imbalanced development are made by all ethnicities without demonstrating data or valid comparative information.Similarly, when speaking about measure to address national challenges, participants from all ethnicities recommended such as countering corruption, creating jobs, appointing proper persons to key jobs, strengthening the military, police, national unity and the overall government and working for peace, division on defining proper persons to key jobs and national unity was found to be interesting. More Pashtoons mentioned national unity as solution which means ethnic identity and rights should not even be mentioned and all should consider themselves Afghan. Most non-Pashtoons do not use the phrase national unity that frequently instead use the terms “social justice” and “national participation” which entails equal ethnic rights and ending the Pashtoon dominance“

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A few Pashtoons believed that Pashtoons are the bigger brother and as a majority should enjoy more previliges and their language should be national and official. Examples of Russian language in the former Soviet, Farsi language in Iran, Turkish language in Turkey were brought in claiming that the language of majority should be spoken by all and used officially. A few non-Pashtoons however, felt strongly about ending any and every imposition of Pashtoons identity, language and symbols on other ethnicities including the name of the country Afghanistan and the identitiy of its citizens as Afghans; the term Afghan is seen as another word for Pashtoon. War in the South was characterized by many non-Pashtoons as a war against Al-Qaeda and terrorists while the same was termed by many Pashtoons especially those from the Southrn and Eastern provinces as “killing of the Pashtoons.”Linguistic injustice were seen by Pasthoons as a larger problem than by non-Pashtoons. A few participants termed it as “an on-going conspiracies against Pashtoons as a continuation of the cultural oppression that has gone on for centuries.” Resistance from non-Pashtoon authorities to allow Pashtoon children in Kabul to study in Pashto was viewed by one participant as an indication of Iran-backed anti-Pashtoon project led by a few groups in Afghanistan.

6, RECOMMENDATIONSDespite ethnic and linguistic diversity (8 major ethnic & 7 linguistic groups residing in 12 provinces but born in 26, given the specificity of the study sample, results can only be generalized to the people of Afghanistan who are similar to this sample. Therefore, results of this study shall not be considered representative of feeling, opinion, perception, believes and thoughts of all citizens of Afghanistan.Afghan society, especially on the level of educated and politically active is divided by lines of suspicion, anger and hatred. It is more so among those who took part or were affected severely by the civil war of 1992-2001. Peace efforts are needed to promote mutual understanding and empathy and to provide opportunities where ethnic groups seriously listen to the grievances, wishes and solutions of other groups. Peace work should raise awareness of the Afghans, that their view may be biased about others that they have to try to find other sides of each story by patiently and empathetically listening to those from other ethnicities. Most claims are not backed by data and evidence, research and peace education is needed to raise awareness on this handicap and provide data on major claims. It appears that both the historic and the recent oppressions especially the mass killings of identity groups in Kabul (1992-1996), Mazar, Parwan, Bamyan and famous Dasht-e-Laili (1996-2001) not only led to anger and hatred but also suspicion and fear of recurrence of those grave abuses. This lost trust is reflected in serious fragmentation of the government and parliament which prevents joint efforts to address national emergencies such as war, insecurities, poverty, illiteracy etc. Peace programs are needed to address the past grievances, perception of current injustices and concerns about future ones.

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APPENDICES

APPENDEX ONE

(DETAILED DATA FROM SURVEY)

Vision for Afghanistan (page 5):Majority of participants described their vision for Afghanistan:

- Secure, progressed and prosperous (74.9%)- Rule of law (67.5)- Effective government that is serving and free from corruption (62.3%)- United (61.1%)- With real Islamic government (61.4%)- With true democracy (48.6%)- No repression of one ethnicity by another (52.1%)- Free and independent (47.2%)- Politically strong (45.7%)

Biggest obstacles before reaching an Afghanistan according to their vision:

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- Widespread ignorance and illiteracy in the community (65%)- Lack of rule of law (64%)- Corruption in all governments and agencies (63.3%)- Poverty (59%) - Divisions among Afghans (56%)- War, insecurity, and foreign interference (54.7%)- Influence of internal and external Mafia in government decisions (53%)- Government led by discriminating (ethnically?) individuals and groups (45%)- Imbalanced development (45%)- Dominance of one ethnicity over others (44%)- What to do to achieve the vision (page 45)?

Measures suggested by participants to remove obstacles above:- Counter corruption (64%)- Appointing and training professional and honest cadre in all sectors (62%)- Strengthen military, police and national security (60%)- Eliminate poverty and unemployment (58%)- Establish social justice (57%)- Provide literacy throughout the country (56%)- Provide literacy throughout the country (56%)- Respect for the rule of law and enforcing rules and avoid nepotism and chronism (54%)- Eliminate discrimination (52%)- Enforce Islamic Shariat (51%)- Establish national unity through national participation and public education led through

mosques and media (50%)- Cut of the influence of Mafia from the government (50%)- Reconstruct factories but do not give them to private sector (40%)

What are the biggest injustices now (page 92)?-Lack of law enforcement on powerful men (73.7%)-Corruption (73.5%)-Appointment of incapable persons in key government positions (66.6%)-Dominance of the power-abuser on political, economic and social situation of the country (56.5%)-Confiscation of private and public properties by certain individuals and groups (55%)-Infinite repression/ abuse of the people by powerful persons (51.2)-Ethnic and linguistic injustices (50.3%)-Unjustified killing of the people (50.3%)WHAT TO DO TO ELIMINATE INJUSTICES?-Establish a government that is broad-based, effective, uncorrupt, stable, accepted by public, national sovernity, capable of enforcing the law (73.7%)

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- Establish social justice (67.8%)- Elect or appoint professional and knowledgeable (academic/ scientific) personality for government and parliament key posts, without considering ethnic and linguistic connections (66.6%)- Consider appropriateness (capability) in appointment and electing for key government posts (50.8%)- Create an atmosphere conducive for healthy political, social and economic competitions (50.8%)Repression by one ethnicity against others:-Every ethnic group repressed other (32.7%)-One ethnic group repressed others (22.5%)- Jihadi leaders oppressed others (17.9%)-Taliban repressed other ethnic groups (10.2%)- Government against other ethnic groups (4.2%)- I do not know (3.1%)-Taliban repressed all people (1.8%)- No repression has taken place (1.8%)- Communists repression of the people (1.5%)Impact of past injustices on continuation of current war:-Has had direct impact (66.4%)-Has had indirect impact (26.7%)-Has had unclear impact (2.2%)- I do not know (2%)Impact of injustices of the last 30 years on continuation of war:-Has had direct impact (66.4%)-Has had indirect impact (26.7%)-Has had unclear impact (2.2%)- I do not know (2%)During the era of Pashtoon Royal dynasty:-Cultural repression against Pashtoons did not exist (43.9%)-Cultural repression against Pashtoons existed (23.2%)-Such questions should not be asked (5.1%)- This is just a claim (4.9%)- It was the requirement of the time but not cultural repression (3.8%)- Dari is a richer language and Royal families needed the services of civilized non-Pashtoons (1.3%) - I do not know (12.1%)-No response (5.7%)People oppressed by Governments (in the last 30 years):

- All the governments (51.2%)

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- Yes, I agree (15.7%)- All governments of the past 30 years (15.7%)- None of the governments (9%)- During Mujahideen governments (3.5%)- During communist regimes (2.9%)- All governments except that of Dr. Najib (2%)- Current government (2%)- During Pashtoon kings (1.5%)- During Taliban government (1.8%)- I do not know (1.1%)- No response (4.9%)

During the past30 years which ethnic groups were oppressed?- All ethnicities (70%)- All except Pashtoons (7.1%)- Pashtoons (3.1%)- Minority ethnic groups (2.6%)- Hazara (0.4%)- No ethnicity (0.4%)- All except Uzbek (0.2%)- All except Hazara (0.2%)- All except Tajik (0.2%)- No response (14.8%)

How to heal the past wounds and grievances due to injustices?- Expand education services (68.4%)- Eliminate misunderstanding among ethnic groups through mosque, media and education

events (65.1%)- Implement transitional justice (63.1%)- Include all ethnic groups in government decision-making (61.4%)- Organize gatherings and opportunities to resolve inter-ethnic conflicts (58%)- Allocate appropriate budget to all provinces (55.6%)- Conduct interviews and media to promote peace (50.3%)- Crimes should be admitted and acknowledged (47.2%)

Some claim that Pashtoons have been oppressed in the last 8 years, what do you think?-Ethnic oppression has not happened (36.4%)-Other ethnic groups oppressed Pashtoons (27.6%)-All ethnicities against one another (11.5%)-This question should not have been asked (5.3%)-Oppressions are caused by foreign interferences (4.2%)-Pashtoons oppressed non-Pashtoons (3.3%)

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-Pashtoons oppressed Pashtoons (1.3%)-Oppressions are caused by ignorance and illiteracy of the people (0.7%)- I have no opinion (3.5%)- No response (6%)Some claim that Pasthoons are becoming dominant in the government, what do you think?-Yes that is true (47.5%)-All ethnic groups have share in the government (24.9%)- Non-Pashtoons are getting more powerful (7.3%)-Naturally, the share of competent ones gets bigger (3.8)- This is a foreigners’ conspiracy (3.8%)- I have no opinion (1.5%)-No change is seen in Pashtoons power (2.6%)- No response (7.3%)

National Disputes:• Tension over the official and national languages mainly in government-related curricula,

documents, offices, documents, titles, media, signs etc.)• Lack of national census and disputed claims about the sizes of populations• Government structure and distribution of power between the center and periphery• Proportionality of populations to government units on provincial and district levels (some

district or provinces with little and others with huge populations)Regional Disputes:• Dispute over Durand Line• Water issues in borders with Iran and Pakistan

Urgent National Problems (beyond the known and obvious ones e.g., poverty, unemployment, insecurity, illiteracy, drugs, foreign interferences, corruption etc.)• Loyalties of key Afghan individuals and groups to Iran or Pakistan• Weak and fragile national unity mainly due to multiplicity in the stories of oppressions

and injustices (both historic and now) • Apathy among the public

What is your fear from future injustices?- Political power in the hands of discriminating, non-specialists and less literate (66.6%)- Oppression of the silent majority by power-mongers (63.5%)- Inadequate law enforcement in justice organization (60.2%)- Confiscation of public property by power-mongers (55.6%)- Lack of respect by foreigners to our religion and culture (52.5%)- Lack of respect by foreigners to our religion and culture (52.5%)- Some ethnic groups wanting more than their share (49.4%)- Break down and split of the country into pieces (47.4%)

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What to do to prevent (return of, continuation of) future injustices?-Establish national unity (63.5%)-Strengthen the government though national participation (62.2%)-Strengthen national army, national police and transfer of authorities to them (61.1%)-Provide vocational education opportunities throughout the country (58.9%)-Strong commitment towards punishing criminals and power-mongers (58.2%)-Coordinate between the Afghan government and the international community in the areas of military, political, economic and cultural (52.9%)-Establish relationships with countries, especially neighbors that are based on mutual respect and no interference in each others’ internal affairs (52.3%)-Implement the process of transitional justice (48.7%)-Create organizations to defend the rights of the victims (48.3%)-Enforce the law (3.3%)What are major unresolved national issues that have caused tension and fragmentation?

- Lack of social and political justice (21%)- Lack of national unity and equity (18.5%)- Ethic, linguistic, racial, regional discrimination and biases (14.8%)- Lawlessness and corruption (11%)- Foreign interference (5.5%)- Durand dispute (4.9%)- Most of the above (4.4%)- Economic problems (2.6%)- Illiteracy and lack of education (2.2%)- Favoring own ethnic group (2.2%)- I do not know (1.5%)- Durand issue and foreign interferences (1.5%)- Durand issue, lack of national unity and national participation (1.1%)- This question should not have been asked (0.4%)- Violence against women (0.4%)- Inaccurate statistics (0.2%)- Narcotics (0.2%)- No response (7.3%)

How to address the national unresolved issues?- Establish total justice, national unity and government that is made of all (49.4%)- Through Jirgas and dialogues with ethnic elders (10.4) - Pay more attention to a Comprehensive development (8.2%)- Prevent foreign interference and solve Durand issue (6.2%)- Strengthen unity through public education via mosques and media (4.9%)- Bring full security and peace (4.9%)

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- Appoint competent and patriotic persons to key posts (4.2%)- Eliminate corruption, ethnic biases and injustices (1.3%)- Establish international monitoring (0.7%)- I do not know (1.8%)- There is no solution for these issues (0.2%)- No response (7.9%)

Some says that there are linguistic injustices, what do you think?- Should not have asked this question (41.1%)- Agree (38.4%)- Disagree (5.3%)- I do not know (4.4%)- Totally agree (4%) - Totally disagree (2%)- No response (4.9%)

Some claims that establishing a federal government will be a cure of the social ills, especially injustices in Afghanistan, what do you think?

- Disagree (69.1%) – it will split up the country- Agree (16.1%)- May be in the future (5.3%)- I do not know (2%)- Foreign interferences (0.7%)- All systems are good but the government is not honest (0.7%)- No response (6.2%)Why peace is not coming to Afghanistan?-Interferences of neighbors and superpowers (37%)-Ethnic biases and social injustices (24.1%) -Ineffective government, corruption and lawlessness (16.6%)-Foreign interference, poverty, unemployment (8.6%)-Narcotic drugs (2%)-Poverty and unemployment (1.5%)-Narrow mindedness and selfishness (1.5%)-Low literacy (1.7%)-No response (6%)What else needs to be done to achieve peace?-Improve financial and economy. Army, police and national security that is self-sufficient (67.7%)-Strengthen national unity (65.3%)- Job creation and establishing factories (63.6%)

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-Reconstruction, balanced development, reconstruction in provinces especially insecure ones (59.4%)- Protection of borders by border police (56.7%)- Establish justice and rule of law, especially against crimes (56.3%)-Full implementation of Islamic Sharia (54.7%)-Dialogue and reconciliation with those who are against the government (52.3%)

What are the types of foreign interferences in Afghanistan?-Directly or indirectly support, train and equipping anti-governmental forces (81.7%)-Deepening divide among ethnic groups (72.6%)-Train some citizens of Afghanistan to work against the interest of Afghanistan (67.5%)- Support cultivation and smuggling of drugs (60%) -Dumping policy by foreign industries (4.8%)

Why are these countries interfere?-For their own national interests (81%)-Afraid of a strong government in Afghanistan (67.3%) -- Reopening of the disputes such as Durand Treaty (64.2%)Fears of losing Afghan market if the Afghan develops economically (57.6%)- Illegal use of Afghanistan’s water (57.8%)-Fear of Afghanistan turning into a strong US military base and its influence in the region (54.3%)-Taking advantage of the natural resources and mines of Afghanistan (53%)Is it possible to diminish these interferences through promoting cooperation?-Agree (strong Afghan government comprehensively development) (73.7%)-Disagree (13.2%)-It will get reduced but not eliminated (2%)- I do not know (1.1%)-No response (9.9%) What should he government and international community do to promote this cooperation?-Regional cooperation is needed (65.1%)-Organize dialogues participated by specialist, impartial and honest to resolve conflicts (64.4%)-Real and honest cooperation from all parties involved to resolve the hostilities (62.2%)-Stop the blaming politics and attempts mutual understanding (53.8%)-Think realistically to solve problems like Helmand Water (52%)

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APPENDIX TWO

RESULTS OF THE FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ON

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Chapter I.CONSOLIDATED SUMMARY RESULTS FOR TEN GROUPS(Balkh, Samangan, Jowzjan, Hirat, Kandahar, Khost, Logar, Paktia, Kabul -1 and Kabul -2)COMMON VIEWS ACROSS ETHNICITIES:• We need strong army, strong independent government, strong economy, education and

literacy to reach all; justice for all; no identity-related dominance or discrimination; drug- & corruption free, free from ethnic superiority; people more responsible; leaders prefer national interest to personal

• Low literacy and less educated societies make us vulnerable for manipulation by others or our own leaders

• Balanced development; all members equal rights and good education are essential• Lack of Afghan solidarity is the ground for foreign interferences; many countries

interfere out of fear• Most leaders are self-interested and accumulate wealth• Many political parties because most of them are funded from outside and represent the

interest s of others• A few key Afghans individuals and groups are loyal to Iran or Pakistan • Cultural invasions should be stopped• Ensure the national army is ethnically balanced • Give women their rights & implement transitional justice• Nurture all cultures to make all happy and promote and practice tolerance and acceptance• Historically, all in power regardless of identity, oppressed everyone• Certain groups committed atrocities; people are innocent• Foreigners follow their own interests• Iran and Pakistan are dishonest to Afghanistan (Iran spread rumor that water of the Salma

& Kamal dam was Haram)• Ethnic and linguistic discrimination and injustices are going on right now• Continuation of injustices is a guarantee for future civil wars• Wars in Afghanistan have been revenges for the past injustices• People of Afghanistan are used against one another

DREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN

National Independence What is desired for Afghanistan is a country that is united, completely secure,

independent, stable and inseparable Free from discrimination, rigid-mindedness, foreign interferences especially

neighbors and despotism

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Respecting the rights of others Independent, free from poverty (all kinds) Independent (x2) Security (political, economic, social) and development Free from discrimination based on geography, religion, language, and ethnicity

(x2) Free from foreign interferences Free from drugs Fully independent with three distinct forces: politically, economically and

culturally A state that nurtures all cultures of all ethnicities and promotes tolerance Free from tribal dominance and injustices (political, economic, cultural and

religious) People understand their responsibilities towards the country Afghanistan that is for all Afghans Secure Civilized Mutual respect

Governance Strong government Progressive, democratic and non-allied Afghanistan (008) where public is served Professional and specialist government that is compassionate and honest and is in

place to serve not to steal Prefers public property to personal interests Eliminate repressions Just participation of all who are united and trust one another Secure and peaceful Respectful to the religion and culture Free from corruption Where people are chosen based on their merit A capable and just state that is Islamic moderate Based on social justice and equity for all ethnicities Responsive to the needs of all ethnicities Run by specialists who have a good reputation and a commitment to the national

interests of all of Afghanistan Free from superiority of any ethnicity over others does not follow ethnic agenda free from foreign interferences (x2) including terrorism Islamic Standard parliamentary state (001)

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Legal system Rule of law is fully enforced Equal rights for all ethnicities Ruled by Islam Ruled by law Democratic progressive

Economic Development Balanced development across rural and urban areas Economically advanced Balanced/equitable development across geographic areas in Afghanistan Self sufficient and developed prosperous

Education Education for all parts of the country A country free from poverty where people are literate, educated and civilized Sufficient schools and universities Dream for Afghanistan is a country with good education and health services All members educated and with equal rights

Inter-ethnic Relations National identity, for all Afghans (009 Logar)

PAST AND PRESENT INJUSTICES

Corruption and cronyism Power mongers in connection with foreign circles caused the divisions for their own

interests Many injustices exist as a result of individuals in power getting support from abroad

and distributing the privileges and wealth among the circle of their loyalists. This has led to persons of one ethnicity oppressing other ethnic groups and creating hostilities and hatred

Unjust distribution of budget and aid and development money to Jowzjan Unjust and inequitable enforcement of the law helps only the few power mongers and

the actual losers will be all ethnic groups Murderers are released for bribes. The law is not enforced on the powerful. A woman

was tortured and killed and now the killer is free. All when in power oppressed others (When any and all are on power, others are thus

oppressed??)

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Import of fuel in the North is monopolized by 4 tradesmen supported by the president while 64 other tradespersons are there

Historical grievances Social injustices began from Ahmed Shah Abdali time to the last king and even now

still exist Dominance-seeking has a 300 year history Repression between 1992 and 2001 was an explosion of past repressions, but this has

not stopped King’s time had been a bad time for Jowzjan due to the Pashtoons brought to the

northo One retired Pashtoon got 600 Jirib lando Tajiks and Hazara’s got 300 Jiribs

During the Khalq-Parcham regimes there were destructions, mass killings, and damages to dignity and honor

During the Mujahideen government this was also the same During the time of the Taliban this was the same but more for people in the north In the Karzai era where masses are killed and Hazara’s groups committed so much

against Pashtoons that may be more than what Gangiz Khan did (007 Kandahar) None of the violence represent all of their ethnicity but just their groups and parties Injustices during Dr. Najib removed General Momen and Hilaludin Helal (002) No civilization since Ahmad Shah but prior to that time we had a few History has been distorted as a result of such things as calling someone like

Habibullah Kalakani a “national” character (just like Temor Lan in Uzbekistan who killed thousands) (003)

Mujahid Parties caused all the repressions and divided the society. Now, we should act wisely.

We have not learned from the past Dustum was the worst, having stole the honor of families in Kabul Khalqi-Parchami killed Muslims and people were dropped from planes Dostum killed Pashtoons in Dasht-e-Laili (008 Khost) Each King violated the rights of the people Dustum killed a lot of Jada area of Kabul city (008 Khost) Karzai’s era has been a period of revenge (008 Khost) Abdur Rahman Khan government was tough on criminals

Linguistic issues (Pashtoo vs. Dari/Farsi) Farsi was the language of the dynasty and Pashto was labeled as the language of rural

groups who were considered less civilized

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Legal and criminal cases would all be undertaken in Farsi and poor Pashtoons would not know what was written nor what evidence was based on nor with which argument the case was won or lost

A Pashtoon student in Kabul who wrote a request in Pashton was kicked out of the office

Cabinet ministers speak in Dari, visitations and scholarships are mostly given to Farsi speakers

Educated Pashtoons cannot find jobs (x2) Many Pashtoons quit the national army because the education was in Farsi only There are serious linguistic and regional injustices underway Currently, the national anthem and the national ID are n Pashto Decrees are written in Dari Curriculum is developed in Dari (008 Khost), while in Ahmad Shah’s government

there were lots of Qezelbash Pashtoo language has not been supported. This language is our identity Publications only appear in Farsi, the use of terms by Tolo TV, etc. Farsi speakers have been manipulating Pashtoon kings and Pashtoon kings did not do

much for Pashtoons (009 Logar) During Temor Shah, the office language became Farsi (009 Logar) Most offices were run in Farsi. Farsi is easy and many Pashtoons like to learn in Farsi not in Pashto (010 Paktia)

Ethnic Relations Ethnicity in some cases is treated higher than religion Kings and royalties repressed everyone but some more than others, especially

Hazaras Hazara were not permitted to get higher rank than Dagarman in the army nor allowed

to get promoted beyond Khurd Zabith During the era of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznawi the tongue of Pashtoon poets would be

cut out (007 Kandahar) Pashtoons were defending the country but the offices were run in Farsi language and

Pashtoons were deprived Invasions and conspiracies against Pashtoons culture has always been the case Pashtoon children were deprived of education Right now mass killing of Pashtoons is underway A Pashtoon with a turban is labeled as a Talib Structural injustices in the name of religion, Jihad, beard, turban, Talib and even

intellectuals (socialists and democrats) that extended to ethnicity Seeking dominance might appear again in future wars Domination of certain ethnicities is even given the religious basis Domination starts from the president and trickles down to ordinary persons

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Pashtoons dissolved Pashayee, Nooristani and Baluch in themselves. Otherwise, no ethnicity is the majority in this country

Right now only 10-20% of the military and police are allowed to be certain ethnicities Hazara has been marginalized, Kuchis attack caused killing of 44 Hazaras Hazara girl was shot at several times and killed (006) 85% of development funds go to insecure areas further depriving areas of Hazara,

Badakhshan There is an incorrect claim that Hazaras are 16-20% (006) The problem is “Pashtoonists” not Pashtoons In the parliament Tajiks and Pashtoons dominate decisions and there exists

discrimination in employment and opportunities for studies (006) In this regime, the Turkmen ethnic group has been ignored (only four big ones are

mentioned) (001) Everywhere there were repressions even on the people of own ethnicity for gaining of

power Every group has victimized others in various ways including depriving them of their

basic rights, intentional or unknowingly Pashtoons have been culturally oppressed. Temorshah moved the capital to Kabul and Pashtoons were culturally exploited (008

Khost) Dustum and Hazara took the earrings from the ears of Pashtoon women (008 Khost) Dustum group took young girls by force and later the girls were found dead (008

Khost) Pashtoons respect minority rights, defended victims, did not invade and spoke others

language (i.e. Farsi) The current war continues because of the war of Hazara and the Uzbek (008 Khost) Pashtoons have sacrificed more than others, they protected the country and they do

not give in to invaders and perpetrators Non-Pashtoons do not stand by Pashtoons and the Pashtoon kings oppressed

Pashtoons more than others (008 Khost) Gulabzoi gave more Macrooryan apartments to non-Pashtoons (008 Khost) Hazara were taken as slaves while some Pashtoons were exempted from military

service Hazara’s fought Taliban Taliban fought with Panjshiries Taliban killed and destroyed in the North Hazara and Sayaf groups killed one another Hexb-e-Islami fought with Uzbeks Hazara’s torture killing of Pashtoons (nailings on the heads) (008 Khost) Panjishiris get more budget than many of us who are the majority (008 Khost) In Khost, we have fewer members of parliament and not much development.

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Khost, Paktia, Laghman, Nangarhar:- Below the cabinet, the government is monopolized by others - Pashtoons are fair to everyone but others are not and do not stand by Pashtoons -Conspiracy against Pashtoons is underway inside and outside Afghanistan - Gulabzoi gave more Macrooryna apts to non-Pashtoons - Americans distribute weapons in the north to kill Pashtoons in the south- Many in the high ranks of the government do not want peace in Afghanistan -Pashtoon kings imposed a cultural oppression by Farsi as the languages of offices and schools (they have to suffer because of the office papers in Farsi-During Mahmood Ghaznawi the tongue of Pashtoon poets were taken out-Injustices started in during Tahir Fushanji - Pashtoons sacrificed and protected Afghanistan- Right now mass-killing of Pashtoons is underway & Talibs bodies are fed to dogs-Many Pashtoons quit the army because everything is in Farsi-Pashtoons are willing to learn Farsi but others are not the sameBamyan, Samangan, Balkh, Hirat, Jowzjan-Cabinet is Pashtoon heavy-King AbdulRahman & Taliban were same-Some Pashtoons were exempted from military services-In the past both Pashtoons & Tajiks did not consider Hazaras from Afghanistan -Uzbeks are represented but Turkmen are not-Pashtoons did not allow Tajiks to run the country-Coal mines are in Samangan but people use primitive fuel-Farsi became dominant because it is richer -Social injustices started with Ahmad Shah Abdali -Pashayee and Nooristanies were dissolved among Pashtoons

- Pashtoon kings were brought be foreign help-Hazaras were taken as slaves

- -Atrocities during 1992-2001 were explosion of the past injustices- Pashtoons have inclination to dominate using the majority-minority rethorics - If Tajik or Hazara wins the election, Pashtoons should tolerate

Foreign interference Unjust distribution of aid coupled with foreign interference contributes to

continuation of the problem Countries such as Russia, Pakistan and USA have the intension of destroying

Pashtoons and indiscriminately labeling them as Al-Qaeda Foreigners are here for the natural resources Our low level of development and divisions make us prone to foreign interferences. Dishonesty of the government of Iran is affecting us. Afghans are still in prisons outside Afghanistan.

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Continuation of the operations of international forces will lead to a national uprising (008 Khost)

An international conspiracy against Pashtoons is underway (008 Khost) Most of the atrocities happened as a result of Iran These questions must have been designed by the enemies of Afghanistan (Question

Six) All parties committed atrocities but the source was from outside Pakistan destroyed our military power and have political and territorial goals Right now, prisoners are arrested based on community-level hostilities. First

international forces torture suspects and then give them to Afghans who then ask for a 6 million rupee bribe to free them (008 Khost)

Gender Oppression against women happened in the past and is happening now on both their

participation and their rights

Other Foreign invasion coupled with waste of money on expensive military operations

when this money could be effectively used on development. Our educated generation has spread the divisions not the people in the village. Current injustices guarantee future war (009 Logar) Every party has oppressed others including the current government (today people are

killed and tortured). Both the government and various groups of people committed atrocities. Pashtoon governments have the most stability. Today’s injustices have never been seen. Contradictions between actions and words (e.g. Helmand Marja)

UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES

Language Language is definitely not a national unresolved issue (001) Linguistic conflict is an unresolved national problem Lack of national unity

Durand line Pashtoons on both sides of the border Need to resolved Durand issues (x2) Pakistan

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Need for a national census Lack of national census and thus, rights of all ethnicities are based on their size

Federalism vs. Centralized governance Federal system in the presence of an effective national government is good and will allow

more justice (002 Samangan, 003 Jowzjan, 004 Hirat) Federal system is good but we are not ready for it (005 Kabul Hazara) Others strongly supported a strong national government claiming that a federal system

will deepen the divide and lead to break up of the country (Kabul Hazara 005, Samangan 002)

Federalism is a breakdown of Afghanistan and will further divide the society; it is a virus in the mind of a few only and we oppose it (007 Kandahar)

Provinces with least resources have fear of federalism, but even if the country breaks down it is better than not being heard in the center (002)

Federalism will lead to breakdown of the country and states/regions will become governments of languages and ethnic groups (008 Khost)

Federalism is no good for anyone; most of the resources are in the North and federalism may cause more divisions (Paktia 010)

The people of Samangan cannot benefit from the mines in this province.

Elections of provincial and municipal governors Elections for provincial governors and municipalities were supported by 005

Regional Issues Iran is afraid of the US Helman water (including Salma and Kamal water dams) management is an unresolved

issue that needs to be solved through international laws and have a strong army for Afghanistan (Samangan 002, Hirat 004)

It is about accessing resources in Central Asia and other political goals There is no morality in regional and international politics and there is no permanent

friend or enemy It is all about interests

CAUSES AND CONTRIBUTING FACTORSEducation

Low literacy and education (x2) make people vulnerable to manipulation. This then contributes to war.

Problems of division are greater among the educated. Illiteracy (x2)

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Poverty Some parts of the country were kept underdeveloped. Low literacy level and poverty among the young force them to join the circles against the

state Afghan refugees are used against their country. Unjust and inequitable development in the country. (imbalanced x2) Poverty (x2) No services exist for the most disadvantaged such as orphans and widows. unemployment

Regional interference; foreign relations Governments brought by foreign powers. Sources of injustice have been from outside and have been designed as such. There is a lack of a clear foreign policy which is not honest. Pakistan is willing to resolve Talibs issue. There are contradictions between what the president says and what the foreign forces do

to Taliban. There exists a diversity of objectives across foreign groupings. Possible hidden agendas from the international forces, maybe even a crusade. US war on terror is a war with radical Islam Afghanistan has turned into a battleground between others such as the USA, Russia,

China, Pakistan, Iran and Europe. The government of Afghanistan is lost in between. International community is not frank with us. The real purpose is their presence is not

known. Presence of foreign forces is a problem in itself. The real decision makers are foreigners. There exists a lack of respect for our culture. Imposition of un-Islamic laws. Foreigners search homes. Until the USA and UK want peace, it is not going to come. False reporting to the government or foreign forces, stemming from Afghan hostilities,

which led to bombing and group killings and attack on honors (009 Logar). Foreigners should leave Afghanistan (009 Logar) We have two horrible neighboring countries of Pakistan and Iran. Both of these countries

have played very insincere roles. (009 Logar) Regional politics is a contributing factor. Neighbors are responsible for killing in Afghanistan and the foreign troops are taking

revenge from the Anglo-Afghan wars and events such as the killing of the British Ambassador MacNaughton.

We have a government of foreigners that embraced one party of the civil war and excluded the other.

Every country follows its political, economic, and religious interests in Afghanistan.

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Mosharaf, Nawaz Sharif and Bush have betrayed Afghanistan.

Cultural influence from abroad Immorality in the television is called “democracy” (009 Logar) The burning of a dead body in movies and having the dead come back to life is a

promotion of Hinduism (009 Logar) We are going to face more cultural invasion. (x3) Invasion of language and culture is threatening us. Curricula are trying to create distance from Islam. Hinduism and immortality are being promoted. Promotion of western and foreigner values and the continuation of injustices. (009 Logar)

Inter-ethnic Relations One ethnicity claims that they deserve to govern because of they have the status of the

majority, while others claims that they are the majority. Need a national census. Seeking of ethnic domination. Divisions among people by ethnicity. Distribution of provinces is inspired by preferring one ethnicity or subsection of an

ethnicity over others.

Corruption, Drugs Confiscation of public property by war and power mongers. Certain elites turned into spoilers and abuse the rest of us. Corruption (x4) Competent and honest persons are not appointed to key jobs. Projects are sold from hand to hand. Dustum, Khalili and Fahim are perpetrators and violators (008 Khost). Drug conflicts and war for underground resources Corruption in infrastructure built by thieves or foreigners. Warlordism.

Psychological problems, lack of trust, opportunism Psychological problems make people vulnerable to manipulation. This then contributes to

war. Problem of blaming our own failures on the 30 years of war. Apathy is another problem. We all need to get rid of the culture, thinking, and behavior of violence. Trust has been lost.

Leadership

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The biggest problem is with the leaders. Those in power repressed others just to gain power. Some government leaders are filling their pockets and stealing. Opportunists are more concerned about getting power or keeping it. Criminals are brought back in to power because they campaigned for this and that. Leaders go on a wrong direction. There is a lack of accountability. Preference of personal interests over national interests.

Dealing with past injustice – amnesty vs. transitional justice Lack of transitional justice Few who violate social justice … and are exempted from the law

Governance The problem is that those is power are constantly making compromises The government cannot present a national position in the region The government does not trust parliament and the nation does not trust any (009 Logar) Governments repressed others. The amnesties by the Parliament and the state in itself, is a horror. Cabinet may be representatives but the national unity is still not there. Discrimination, traditionalism and corruption by higher levels of government. A government that is imported will not work in Afghanistan but should be decided by

Afghans. Electing local governors by the people could solve many of the problems. Other structures of the government are also based on other illegitimate interests. Commitment to the rights of everyone as human and to the national interest has been

dominated by commitment to ethnicity and region. Party interest dominating the government. No trust of the people in the government. (x2) Public’s disappointment. Lack of a national government. A small group that is full of hatred monopolizes power. Less coordinated government. Afghanistan needs a strong and wise government to deal with regional issues

Insecurity – need strong military Insecurity exists because there is a lack of justice Need for just and equitable enforcement of law Taliban are the greatest threat to security and the lack of a capable government prevents

us from development. (006 Kabul Hazara Mujt) Lack of a strong military. Contradictions with regards to Taliban. There exists a lack of rule of law.

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Bonn Conference In Bonn, the needs of the people, Hekmatyar and Taliban were ignored and that is why

the war goes on. The Bonn conference was imposed on the people and the rights of many were violated.

Other Afghan problems are political, regional and economic. Tolerance and patriotism are lacking. “regional players” Women need rights as much as Islam allows. Social divisons. “environmental prolusion”

HOW TO ACHIEVE PEACE AND SECURITY

National unity vs. minority rights A national culture to reflect cultures of all ethnicities The principle should be Majority’s government and rights of minorities Promote national understanding Appoint those who are committed to national identity Promote national views and Islamic ideology Give priority to national interests, get rid of Dustum (008 Khost) Individuals should focus on national interests

Education There exists a lack of education which causes one ethnicity to look down upon others. Use education In education there should be more work on peace on a daily basis. Public education is needed on what true Islam is. Educate people about justice. Expanding education needs to be taken more seriously also because of its importance for

development. Primary education in both languages of Farsi and Pashto Official and instructional language in Pashtoon areas should be in Pashto Trainers and teachers should be proficient in both languages (x2) Media training should be in both languages Support all cultures and all languages Educate girls (and boys) Do something about the generations deprived of education Expand education Educate the public on the interests of Afghanistan versus other countries

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Educate children and promote love of the country and other social and moral values We should have proper education Education of candidates for parliament should be considered Resolve the issue of instructional language between Pashto and Dari Resolve the Pashto-Dari issue by developing both languages Educate the populations Make education and knowledge criteria for candidates who run for the parliament

Cultural change (tolerance, trust, culture of peace) There is a need to nurture all Afghan cultures, tolerance, and develop trust. Professionalization of all aspects of life Knowledge and thinking of consequences. We need to promote the pure Afghan culture and identity. Our generation is guilty of not doing well, but we should not transfer this nasty gift to our

children. Apologies should be sought and forgiveness granted. Institutionalize peace, peace education, and peace campaign. Need to take out the war thinking from the minds of the people. Most of us are autocratic in our mentalities Islamic Sharia should be enforced Tolerance and forgiveness needs to be practiced Do not mix Islamic Islamic rules with the Western ones

Peace negotiation, conflict resolution vs. strong army Achieve peace through honest negotiations with public and neighbors. We need to identify those who can contribute to peace, to begin a movement for peace. Lack of security is a big problem while the government holds contradicting position on

the issue of Taliban Bring back the drafting for the army (x2) Need to immediately dissolve the national security because it is the organ which is after

Pashtoons and has a very bad name Strong state Stop media campaign against the Taliban and then negotiate with them We need a strong national army Peace negotiations with honesty Keep an ethnic balance in the national army Create a strong military Past wars are the cause of today’s war including forcing Taliban to leave their villages Bring the trust back Talk to all Taliban Let people bring the peace

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Make military operations Afghan (foreigners create more hatred) Proper people will provide opportunity for reconciliation Stop blaming and make the government reasonable through reforms in all three branches Conduct national consultations Resolve afghan conflicts then make peace with neighbors Strengthen the military and police and establish the community-based policing (Arbakay) Defend borders

Transitional justice Peace is needed for justice, and justice is necessary for peace. Transitional justice is

going to assist this. In some cases, ethnicity is treated as higher than religion. As a result of this, there is a

need for transitional justice. Serious punishment is needed for serious crimes. Transitional justice needs to be applied in the same way to all. (x3) Events to discuss the problems and crimes such as sexual assaults, children at risk, and

child-marriages. A visible and relative justice should be sufficient Peace requires decades to come All oppressors from all groups need to be punished without exemption. Resolve national issues through national Jirgas (x2) A national amnesty Bring criminals to justice and economic mafia Reconciliation with the Taliban based on the principles of justice Make peace with Taliban Bring the enemy through negotiations; give them share (?) Listen to what people want to say Create Islamic Madrasas (008 Khost) Hold dialogues, let people (including from Pakistan and Afghanistan) to express, build

trust and find solutions Give the rights of women Until justice is done, war will continue (009 Llogar) Ulema can mediate but more should be from provinces not from Kabul Bring reconciliation among Afghans first which reflects what people want

Governance People need to sacrifice their personal interest for national interests. Create a system of reward and punishment A strong and competent government but not limited to centers Enforce the law equitably Appointment based on merit

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Diminish monopolies of power and replace it by tolerance and acceptance Composition of cabinet seats should not be based on large or small ethnicity but based on

equity for all. Need to work on building a nation and move away from focus on ethnicities. Honesty from the government is essential and the law should be fully enforced. We do not need the Ministry of Tribal and Border affairs (006) Flexibility from both Afghanistan state and Taliban Promote the culture of peace through the government Distribute political posts based on the size of the populations. Honest, just, professional, Muslim individuals should form the government Stop having Dustum and Mohaqeq running the show (008 Khost) Include everyone in political power We need a strong government and a strong economy Give share to Hekmatyar in the government (008 Khost) Kick out the criminals from the government We need a truly Islamic government Speak to Hekmatyar and Mullah Omar and remove names from black list Federalism is not bad (009 Logar) Federalism is like a poison and will break down the country (009 Logar) We need a strong central government If Rabani and Masood have the right to join the government, why not Hekmatyar and

Mullah Omar? (009 Logar) We need a strong dictator government to enforce the law. We should avoid extremism. Everything should be transparent and the government should rules on the hearts of the

people

Address corruption & cronyism Disclose the names of corrupt seniors and leaders Rebuild the trust Need to eliminate the misuse of power

Census Need to gather census data Get census data in the country to find out the size of each ethnic group

Relations with foreigners Islam is used against the government by the enemy. Interferences of other countries and dictated policies from abroad. Before blaming foreigners we should acknowledge the loss of patriotism and humanism.

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Investing in education, culture, and poverty reduction would reduce the need for foreign interference.

The world is not here to build Afghanistan. Regional and international countries are important for our peace. Turkey and the Conference of the Islamic States can assist in bringing peace. (x2) Internationals give up their colonialistic aims Pakistan gets assurance from Afghanistan If international players do not want peace to come, then no deals with Hezbelslamy will

help Need to oversee foreign workers to prevent their political operations Protect and defend borders (define and secure) Resolve Durand line (x4)and strengthen the Afghan government Prevent cultural invasion Assurance to neighbors and expanding cooperation Stop interferences and cultural invasions Foreigners should leave Dialogue with neighbors, bring reconciliation Have national and international conferences Bonn conference was flawed

Economic development (agriculture & industry; regulated market economy) Ensure balanced development Economic and military power are important for Afghanistan (x2) Development funds and opportunities for participation is not just and is not based on the

rights of all individuals but rather dictated by the minority/majority status Attention needs to be paid to political and cultural reforms as well as macroeconomic

initiatives in agriculture Industries based on justice will help us to achieve a desired Afghanistan Regulate market economy Bring reforms and adopt mixed economy Broad economic development Stop drug economy Turn 300 factories we have from the past functional (009 Logar) Eliminate private sector that is not good for public (009 Logar) We should have a strong economy and become self-sufficient We need to get united and strengthen our agriculture as well as industries Water dams and canals are most important Bring balanced development Eliminate unemployment and poverty Expand trade through mediators (using railway) in the region

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Reintegration of returning refugees Have refugees returned, close the borders, distribute land to all of them (009 Logar) Give rights to refugees

Ethnic group relations Only a small group leads the ethnic divisions Discrimination based on ethnicity still continues Leaving large amounts of land to Pashtoons still indicates their privileges as they were

monopolizing political power in the past (006)

Comments on Questions:Some considered the questions offensive and suggested silence on such issues; others called some of the questions conspiracy of the enemy. Why should we bring past wounds to the surface? Instead should focus on literacy, education and economic development. What happened in the past should not be brought up. Comments could be mentioned in general without mention of any ethnic group. Separate Results from four provinces:BAMYAN, PARWAN, NANGARHAR, LAGHMAN

DREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN (BAMYAN):prosperous, strong, progressed, basic needs of all are met; civilized and advanced; producer of economic

goods and rely on technological and scientific advances; technocrat government OBSTACLES:

A culture of violence and injustice; corruption; destruction of the environment; poverty and unemployment; gullibility of the public; lack of security; lack of a strong leader with a strong team who can resolve the internal as well as the external conflicts; self-interested leaders, politicians and officials; low cultural and education development; ethnic, linguistic, religious and gender discrimination; quota of MPs per district is not just because in some provinces districts have very small population but in Bamyan the population of districts is very big.

PAST INJUSTICES Abdul Rahman and Taliban era were full of oppressions; most injustices were committed by Pashtoons; they took best lands and send Hazara’s to the worst lands and still send Kuchies to Behsood; Pashtoon governments did not use resources well, Southern Pashtoons were exempted from service in the army; Pashtoons practice discrimination (these days quietly); Pashtoons are from Afghanistan but the royalties were brought by foreigner and due to tribal structure and family rivalry they did not give a good leadership to Afghanistan and could not do much not even for Pashtoons; low education and literacy really helped all this; Pashtoons brought the foreign invaders; religious minorities were discriminated against; in the past Pashtoons and Tajiks did not consider Hazaras from Afghanistan; Bamyan has a great population and Waras district should become a province; Pashtoons are in war but they still get more development; Bamyan does not get much despite promises, we have only 2 killometer of paved road which is just for the Governor; in the parliament Hazara MPs

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cannot speak about something which is critical of Pashtoons; Pashtoons even did not allow Tajiks to run the country;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES: Lack of national census data; unjust structure of government structure which does not match the number of people in each of the districts or provinces; lack of accountability of foreigners to Afghanistan; Pashtoon-heavy cabinet; political parties are power-thirsty and linked to regional countries; only some in the North wants Federal system; Hazara’s do not see federalism as a solution but more as a problem which will make things worse; political parties are only good for their leaders and those in the state now enjoy the power but do not serve the people that much; the Kuchi crazing claim in Behsood.

WHAT TO DO:A scientific revolution; inventions and discoveries; strengthen education; agricultural development and extraction of the mines; solve internal hostilities and stop external; three forces within the state to work together to address biggest problems; build infrastructure; remove injustices in government; public should support the government; high standards of health and education services; attracting investments; key decisions to be made based on scientific and economic logic versus identity and affiliation; invest more in education and agriculture; support private sector to build industries instead of wedding halls; bring criminals with justice; remove the corrupt individuals from the government; ensure equitable participation and enforce the law; bring the young university-educated to the core of the government to replace the old discriminators; educate children about gender-equity; improve quality of education; distribute electricity to all villages; improve media for public education; resolve unaddressed national issues through negotiations and dialogues; strictly controls the budget and travels of political parties to reduce their destructive roles; stop media from invading our culture and parties from bringing regional politics into the country; support internal industry against import; make level of education a strict criterium for candidacy to the parliament as well as presidency; give land to Kuchies so they stop wondering around; reduce the space between rich and poor; increase higher education; stop cultural invasion from abroad; invest in the military as well as in schools; Afghan solidarity will reduce the ground for others interferences.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++LAGHMAN

DREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN: Fully secure and peaceful where law is fully enforced, have the right leader OBSTACLES:

Individuals in all three forces of the government who do not want Afghans to live in peace with one another; law is not enforced on power mongers; those in key posts break the law and accumulate wealth and take it outside; corruption, low rates of education and literacy; controlled by lawless spoilers; unjust salaries for civil servant and those who speak some English; Neighboring countries and ethnic discrimination; Americans distribute aid and weapon in the North but Pashtoons are killed in the South; neighboring countries train Afghans to kill Afghans; they want to break Afghanistan into four pieces; foreign forces act based on fear from one another

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PAST INJUSTICES:After President Dawood’s era oppressions of various kind began which was directly linked to foreign interferences. USA abandoned Afghanistan and is now arming Bin Laden. We had some Barbarian regimes like Abdul Rahman’s time an office was just marrying girls by force to men. Real oppression was during the King’s time where the royalty was sunk in pleasure and the wide poverty contributed to the revolution; violence against girls and women like giving girls as a penalty for a crime; killing of 1500 people in Kunar during PDP government, similar things took place during Taliban due to poor knowledge of Islam by Hanafies. Pashtoons run the country because they are majority and they are the ones given sacrifices and defended the country; others might have been oppressed because the British were dividing the people; but in the civil war only leaders started and kept the fight goes on not the people; Ahmad Shah Baba got this country independent; during Zahir non-Pashtoons were oppressed; PDP oppressed Mujahideen and Taliban did the same to women; the only good time was that of Dr. Najibullah; traditional abuses have been unknowingly but after Russains invaders and today oppressions are politically driven and knowingly committed due to foreign interferences.No justice for victims of crimes; private armies and their misuse by commanders; house searches by Americans; we cannot water our farms at night; government posts are sold and bought for big money this is the real problem;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:Lack of national unity; Durand line; federal system is not beneficial for us because many governors and others are agents of other countries and they will breakdown the country; ethnic, religious and linguistic divisions; WHAT TO DO:Implement Islamic Shariah; invest in education and appoint the right persons to key jobs; give women’s rights; Americans should leave in order to get peace; Afghans need to use wisdom; leaders should use their wealth to improve education; reduce unemployment; International forces should guard the borders only and stop searching homes; ISI and USA hold the key to peace in Afghanistan; USA wants to establish permanent bases in Afghanistan for strategic reasons; Iran (Shaiit) and Pakistan’s (Durand) interference should be resolved through peaceful negotiations; Afghanistan should give assurance to hostile countries about not taking any side+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++NANGARHARDREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN: Islamic Afghanistan with good reputation in the world, people living in peace and harmony, progress, reconstructed and prosperous; OBSTACLES: Lack of education, lack of investment; lack of rule of law; corruption; foreign interferences; poverty, unemployment; lack of national unity; our leaders are used by other countries; ethnic shuras deepens the divide and are money making tools PAST INJUSTICES: Soviets oppressing of Mujahideen through bombing, killing, drafting of the

youth; exclusion of others by the party in power; series of acts of revenge is the real problem; the Attak river is full of the bones of educated Afghans; Zanborak Shah buried men alive in the Kabul wall; Hazara;s hammered nails into Pashtoons head; Babrak Karmal committed huge crimes just like Shah

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Shujah and Gangiz khan; Talib bodies are fed to dogs; there are internet sites trying to convert Afghans to Christianity;

Rich kids go to private schools; some have so many houses and others have none;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES: Lack of national unity, ethnic discriminations; no-one wants Federalism except a few Tajik agents of Iran; also because many are linked to other countries; WHAT TO DO: Strong army, peoples support of the government; enforce the law just like the time of Zahir Shah; make peace with Mujahideen; improve education; support Ulema and mosques; consider national values and bring economic self-sufficiency; provide real support to farmers to stop drug cultivation; promote understanding between the people and the government; increase salaries and improve peoples lives; start macroeconomic job creating industries; foreigners should leave; provide patriotic and Islamic education through schools++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++PARWANDREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN: Independent, prosperous, economically strong, educated; OBSTACLES:ISI was supported by the west and now they pay the price and Afghans suffer; social divisions are more in peoples perception and exacerbated by propaganda; we went to Kandahar and because of hospitality they did not let us pay in the public bath just because we were from Parwan and guests in Kandahar; drug economy; foreign interferences; neighbors bad intention (youth in Iran remained uneducated); leaders pursue their personal interests; ethnic divisions more among politically motivated individuals; even not among the trade people because they get along easily; corruption in the government is the biggest problem; foreign interference in the case of Spanta and Germany; poverty and poor economy; lack of national unity; criminals are supported and protected; nepotism is so huge; those in key positions are ethnically biased; Pakistan cannot accept a developed and prosperous Afghanistan; India disseminate its culture against Pakistan; Iran interfere because of its animosity with USA; so does Russia; political parties are the causes of problems; Iran does not want the Salma Dam and spread propaganda that the water of this dam was Haram due to Indians touching the water; USA is afraid of unity between Pakistan and Afghanistan; PAST INJUSTICES: injustices began during the time of Tahir Foshanji;; Jajies and Mangals in the past and Taliban in the recent years repressed non-Pashtoons. Pashtoons have been used by foreigners and smugglers; Panjabies are against Pashtoons; Pashtoons have this superiority and majority-minority belief; During Rabani’s government we worked without salary; Taliban took women from Parwan to Jalalabad; Pashtoons could not even tolerate a few years of non-Pashtoon govt during Rabani; those in the governments were oppressive to all; during the king time the only ethnicity without share in the cabinet was Hazara; our societies are ignorant; discrimination against Tajik by Hazara (Awgho Awgho; Azra-Azra; Tajik Chi Kara); we should have more tolerance to reduce the hatred on the public level at least; I am hated by other Parwanis because my daughter married a Pashtoon doctor.UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:

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Federal system is going to fail us further and we will lose our Afghan identity; I went to Paktia and was warmly welcomed; went to 15 provinces the people from different ethnicities are mixed; federalism is another diseaseWHAT TO DO:Invest in education and encourage students not beat them up; we have to be patient to get back to peaceful life; create employment for youth and improve peoples’ lives; government should partner with private sector; we have stand against criminals and stop being fearful; economic growth is the solution; we need to take brave steps and give sacrifice; we need a strong government and international serious penalties for Pakistan’s interference; a compassionate government that create a balance with neighbors.

Chapter III: Unconsolidated Focus Groups from Kabul

KABUL FOCUS GROUP BY FAHIM BARMAK

DREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN: Prosperous, independent, democratic, free from corruption, united and OBSTACLES: Insecurity caused by internal (ethnic, cultural, linguistic) and external (neighboring countries) factors and their interaction and contribution of low rates of literacy and education; foreigners do not want peace in Afghanistan; the inter-ethnic division is deeper and wider than ever, individuals take advantage of this for their personal gains; copying other cultures and following ethnic interests; people of Afghanistan are used against one another and for the interest of others, lower levels of social and economic development; key ministries are given to one ethnicity, linguistic, ethnic, religious and gender discrimination; poverty, unemployment and drug economy; breaking of the law; low execution of the budget; unjust distribution of the budget to provinces; double-citizenship; too much beaurocracy, appointments are not based on merit but ethnic, linguistic identity or party affiliation; human rights abuses, grabbing of public land by warlords, geographic location of Afghanistan; culture of impunity; existence of illegal military groups; strength of warring groups; weak government leadership; Iran’s and Pakistan dishonesty and pursuit of their hegemonic or fear-driven aspirations in the face of a weak government and regionally linked Afghan parties;HISTORICAL AND RECENT INJUSTICES:Najib’s time justice to all ethnic groups (another call it injustices to non-Pashtoons); Mujahideen all ethnicities oppressed, Taliban time all non-Pashtoons; presently, all ethnicities by foreigners (other say now it is better); to UNRESOLVED NATIONA ISSUES:Lack of a federal system is not the problem; until we are really united federal system will increase our social and political problems and may lead to breakup of the country. WHAT WE NEED TO DO:Promote a culture of tolerance (if Tajik or Hazara wins the election, Pashtoons should tolerate that); respect individual rights without considering identity; a just government that is supported by the people; cultural development and education; freedom in foreign relations; strong

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government; economic self-sufficiency; just the parties committed oppression and crimes against other ethnicities; educate the people; promotion of a culture of peace through education;

KABUL FOCUS GEETYGeeti’s group Kabul (Women group) Code: 011DREM FOR AFGHANISTAN: Peaceful, We can achieve peace through knowing ourselves, better economy, strong military, security (in a comprehensive sense), Causes of Problems: Destructive war of the 30 years, insecurity, injustices, instability, poor economy, poverty, low level of cultural development, lack of opportunities for livelihood, incompetent people in lead positions, lack of use of the young generation, use of resources on weapons (not on cultural development), fragmentation and disunity, chaos in everything, all focused on self-interest, lack of an independent government, provocation of people of the same nation against one another, disunity in the government, government not listening to the people, no rights for the citizens, foreigners follow their own interests, MUJTABA KABUL Obstacles:Illiteracy, inadequate education and what children learn at home; foreign interference, poor service delivery to the people; politics dictated from abroad; governments created by outsiders and behave opposite of peoples desires; lack of a national unity and extremes of discriminations exerted by educated Afghans and political leaders; governments that are ethnically dominated; cannot enforce the law; power concentrated in Kabul and distant and remote parts of the country were forgotten.

What to do:Gather census data, create role models, make development balanced; solution for suppressions is to bring all oppressors to justice; equitable participation in all aspects of live would bring national unity.

Desired Afghanistan:Secure, peaceful, prosperous and independent with an effective government that serves people most of whom have literacy skills; a national culture that reflects ethnic sub-cultures. Injustices of the last thirty years: One ethnicity at each time victimized others throughout the 30 years of war. Lack of a law and order led to victimization of all in all provinces; those victimized for centuries suppressed others as they became powerful; every ethnicity became victim;

Current injustices:Ethnic discrimination, traditionalism, corruption especially in the upper layers of the government, confiscation of public property by warlords; lack of justice for victims; each ethnicity claims to be majority and wants to rule over others; laws are not applied equitably on all and ethnic favoritism; appointments based on connection or corruption not based on merit; members of parliament rejected cabinet ministers from diverse ethnic groups; gender-related injustices; no balance in development investment and humanitarian aid across provinces. .

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Is Federal government system a solution for all problems?This is not going to solve all our problems; however, will allow localized planning and heightened budgeting and its execution. Local government elected by people and accountable to them;

Why peace is not achieved?Unqualified appointed in high ranks of the government; neighboring countries interferences and their hidden agendas; lack of trust among the people of Afghanistan; and war traumas.Why countries interfere?Countries are after their own interest; geopolitical location of Afghanistan; no morality in politics

GEETY SAMADIYoung Girls from Kabul City

Desired AfghanistanPeaceful with a government that is service-oriented, free from corruption, ethnic discrimination and warlords; Obstacles:Lack of security, low economic base; poverty, control of spoilers (warlords) on economy, culture, culture; corruption from the top, violence; harmful traditions; our geopolitical location and our underground resources; What to do:Get rid of warlords or make them reconstruct the country; , Injustices in 30 years:

Stemmed from foreign interferences, every ethnicity suppressed others e.g., destructions in the West of Kabul and Northern Valleys; During Rabani’s regime there was ethnic oppression, especially from Hezb-e-Islamy against non-Pasthoons; right now there is Pashtoon-killing war; s

Current injustices: Ethnic biases, warlordism, lack of law and order; upper levels of Afghanistan are corrupt; all development resources go to Helmand and Kandahar, if they were sent to Bamyan, lots of development would happen;

Federalism:If current problems continue, any type of the government will end-up failing; a federal government will lead to breakdown of the country; increased local authority works better; in a Federal system if resources all are handled by provinces a national imbalance in development will occur; however the competition and local accountability might come with a federal system.

What to do:We should bring criminals to court; Why peace does not come?

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Corruption; insecurity; foreign interference, injustices, lack of effective leadership; low acceptance or tolerance; colonialistic nature of the plans by the UN Security Council and conspiracies by Christianity and Islam, . Why other countries interfere? US, as a sole superpower, wants to be on top of everything in the world; Iran interfere because of Helman water; and Pakistan for Durand and economic reasons; they all take advantage of our weaknesses;

Geeti’s group Kabul (Pashayee, Nooristani etc.) Code: 011DREM FOR AFGHANISTAN:

Peaceful, We can achieve peace through knowing ourselves, better economy, strong military, security (in a comprehensive sense), Causes of Problems:Destructive war of the 30 years, insecurity, injustices, instability, poor economy, poverty, low level of cultural development, lack of opportunities for livelihood, incompetent people in lead positions, lack of use of the young generation, use of resources on weapons (not on cultural development), fragmentation and disunity, chaos in everything, all focused on self-interest, lack of an independent government, provocation of people of the same nation against one another, disunity in the government, government not listening to the people, no rights for the citizens, foreigners follow their own interests, PAST INJUSTICES:King Abdul Rahman tortured killed Hazaras by pouring heated oil on bodies that were cut off from their heads. This was Pashtoons repression but others when got to power also committed similar atrocities. Past grievances lead to today’s violence e.g., Panjshiri’s beat up others because they are powerful. Pashtoons have committed most of the crimes (Minarets made of heads, taking Hazara’s as slaves, and looting and selling their properties. From Ahmad Shah time the Pashtoons utilized resources for themselves because their population size was bigger than others and had a higher economic status in the society.In the last thirty years, all especially the poor have been oppressed. After Soviet’s withdrawal, Mujahideen leaders sought power, girls etc. and as a result individuals from all ethnicities committed crimes and the gravity of crimes correlates with the power of the oppressor. Mr. Anwari, Alemi Balkhi and Said Ali Jawid are responsible for killing of everyone in the Afshar Kabul during the civil war where the military posts were sold to Shura-e-Nezar who then killed everyone in Afshar. When Mazari’s group were fighting with Sayaf, many people were stranded and Hazars themselves were behind the atrocities of Afshar. Talib’s era was full of violence against all including Pashtoons; however, biggest damage could be created by closing down schools.Violation of others rights and oppression could be direct or indirect. Right now, people who are supported by or are close to Karzai violate the rights of others. Majority status should legitimize monopoly of power because nowadays Turks lead Iraq and a black president leads USA. CURRENT INJUSTICES:

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Corruption (bribes and nepotism- especially in courts), high salaries of those in high positions and low salaries of civil servants especially women, nepotism is everywhere even in embassies. Many Afghans became refugees because of the injustices. One participant claimed that that there was no corruption at the Concord exam of the Higher Education. Forced marriage is an injustice. Appointments are not based on merit, misuse of aid money by higher levels of organizations. Linguistic rights of the Dari speaking have been violated. Signs in government offices should be in both Dari and Pashto. Injustices are caused by cultural, economic and political causes. What to do:We need a government that is made of a new team of people who do not have any affiliation with any party. UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:Federalism is not feasible, provinces are poor and revenue will not be balanced which will prevent balanced development. Poverty and illiteracy are our problems otherwise there is nothing inherently wrong with federal system. If we give more freedom to war leaders, they will increase chaos and anarchy.Because of the mix of ethnicities in all provinces federalism may not be a good option for us. If the leaders accept one another the problems will be solved and we will not need federal system; it is the lack of law and order which will make any system fail. A federal system needs a united society with high culture which we do not have right now. We should work on our development and that way we will be ready in the future. Until we totally eliminate discriminations and prejudice, we will not be ready for a federal system. REGIONAL ISSUES:Why they interfere?Our weakness and power of warlords who are tools for others and ethnic divide; Pakistan’s economic benefit from our weak economy; religious reasons; our natural resources (mines); to control all of the world and to prevent future dangers. Solutions:Individuals take responsibility and do the right things; people should listen to the government and vice versa; we need to get united, developed and strong to prevent interferences;

NargesFocus Group discussions with a group of nine (2 women) Hazara

Vision for Afghanistan:Secure (politically, socially and economically), stable, comprehensively and equitably developed. Until Taliban exist security concern will be present. We do not have an effective government, political ethnicism. Achieving security requires development, desire for peace, care for the rights of others, free from poverty (political, social and economic), independent with national identity. Ethnic oppression and injustices that prevents peace and stability:Ethnic, linguistic, and regional biases are main obstacles before our ideal Afghanistan. In the past as well as present governments has been ethnically biased. Commitments to human and national values are weak while same for the ethnic divides and biases is strong. The system

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created by King Abdul Rahman continues; discrimination and injustices have been so high that since Ahmad Shah Abdali, we have not seen much civilization. At present, despite talking about human rights and democracy while ethnic oppression continues. Hazaras have always been victimized and treated unjustly. Last year, 44 Hazara’s were killed by Kuchies.

Hazaras voted for Karzai because of his promise to resolve the Kuchi problem. Eighty-five percent of the aid goes to insecure parts of the country while the secure areas such as Badakhshan, Bamyan and Hazara-Jat are deprived. Ground transportation problems of these areas remain unresolved. In the absence of census data, the claim that Hazaras being 16-20% of the total population is baseless .

We have no problem with Pashtoons but with Pashtoonists which contributes to continuation of grievances. In current parliament large groups of narrow-minded Pashtoons and Tajiks are majorities and the Hazars minority. There is discrimination is appointments as well as selection

for scholarships .Foreign Interferences:The current level of dependency had not existed in Afghanistan in the past. West and the USA are here pursuing their own interests. If the military expenditure were used on development in the areas of agriculture, livestock, industry and services, we will have had fewer problems. Dependency and interferences led to mistrust of foreigners by Afghan public. Our weaknesses (poverty and social divisions) facilitate foreign interferences Pakistan is the biggest problem for us. Pashtoons have remarkable influence in both Pakistan and Afghanistan. Karzai is surrounded by Pashtoonists. Durand line is another problem, which was accepted by King Abdul Rahman, we have to accept all our borders and focus on solving other problems. Iran has never been honest with Afghanistan and supported the group that is loyal to them.. What to do?Education for all is one of the keys, especially in lower grades but also in other levels mainly literacy. Government structure needs to improve; we do not need a Ministry of Tribal Affairs anymore, for it’s a duplication with the Ministry of Interior; ethnic discrimination continues in the government; we do not have security (physical, social and economic-jobs); contradictions in dealing with Taliban; reconstruction efforts are not just; national equitable participation in reconstruction is needed; and hastiness in reconstruction efforts; we should aim for equal rights of individuals not a breakdown of minority-majority; INJUSTICES:Like in the past, one ethnicity is dominant in the government and tries to monopolize power; like leaving vast pieces of lands to Pashtoons, which is an obvious injustice; Hazara’s are treated fairly on the level of laws but not in practice or in decision-making; WHAT TO DO:In our state- and nation- building efforts we not only need to change the structure but content of the government; mistrust in the society is caused by our minds that are either affected by despotic systems or seeking autocratic regimes, that needs to change through education; need to

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establish, strengthen and expand economic infrastructure (water, power, transportation; agriculture, industries and services. That is how we can achieve a desirable and honorable Afghanistan.

QezelBash (4), Nooristani (3), Pashayee (3) (total 7)ObstaclesForeign interferences (particularly USA and UK), Pakistan and Iran, social divisions, lack of a popular, strong and effective government; strong ethnic biases in government; insecurity; self-interest; lack of social justice; poverty and unemployment; low rates of literacy; inadequate cultural sensitivity by internationals.Injustices in the last 30 years:Since most of the time Pashtoons led the governments, more suppressions committed by them; injustices still continue like concentration of all aid resources in the South; also large numbers of Pashtoons killed in the North; ideologically driven governments victimized all ethnicities including that of their own; all those in power committed atrocities against everyone; divisions are fueled by foreigners;Current injustices:Insufficient and inequitable law enforcement; imbalance in development investment; ethnic biases and nepotism; land confiscation by warlords; unjust distribution of national resources; lack of transitional justice and warlordism; Federalism:Not good for the country, could lead to a cessation of the country; it is not the government structure that is the problem but the people who are in the lead; What to do: individuals in power improve their practices or a more effective team leads the government; a referendum is needed to get a sense of the people’s feeling about this;Why peace is not coming to Afghanistan?Western and regional interferenceGeopolitical location of AfghanistanDivision among AfghansLack of transitional justice including trials of war criminalsNo law and orderDurand disputeDifficulties in nation-buildingWhy others interfere?Personal interest; fear from permanent US bases in Afghanistan; turning of Afghanistan into a strong competitor in the region; natural resources of Afghanistan; and desires to politically control Afghanistan

Why others interfere?

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Personal interest; fear from permanent US bases in Afghanistan; turning of Afghanistan into a strong competitor in the region; natural resources of Afghanistan; and desires to politically control Afghanistan

BAMYAN FOCUS GROUPDREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN

Prosperous, strong, progressed, basic needs of all are met; civilized and advanced; producer of economic goods and rely on technological and scientific advances; technocrat government

OBSTACLES: A culture of violence and injustice; corruption; destruction of the environment; poverty and unemployment; gullibility of the public; lack of security; lack of a strong leader with a strong team who can resolve the internal as well as the external conflicts; self-interested leaders, politicians and officials; low cultural and education development; ethnic, linguistic, religious and gender discrimination; quota of MPs per district is not just because in some provinces districts have very small population but in Bamyan the population of districts is very big. PAST INJUSTICES:Abdul Rahman and Taliban era were full of oppressions; most injustices were committed by Pashtoons; they took best lands and send Hazara’s to the worst lands and still send Kuchies to Behsood; Pashtoon governments did not use resources well, Southern Pashtoons were exempted from service in the army; Pashtoons practice discrimination (these days quietly); Pashtoons are from Afghanistan but the royalties were brought by foreigner and due to tribal structure and family rivalry they did not give a good leadership to Afghanistan and could not do much not even for Pashtoons; low education and literacy really helped all this; Pashtoons brought the foreign invaders; religious minorities were discriminated against; in the past Pashtoons and Tajiks did not consider Hazaras from Afghanistan; Bamyan has a great population and Waras district should become a province; Pashtoons are in war but they still get more development; Bamyan does not get much despite promises, we have only 2 killometer of paved road which is just for the Governor; in the parliament Hazara MPs cannot speak about something which is critical of Pashtoons; Pashtoons even did not allow Tajiks to run the country;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES: Lack of national census data; unjust structure of government structure which does not match the number of people in each of the districts or provinces; lack of accountability of foreigners to Afghanistan; Pashtoon-heavy cabinet; political parties are power-thirsty and linked to regional countries; only some in the North wants Federal system; Hazara’s do not see federalism as a solution but more as a problem which will make things worse; political parties are only good for their leaders and those in the state now enjoy the power but do not serve the people that much; the Kuchi crazing claim in Behsood.

WHAT TO DO:A scientific revolution; inventions and discoveries; strengthen education; agricultural development and extraction of the mines; solve internal hostilities and stop external; three forces within the state to work together to address biggest problems; build infrastructure; remove injustices in government; public should support the government; high standards of health and education services; attracting investments; key decisions to be made based on scientific and economic logic versus identity and affiliation; invest more in education and agriculture; support

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private sector to build industries instead of wedding halls; bring criminals with justice; remove the corrupt individuals from the government; ensure equitable participation and enforce the law; bring the young university-educated to the core of the government to replace the old discriminators; educate children about gender-equity; improve quality of education; distribute electricity to all villages; improve media for public education; resolve unaddressed national issues through negotiations and dialogues; strictly controls the budget and travels of political parties to reduce their destructive roles; stop media from invading our culture and parties from bringing regional politics into the country; support internal industry against import; make level of education a strict criterium for candidacy to the parliament as well as presidency; give land to Kuchies so they stop wondering around; reduce the space between rich and poor; increase higher education; stop cultural invasion from abroad; invest in the military as well as in schools; Afghan solidarity will reduce the ground for others interferences.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++LAGHMAN FOCUS GROUPDREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN:

Fully secure and peaceful where law is fully enforced, have the right leader OBSTACLES:

Individuals in all three forces of the government who do not want Afghans to live in peace with one another; law is not enforced on power mongers; those in key posts break the law and accumulate wealth and take it outside; corruption, low rates of education and literacy; controlled by lawless spoilers; unjust salaries for civil servant and those who speak some English; Neighboring countries and ethnic discrimination; Americans distribute aid and weapon in the North but Pashtoons are killed in the South; neighboring countries train Afghans to kill Afghans; they want to break Afghanistan into four pieces; foreign forces act based on fear from one anotherPAST INJUSTICES:After President Dawood’s era oppressions of various kind began which was directly linked to foreign interferences. USA abandoned Afghanistan and is now arming Bin Laden. We had some Barbarian regimes like Abdul Rahman’s time an office was just marrying girls by force to men. Real oppression was during the King’s time where the royalty was sunk in pleasure and the wide poverty contributed to the revolution; violence against girls and women like giving girls as a penalty for a crime; killing of 1500 people in Kunar during PDP government, similar things took place during Taliban due to poor knowledge of Islam by Hanafies. Pashtoons run the country because they are majority and they are the ones given sacrifices and defended the country; others might have been oppressed because the British were dividing the people; but in the civil war only leaders started and kept the fight goes on not the people; Ahmad Shah Baba got this country independent; during Zahir non-Pashtoons were oppressed; PDP oppressed Mujahideen and Taliban did the same to women; the only good time was that of Dr. Najibullah; traditional abuses have been unknowingly but after Russains invaders and today oppressions are politically driven and knowingly committed due to foreign interferences.

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No justice for victims of crimes; private armies and their misuse by commanders; house searches by Americans; we cannot water our farms at night; government posts are sold and bought for big money this is the real problem;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:Lack of national unity; Durand line; federal system is not beneficial for us because many governors and others are agents of other countries and they will breakdown the country; ethnic, religious and linguistic divisions; WHAT TO DO:Implement Islamic Shariah; invest in education and appoint the right persons to key jobs; give women’s rights; Americans should leave in order to get peace; Afghans need to use wisdom; leaders should use their wealth to improve education; reduce unemployment; International forces should guard the borders only and stop searching homes; ISI and USA hold the key to peace in Afghanistan; USA wants to establish permanent bases in Afghanistan for strategic reasons; Iran (Shaiit) and Pakistan’s (Durand) interference should be resolved through peaceful negotiations; Afghanistan should give assurance to hostile countries about not taking any side+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

NANGARHAR FOCUS GROUPSDREAMS FOR AFGHANISTAN:Islamic Afghanistan with good reputation in the world, people living in peace and harmony, progress, reconstructed and prosperous; OBSTACLES:Lack of education, lack of investment; lack of rule of law; corruption; foreign interferences; poverty, unemployment; lack of national unity; our leaders are used by other countries; ethnic shuras deepens the divide and are money making tools PAST INJUSTICES:Soviets oppressing of Mujahideen through bombing, killing, drafting of the youth; exclusion of others by the party in power; series of acts of revenge is the real problem; the Attak river is full of the bones of educated Afghans; Zanborak Shah buried men alive in the Kabul wall; Hazara;s hammered nails into Pashtoons head; Babrak Karmal committed huge crimes just like Shah Shujah and Gangiz khan; Talib bodies are fed to dogs; there are internet sites trying to convert Afghans to Christianity; Rich kids go to private schools; some have so many houses and others have none;UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:Lack of national unity, ethnic discriminations; no-one wants Federalism except a few Tajik agents of Iran; also because many are linked to other countries; WHAT TO DO:Strong army, peoples support of the government; enforce the law just like the time of Zahir Shah; make peace with Mujahideen; improve education; support Ulema and mosques; consider national values and bring economic self-sufficiency; provide real support to farmers to stop drug cultivation; promote understanding between the people and the government; increase salaries and

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improve peoples lives; start macroeconomic job creating industries; foreigners should leave; provide patriotic and Islamic education through schools++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

PARWAN FOCUS GROUPDREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN:Independent, prosperous, economically strong, educated; OBSTACLES:ISI was supported by the west and now they pay the price and Afghans suffer; social divisions are more in peoples perception and exacerbated by propaganda; we went to Kandahar and because of hospitality they did not let us pay in the public bath just because we were from Parwan and guests in Kandahar; drug economy; foreign interferences; neighbors bad intention (youth in Iran remained uneducated); leaders pursue their personal interests; ethnic divisions more among politically motivated individuals; even not among the trade people because they get along easily; corruption in the government is the biggest problem; foreign interference in the case of Spanta and Germany; poverty and poor economy; lack of national unity; criminals are supported and protected; nepotism is so huge; those in key positions are ethnically biased; Pakistan cannot accept a developed and prosperous Afghanistan; India disseminate its culture against Pakistan; Iran interfere because of its animosity with USA; so does Russia; political parties are the causes of problems; Iran does not want the Salma Dam and spread propaganda that the water of this dam was Haram due to Indians touching the water; USA is afraid of unity between Pakistan and Afghanistan; PAST INJUSTICES:injustices began during the time of Tahir Foshanji;; Jajies and Mangals in the past and Taliban in the recent years repressed non-Pashtoons. Pashtoons have been used by foreigners and smugglers; Panjabies are against Pashtoons; Pashtoons have this superiority and majority-minority belief; During Rabani’s government we worked without salary; Taliban took women from Parwan to Jalalabad; Pashtoons could not even tolerate a few years of non-Pashtoon govt during Rabani; those in the governments were oppressive to all; during the king time the only ethnicity without share in the cabinet was Hazara; our societies are ignorant; discrimination against Tajik by Hazara (Awgho Awgho; Azra-Azra; Tajik Chi Kara); we should have more tolerance to reduce the hatred on the public level at least; I am hated by other Parwanis because my daughter married a Pashtoon doctor.UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:Federal system is going to fail us further and we will lose our Afghan identity; I went to Paktia and was warmly welcomed; went to 15 provinces the people from different ethnicities are mixed; federalism is another diseaseWHAT TO DO:Invest in education and encourage students not beat them up; we have to be patient to get back to peaceful life; create employment for youth and improve peoples’ lives; government should partner with private sector; we have stand against criminals and stop being fearful; economic growth is the solution; we need to take brave steps and give sacrifice; we need a strong

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government and international serious penalties for Pakistan’s interference; a compassionate government that create a balance with neighbors.DREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN:005- Mujtaba Group Kabul:Education starting from home; illiteracy, pscychological problems. Professionalisation of all aspects of life, knowledge and thinking of consequences, interferences of other countries and dictated policies from abroad, healthy and , lack of national unity; problems of division are greater among educated; a national culture to reflect cultures of all ethnicities; biggest problem is with the leaders; balanced development, national census; governments repressed others; those in power oppressed others just to gain power; some parts of the country were kept so underdeveloped; a strong in competent government but not limited to centers.

005- Mujtaba Group Kabul:Everywhere there were repressions even on the people of own ethnicity for gaining of power. All oppressors from all groups need to be punished without exemption. Every group victimized others in various ways including depriving them of their basic rights, intentional or uknowingly.

Descrimination, traditionalism, corruption on higher levels of the government, confiscation of public property by war and power mongers, seeking ethnic domination, just and equitable enforcement of law. One ethnicity claims that they deserve to govern because of the status of majority; others claim they are majority. Cabinet may be representatives but the national unity is still not there. Unjust and inequitable development.UNRESOLVED NATIONAL ISSUES:A federal system has many advantages. Government that is imported will not work in Afghanistan but should be decided by Afghans. Electing local governors by the people could solve many of the problems. We all need to get rid of the culture, thinking and behavior of violence. Opportunists are more concerned about getting to power or keeping it. It is about accessing resources in the central Asia and other political goals. There is no morality in regional and international politics and there is no permanent friend or enemy; it is all about interests.+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

KABUL HAZARA ONLY GROUP NARGESDREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN:Security (political, economic, social) and development, Taliban are the greatest threat to security and lack of a capable government prevents us from development. Respecting the rights of others, An independent, free from poverty (all kinds) with a national identity.PAST AND PRESENT REPRESSIONS AND INJUSTICES:Commitment to the rights of everyone as human and to the national interest has been dominated by commitment to ethnicity and region. No civilization since Ahmad Shah but prior to that we had a few. Hazara has been marginalized, Kuchis attack caused killing of 44 Hazaras. Hazara girl was shot at several times and killed. Eighty five percent of development funds go to insecure areas depriving further areas of Hazara, Badakhshan, There is a wrong claim that

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Hazaras are 16-20%. The problem is Pashtoonists not Pashtoons. In the parliament Tajiks and Pashtoons dominate decisions and discrimination in employment and opportunities for studies also exist. Foreign invasions and the waste of money on military instead of development. Our low level of development and divisions makes us prone to foreign interferences. Pakistan, Pashtoons on both sides of the border and the Duran issues and dishonesty of the government of Iran is affecting us.HOW TO ACHIEVE PEACEFUL AFGHANISTAN:Expanding education needs to be taken more seriously also because of its importance for development. We do not need the Ministry of Tribal and Border affairs; discrimination based on ethnicity still continues. Lack of security is a big problem while government holds contradicting position on the issue of Taliban. Development funds and opportunities for participation is not just and not based on the rights of all individual but dictated by the minority and majority status. Leaving large lands to Pasthoons still indicate their previleges as they were monopolizing political power in the past. Most of us are autocratic in our mentalities. Attention needs to be paid to political and cultural reforms as well as macroeconomic initiatives in agriculture, industries based on justice will help us achieve a desired Afghanistan.

Barmaki Group: KABUL FOCUS GROUPDREAM FOR AFGHANISTAN:Prosperous, independent, democratic, free from corruption, united and OBSTACLES:Insecurity caused by internal (ethnic, cultural, linguistic) and external (neighboring countries) factors and their interaction and contribution of low rates of literacy and education; foreigners do not want peace in Afghansitan; the inter-ethnic division is deeper and wider than ever, individuals take advantage of this for their personal gains; copying other cultures and following ethnic interests; people of Afghanistan are used against one another and for the interest of others, lower levels of social and economic development; key ministries are given to one ethnicity, linguistic, ethnic, religious and gender discrimination; poverty, unemployment and drug economy; breaking of the law; low execution of the budget; unjust distribution of the budget to provinces; double-citizenship; too much beaurocracy, appointments are not based on merit but ethnic, linguistic identity or party affiliation; human rights abuses, grabbing of public land by warlords, geographic location of Afghanistan; culture of impunity; existence of illegal military groups; strength of warring groups; weak government leadership; Iran’s and Pakistan dishonesty and pursuit of their hegemonic or fear-driven aspirations in the face of a weak government and regionally linked Afghan parties;HISTORICAL AND RECENT INJUSTICES:Najib’s time justice to all ethnic groups (another call it injustices to non-Pashtoons); Mujahideen all ethnicities oppressed, Taliban time all non-Pashtoons; presently, all ethnicities by foreigners (other say now it is better); to UNRESOLVED NATIONA ISSUES:Lack of a federal system is not the problem; until we are really united federal system will increase our social and political problems and may lead to breakup of the country.

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WHAT WE NEED TO DO:Promote a culture of tolerance (if Tajik or Hazara wins the election, Pashtoons should tolerate that); respect individual rights without considering identity; a just government that is supported by the people; cultural development and education; freedom in foreign relations; strong government; economic self-sufficiency; just the parties committed oppression and crimes against other ethnicities; educate the people; promotion of a culture of peace through education;

APPENDIX THREE

Original Study OutlineFIELD RESEARCH: QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE OPTIONS FOR PEACE AND

RECONCILIATION IN AFGHANISTAN

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RATIONALEThe Afghan war has strong roots in the civil war and important regional dimensions that have notbeen dealt with adequately. The depth of the civil war, past grievances, as well as concerns aboutpresent and future injustices, all prevent Afghan groups from uniting for security, peace and stability.The strong ties they have developed with both governments and groups in the region over thecourse of the civil war have made any inter-Afghan peace deal prone to sabotage and difficult toimplement. This is particularly true with respect to India and Pakistan.The nine-year civil war not only killed over eighty thousands civilians in Kabul, Parwan, Mazar,Bamyan and other parts of the country, but also forced warring factions and coalitions to drawheavily on their identity groups. As the war continued, the parties became progressively moredominated by ethnicity and more dependent on their regional allies. Thus ordinary Afghans fromPashtoon, Tajik, Hazara and Uzbek areas have become either combatants or innocent victims ofvengeance. Regional countries have supplied weapons and money to their allies in the civil war.A month after September 11, 2001, American-led forces joined one side of the civil war to topplethe Taliban regime and eliminate the Al-Qaeda leadership. The civil war became entwined with the“War on Terror”; regional state and non-state actors and parties to the Afghan civil war became keyplayers in that broader conflict. The “War on Terror” that began on Afghan soil in October 2001added a broader international layer to a complex civil war that had already involved neighbouringand regional countries such as Pakistan, India, the Arab States, Iran, Russia, Tajikistan and evenTurkey.The mislabeling of a multi-fragmented civil war as a “War on Terror” has prevented systematicefforts to address its political components; predictably, a military solution has proven to beinadequate response to address the situation. To address the political components of the Afghanwar, one needs to explore their nature and role in achieving security, peace and stability inAfghanistan. This qualitative research project is aimed at getting first hand information from keystakeholders in both Afghan civil society and combatants in the current war.

OBJECTIVETo identify conflict resolution and reconciliation options for Afghanistan through interviews anddiscussions with a purposive and diverse sample of key national stakeholders inside Afghanistan aswell as those from the countries in the region.

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EXPECTED OUTPUTA report that will be the key element of the agenda of the First Session of the AFGHANISTAN:Pathways to Peace conference that will identify:-key grievances, claims, concerns and fears (as well as the root causes) related to political, ethnic and religious rights that have an impact on present and future peace and stability of Afghanistan;-key solution/options for conflict resolution and reconciliation.

METHODOLOGYData Collection ApproachesSemi-structured interviews and focus group discussions will be used to gather information from awide spectrum of Afghans who represent groups that were involved in hostilities during civil warand since 2001, as well as other political and social groups and individuals. The author of this studywill carry out many of the interviews and focus group discussions himself, since he knows many ofthe key leaders or has connections that will facilitate.

Each research team member will be assigned a list of categories of potential participants. Some of those on the list will have contact information for others a Snow Balling approach will be used.

Sampling Frame and Size:To get a fair representation of the opinions, attitudes and believes across the country fifteen provinces are included in this research as follows:

Kabul: 200-300 interviews and eight to ten group discussions. Representatives of many political parties, advocacy groups, non-governmental organizations, religious and ethnic/ identity councils and religious shuras

Kandahar: (twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Faryab: (twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Balkh: (Sixty to seventy interviews and three to five group discussions)

Samangan: (twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Nangarhar: (Sixty to seventy interviews and three to five group discussions)

Bamyan: (Sixty to seventy interviews and three to five group discussions)

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Khust: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Paktia: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Parwan/ Kapisa: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Panjshir: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Ghazni: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Wardak: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Logar: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Urozgan/ Zabul: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions)

Hirat: (Sixty to seventy interviews and three to five group discussions)

Kunar: (Twenty to thirty interviews and two to four group discussions) Total interviews will reach between 400 and 600 and the total discussion groups will reach around 40 to 60.

Sampling Units:Individuals or groups interviewed.

Each researcher and research assistant will be introduced by a letter from the NCPR and the Department of Peace. The letter will explain the purpose of the research and the process of interview or group discussion and the time it will take. Once the potential participant indicate interest, the consent letter will be read to the participant which gives the choice of discontinuing her/ his participation and that the information will remain strictly confidential and final results will be reported without identifying any of the participants.

Questions and Questionnaires:

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Questions for each domain will be developed, peer-reviewed and tested for clarity, appropriatenessand comprehensiveness. The questionnaires will be developed in Dari and Pashto. The reportcoming out of this research will be available in Dari, Pashto, and English. Key themes covered byquestions will include:Major historic and recent injustices that might have a role in present and future peace andconflict in AfghanistanFuture concerns about injustices that prevent groups from working together to addressnational crisesRegional dimensions of the conflictViable and sustainable peace options for Afghanistan

Selection of the Sampling UnitsParticipants in this research will be considered from both political and community levels,representing the following political groups:

Parties to Civil War and Current Armed ConflictOn the political front parties and individuals that have been involved in or affected, in amajor way, by the civil war from 1992-2001. Parties overtly involved in the civil war includethe Northern Alliance:Jamiat-e-Islami Afghanistan led by Professor Burhanudin Rabani (MP) including the keybranch of the Shura-e-Nezar, a Suni Tajik party led by Yunus Qanooni (theSpokesperson of the lower house); (try to speak to Qanooni, Rabani and some ordinary men such as former ordinary Muhajids and community members in Panjshir and Parwan).Wahdat-e-Islami led by Joma Mohamad Mohaqeq, an MP (Shiit Hazara): (talk to Mohaqeq and ordinary Mujahids and community members in Bamyan)Shura-e-Itefaq Islamic led by Anwari, Governor of Hirat (Shiit Hazara) (speak to Anwari and ordinary Mujahids in Kabul and Daikundi) Hezb-e-Wahdat Islamy led by Asef Mohseni (Shiit Hazara) (Talk to Erfani and ordinary Mujahids and community members in Ghazni)National Islamic Front led by General Dustom (Suni Uzbek): Talk to his office in Mazar and Faryab)Itehad Islami led by Professor Rasul Sayaf (majorly Suni Pashtoon) (talk to Sayaf and his supporters and community members in Paghman)Hezb-e-Islami Afghanistan (two political branches are based in Kabul; some key leadersare MPs and one is Advisor to the President) (Pashtoon): Talk to Arghandiwal, Jareer/ Sabaoon) as well as Dr. Wahidyar and Mansoori and supporters and community members in Wardak and Logar.Taliban Islamic Movement (former key members in Kabul as members of the parliamentor some in Southern provinces of Afghanistan or border provinces of Pakistan, if

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possible) (Pashtoon) (talk to Mowlawi Arsala, PTS and supporters in Wardak and Logar; Dr. Farouq Azam, Engineer Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai). (talk to some soldiers and Farouq Wardak from MoE)Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (Dr. Masoom Stanekzai, Engineer Dawood from the National Security Council and a few governors)Taliban and Hezb-e-Islami as mentioned before (covered earlier)

Parties that might be contributing to war and/or peaceFormer communist parties (Watan and Peace, etc. Led by Sayed Gulabzoi, Ulomy,Rashid Jalili, Tanay- Pashtoon, Tajik and Hazara) (try to talk to Tanai and Gulabzoi and other ordinary members at Kabul University and provinces as you get to know them)Social democrat party (Afghan Milat) led by Professor Ahadi (presently Minister ofFinance - predominantly Pashtoon) (speak to Mateen and his friends)Maoist parties relatively underground and integrated to the Northern Alliance but somekey leaders could be found (speak to those from university, in Kabul city or the new political parties)Setam-Milli party relatively underground or integrated to the Northern Alliance (Tajikand Uzbek) (try to find them; speak to Aryan at MoE, Rafiee at CSF, Engineer Qayum Salim; Mahax-e-Milli Islami led by Peer Sayed Ahmad Gilani (moderate Jihadi party that did nottake part in civil war - predominately Pasthoon) (try to speak to Peer Hamed Gilani, supporters in Wardak and Sardar Roshan)Jabha-e-Nejat-Mili led by Professor Majaddedi, the spokesperson of the Senate.(talk to Najib Mujaddedi, Shah-Aqa Mujaddedi, General .. who works with Hazrat Sahib)

Ethnic Advocacy or Social GroupsThere are numerous social groups registered at the Ministry of Justice for ethnic and subethnicgroups or in the name of a district or, a province or a tribe. Smaller ethnic groups calltheir groups by their names such as the Aymaqs Council; the Arab (of Afghanistan) Council;Baluches Council; Panjshir Council; Wardak Council; Kabul Council; Ahmadzai Council etc.

Religious groups (Talk to the Panjshir, Turkman, Arab, Pashayee, Kabuli, Ahmadzai, etc. in Kabul) and if found in other provinces)There are registered and non-registered group of religious clergies from various parts of theCountry (speak to the Mix-Shiite and Sunni Shura also to the National Shura of Ulema).Women Groups:Women are represented by social groups, non-governmental organizations and government offices. Afghanistan Women Council, Afghan Women Network, Afghan Women Laywers will be among the ones to be included in this research. In each of the provinces, a group of women needs to be contacted and interviewed as individual or group.

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Civil Society and Peace Groups:At least one person from each of the Civil Society Forum as well as the peace NGOs will be invited to take part in the research.

DisseminationThe report will form the basis of discussion at the First Session of the Conference. After theconference, a revised version will be circulated to governmental, inter-governmental and NGOstakeholders working towards peace in Afghanistan, in the region, in Canada (through theAfghanistan Reference Group and the government Afghanistan Task Force), in the US (through theAlliance for Peacebuilding and 3D Security) and globally through the Global Partnership for thePrevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC). It will also be posted on the project’s website.The revised report will be considered at the Second Session, to be held in Dubai, and will inform thedecisions of that Session with respect to the creation of a platform to support civil societyengagement in pursuit of peace and the development of a work-plan.Partner Organizations and PersonnelPeacebuild is supported in this work through professional contributions from its partnerorganizations, The Group of 78 (Canada), Project Ploughshares (Canada), The 3D Security Initiativeat Eastern Methodist University (USA), Concordis International (United Kingdom) and KabulUniversity (Afghanistan). Information with respect to partner organizations is available at AnnexIII. Steering Committee members and Staff are profiled at Annex IV.19Time LineDate ActivityBy 15 March Letter of confirmation of participation from Dean of Kabul UniversityBy 21 March Formation of conference steering group in KabulBy 15 April Draft plan for Kabul conferenceSolicit ideas for conferences from colleagues in AfghanistanComments from steering group and Kabul University15 –20 May Recruit research teamDraft protocols and questionnairesTest protocols and questionnaires21-23 May Train research team25 May-7 June Conduct research, analyse data, draft report9 – 14 June Edit, translate, print report26 – 28 June Conference in KabulAfter 29 June Revise, Print, Distribute reportPost on Conference web site

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Note: This timeline is up to date through April 15; the rest of the schedule is contingent uponfunding.

APPENDIX FOUR

THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

(Summary of the Domains and Items)

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A total of 25 items are organized under six domains. First domain: Your dreams for Afghanistan (3 items):

- What kind of Afghanistan do you wish far?- What are the obstacles before reaching your wishes for Afghanistan?- What should we do to reach these dreams for Afghanistan?

Second domain: Grievances related to injustices of the distant and recent past (5 items)- What major oppressions have been committed by individuals or groups of one

ethnicity against other ethnic group/s in Afghanistan (who against whom, when, where and how)?

- In your opinion, how did those oppressions contribute in way to the civil and current war?

- Some claim that the Pashtoon dynasty have repressed Uzbeks, Hazaras, Tajiks, Turkmans and others for over 230 years, while others say that these kings were surrounded by Tajiks and Hazaras (non-Pashtoons) that culturally oppressed the Pashtoons. What do you think?

- Some people say that, over the last 30 years, both Pashtoons and non-Pashtoons have been victims of identity-related violence and injustices. What do you think?

- To heal the wounds of the past, what needs to be done?Third domain: Current and future injustices (5 items):

- What identity-related injustices and repressions are happening right now in Afghanistan?

- How could these injustices and repressions be resolved?- Some claim that Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks have been dominating the government

last eight years, while others feel that the Pasthoons are becoming dominant in the government. What do you think?

- What kind of future injustices are you afraid of happening?- What measures should be put in place to prevent such potential injustices?

Fourth domain: Unresolved national issues (4 items)- What unresolved national issues might have caused tension and divisions at the

national level?- How could these issues be resolved (explain one by one)?- How can injustices related to languages be addressed?- What possibilities do you see for changing the roles and responsibilities of the central

government and President and of the provincial governments and Governors to address some of the social illness and hostilities in Afghanistan?

- What are the key elements that will benefit from public discussions? Land, water, corruption, international forces, talking with Taliban?

Fifth domain: Relations with neighboring and regional countries (4 items):

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- How are the neighboring and regional countries interfering in Afghanistan?- Why does each one of these countries do what they do? - How can we transform this interference into constructive cooperation? Explain.- What should the groups and government of Afghanistan do to achieve mutually

beneficial cooperation?Sixth domain: Peace and Stability in Afghanistan (4 items):

- Why are peace and stability not coming in Afghanistan?- What needs to be done to achieve these objectives?- Out of the steps you mentioned, what is the single most important thing that needs to

happen?- What is the first step that needs to be taken towards this?

APPENDIX FIVE

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

(Dari Version of the questionnaire)

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الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

شد ؤس نا حل مسائل و عدالتیها بی مظالم، مورد در ملی هاالتمصاحبه

آرزو) افغانستان های الف مورد در : تان

آرزو .1 مطابق افغانستان يک آرمان مشخصات چیست و ؟شماپيشرفته ــــــــ 1.1 و مرفه امن، با .......................................................................افغانستانباشد یافغانستانــــــــ 2.1 داشته حاکميت قانون آن در ........................................................کهفسا ۀادار دارای که یافغانستانــــــــ 3.1 بدون و مردم خدمتگذار باشد دسالم، ....................اداریباشد ی افغانستانــــــــ 4.1 واقعی دموکراسی دارای .........................................................کهنکند یافغانستانــــــــ 5.1 ظلم ديگران بر قوم يک آن در ..................................................که6.1............................................................................. پارچه یک و متحد افغانستان ــــــــ7.1................................................................................ آزاد و مستقل افغانستان ــــــــ8.1.................................... باشد داشته وجود واقعی اسالمی حکومت آن در که افغانستانی ــــــــ9.1....................................................................... نظامی لحاظ از قدرتمند افغانستان ــــــــ

..........................................................................................................ــــــــ10.1

………………………………………………………………ـــــــ.11

.

ــــــــ...................................................................................................................12.1را موانعبزرگترين .2 به هدر تان رسيدن آرزوی ؟چیستافغانستانطرف

نا ــــــــ 1.2 و مداخل جنگ و خارجی ۀامنی .........................................................کشورهایقانون ــــــــ 2.2 حاکميت ........................................................................................نبوداداری ــــــــ 3.2 . .............................................فساد کشور دولتی ارگانهای و ادارات همه دراقوام ــــــــ 4.2 ساير بر قوم يک ...........................................................................حاکميتگرو ــــــــ 5.2 يا اشخاص ................................................................تبعيضگرا ۀحکومتجامعه ــــــــ 6.2 سرتاسر در وسيع بيسوادی و .............................................................جهل7.2............................................................................................ افغانها اتفاقی بی ــــــــ8.2............................................................................................................. فقر ــــــــ9.2....................................................................................... متوازن غیر انکشاف ــــــــ10. 2..................................... دولتی گیریهای تصمیم در خارجی و داخلی مافیایی نفوذ ــــــــ

ــــــــ...............................................................................................................11.2ــــــــ...............................................................................................................12.2

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ــــــــ................................................................................................................13.2برسید چه .3 اید، فوقمشخصنموده در که هایی آرزو به تا کرد ؟باید

1.3.......................................................................... ملی امنیت پولیسو اردو، تقویت ــــــــها .....................................2.3 سکتور همه در صادق و مسلکی های کادر تقرر و تربیه ــــــــ3.3....................................................................................... اداری فساد علیه مبارزه ــــــــ4.3 ........................................................................................ اجتماعی عدالت تأمین ــــــــهای 5.3 رسانه و مساجد در تبلیغ ملی، مشارکت طریق از ملی وحدت تأمین ــــــــ

گروهی..................5.3.............................................................. روابط بر حاکمیتضوابط و قانون به احترام ــــــــ6.3.................................................... کشور سرتاسر در آموزشسواد برای امکانات تأمین ــــــــاسالمی ..........................................................................................7.3 شریعت تطبیق ــــــــ8.3........................................................................................... تعصبات بردن بین از ــــــــ9.3.................................. خصوصی سکتور به آنها سپردن نه و دولتی فابریکات مجدد اعمار ــــــــ

10.3............................................................................................. فقر بردن بین از ــــــــ11.3..................................................................................... بیکاری بردن بین از ــــــــ12.3................................................................................. دولت از مافیا نفوذ قطع ــــــــــــــــ................................................................................................................13.3ــــــــ ...............................................................................................................13.3ــــــــ....................................................................................................................14.3

: افغانستان) در نزديک و دور های گذشته مظالم بدر مظالمآيا .4 ديگر اقوام يا قوم عليه قوم يک های گروه يا افراد توسط بزرگی

ا گرفته صورت وقت ( ستافغانستان چه کی، دهيد توضيح کی ؟ چطور؟ ، کی، )بربود کدام جانی و مالی های ا خساره ند؟ه

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ور .5 شعله بر نزديک يا دور های گذشته مظالم شما نظر جنگهای ساختنبهادام) 2001-1992داخلی ( اند؟ ۀو داشته اثری کدام کنونی جنگهای




پ .6 شاهان که کنند می ادعا سی ښبعضیها و صد دو از اضافه طی توناند کرده زياد ظلمهای افغانستان تاجکهای و ها هزاره ازبکها، بر گذشته .سال

باره شما این میکنيد؟ در فکر چه of 91




دارند .7 وجود هايی از ،ادعا اضافه در شاهان بار در سال دوصدو که سیغير توسط بر پښتونگذشته و بود شده اشغال روا پښتونها فرهنگی ستم ها

میشد باره شما .داشته این کنيد؟ در می فکر چهـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ


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طی .8 که کنند می ادعا و برخی در حکومتها مختلف سیعرصۀ رژيمهایبر هم گذشته غير پښتونسال بر هم و بی پښتونها و گرفته صورت ظلمها ها

ا داشته حاکميت باره شما ست.عدالتیها این کنيد؟ در می فکر چهـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــمر .9 زخمها حبرای بر گذاری تدابير ،م چه گذشته عدالتیهای بی و مظالم

شود؟ گرفته دست روی

1.9................................................. شود تطبیق کشور سراسر در انتقالی عدالت ــــــــهای 2.9 رسانه دینی، مساجد،مراکز در تبلیغ طریق از مختلف اقوام بین در تفاهمات سوی ــــــــ

..................................................... گردد رفع فرهنگی و علمی محافل تدویر و گروهی3.9.............. گردد فراهم ذیدخل اقوام بین منازعات رفع منظور به نشستها و ها زمینه ــــــــ4.9........................ گیرد صورت ها مصاحبه ملی، مصالحه و صلح اهمیت مورد در ــــــــ5.9.......................................................... آید عمل به بشر علیه جرم به اعتراف ــــــــ6.9.............................................. شود داده ارتقأ مردم تعلیمات و آموزش سطح به ــــــــ7.9................................... شوند ساخته سهیم دولتی گیریهای تصمیم در اقوام تمام ــــــــ8.9. شود تخصیصداده والیات همه برای برابر و متناسب بودجۀ_ ــــــــــــــــ9.9

ــــــــ10.9

ــــــــ11.9در) محتمل و موجود عدالتیهای بی : آينده ج

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جامع .10 در جاری حالت در بزرگ عدالتیهای بی کدام شما نظر ۀبهح است؟ افغانستان اکم

10.1........................................... . مردم و دولتی منقول غیر و منقول داراییهای غصب ــــــــ10.2..................................................................... زورمندان باالی قانون تطبیق عدم ــــــــ10.3................................................................................ زورمندان پایان بی مظالم ــــــــ10.3.................................... . دولتی حساس پستهای در کفایت اشخاصبی و افراد انتصاب ــــــــ10.4............................. کشور سیاسی و اجتماعی اقتصادی، اوضاع در زورمندان حاکمیت ــــــــ10.5................................................................................ لسانی و قومی عدالتی بی ــــــــ10.6........................................................................................ مردم حق نا كشتار ــــــــ10.7................................................................................................ ادارى فساد ــــــــــــــــ................................................................................................................11.8 ــــــــ.................................................................................................................12.9

ــــــــ..............................................................................................................13.9

ها .11 چاره گرفته میتواند چه دست روی عدالتیها بی اين رفع ؟شودبرایدر 11.1 ملی حاکمیت با همه پذیرش مورد سالم و پایدار وسیع، بنیاد دارای حکومت یک ایجاد ــــــــ

… باشد قوانین تطبیق و تحکیم به قادر که کشور .....................................………….سرتاسرحساس 11.2 پستهای در افراد انتصاب و انتخاب در ساالری شایسته اصل رعایت ــــــــ

دولتی..............اجتماعی 11.3 اقتصادی، سالم رقابتهای برای سیاسی و اقتصادی اجتماعی، سالم فضای ایجاد ــــــ

......................................................................................................................... . سیاسی و11.4......................................................................................... . اجتماعی عدالت تأمین ــــــــدر 11.5 ولسانی قومی روابط نظرداشت بدون ومسلکی علمی شخصیتهای انتصاب و انتخاب ــــــــ

............................................................................................... . پارلمانی و دولتی مهم پستهایــــــــ........................................................................................................................11.6ــــــــ........................................................................................................................11.7ــــــــ........................................................................................................................11.8

گذشته .12 سال هشت طی که کنند می ادعا مورد پښتونبعضیها هااند گرفته قرار مورد شما .تبعيضهایشديد این کنيد؟ در می فکر چه




نمايند .13 می تشويش ابراز هم قدرت ،برخی حکومت پښتونکه در هاافزايشاست به رو مورد شما .موجود این کنيد؟ در می فکر چه


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جامع .14 در احتمالی عدالتیهای بی کدام يا ۀاز نزديک آينده در افغانستانتشويشداريد؟ دور

14.1. سواد کم غیرمتخصصو اشخاصمتعصب، دست در قدرت افتیدن ــــــــ14.2. زورمندان توسط ها عرصه تمام در خاموش و دفاع بی اکثریت حقوق کردن پایمال ــــــــ14.3 . قدرتمندان توسط عامه ملکیتهای غصب ................................................................... ــــــــ14.4 .......................................................... قومی گروههای از بعضی خواهی اضافه ــــــــ14.5..................................................................... مختلف قسمتهای به کشور تجزیۀ_ ــــــــ14.6......................................... درست طور به قضایی اورگانهای در قانون تطبیق عدم ــــــــ14.7....................................................... ما فرهنگ و دین به خارجیها نکردن احترام ــــــــــــــــ...............................................................................................................14.8ــــــــ................................................................................................................14.9

ــــــــ..............................................................................................................14.1015.( ) وقايوی گيرانه پيش تدابير برگشت را چه يا ادامه از جلوگيری برای

عدالتی جن بی و کنيد گ ها می پيشنهاد ؟ها15.1. مستمندان حقوق از دفاع مراجع ایجاد ــــــــ15.2.............................................. مجرم و زورمند افراد مجازات قبال در سیاسی قوی تعهد ــــــــ15.3....................................................................... . ملی مشارکت طریق از دولت تقویت ــــــــبه 15.4 امنیتی امور تأمین انتقال و ملی امنیت و ملی پولیس ملی، اردوی های نیرو تقویت ــــــــ

............................................................................................................................... قوتها این14.5................................................................................. انتقالی عدالت پروسۀ_ تطبیق ــــــــعدم 15.6 و متقابل احترام پایۀ_ بر ها همسایه خصوص به جهان، کشورهای با روابط تأمین ــــــــ

....................................................................................................... . یکدیگر امور در مداخله15.7................................. . کشور سرتاسر در همگانی ای حرفه تربیۀ_ و تعلیم امکانات تأمین ــــــــهای 15.8 عرصه در المللی بین جامعۀ_ و افغانستان حکومت بین واقعی همآهنگی ایجاد ــــــــ

............................................................................................... . فرهنگی و اقتصادی سیاسی، نظامی،15.9........................................................................................ افغانها ملی وحدت تأمین ــــــــ

ــــــــ......................................................................................................................15.10ــــــــ......................................................................................................................15.11ــــــــ....................................................................................................................15.12

: ناشده) ملیحل مسائل د

نشده .16 حل حال تا مهم و ملی مسائل بی اند، کدام يا تشنج سبب کهگرديده ملی سطح به ؟استاتفاقی


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مهم .17 و ملی مسائل هر باید اين مورد در شوند؟ حل طریقهچگونه. بدهيد جداگانه توضيح




پ .18 زبانهای به مربوط عدالتیهاي بی که گويند می دری ښبعضیها و تودارند شوند ،وجود حل بايد مورد شما .که این میکنيد؟ در فکر چه




که .19 کنند می ادعا فدرال ایجاد بعضیها مرض عالج ی،حکومت ،اجتماعی همۀاست افغانستان در عدالتیها خصوصبی مورد شما .به این کنيد؟ در می فکر چه




افغانستان) هـ در ثبات و : صلح

آيد؟ .20 نمی افغانستان به دوامدار و کامل ثبات و صلح چراـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



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آ .21 عمل به اقدامات جامع یدچه در دوامدار ثبات و امنيت صلح، ما تا eبه ۀ آيد؟ وجود

توسط 21.1 ً کامال امنیت که حدی تا ملی امنیت و پولیس اردو، شخصی و مادی مالی، تقویت ــــــــ........................................................................................................ شود تأمین افغانها خود

سرحدی 21.2 پولیس واسطۀ_ به کشور سرحدات حفظ و تحکیم ــــــــمسلکی......................................

21.3 ) بازسازی و عمران انکشاف، کشور سراسر در متوازن انکشاف و بازسازی به توجه ــــــــ..........................................................................................( امن نا خصوصوالیات به والیات

21.4.......................................... و تأسیسفابریکات با بیکار افراد برای کار های زمینه ایجاد ــــــــ21.5............................ جرم ارتکاب درخصوص کشور حقوقی نظام براساس عدالت تطبیق ــــــــ21.6................................................................................... ملی وحدت تحکیم ــــــــ21.7.............................................. افغانستان اسالمی جمهوری مخالفین با مصالحه و تفاهم ــــــــ21.8.............................................................. کامل صورت به اسالمی شریعت تطبیق ــــــــــــــــ...............................................................................................................21.9

ــــــــ............................................................................................................21.10ــــــــ.................................................................................................................21.11

: و منطقه) و مجاور های کشور با روابط

مداخل .22 نوع در اتچه جهان يا منطقه همسايه، های کشور توسطگيرد؟ افغانستانصورتمی

22.1 ( ) و اسلحه صدور و غیرمستقیم و مستقیم دولت مخالف نیروهای تربیۀ_ و تقویت حمایت، ــــــــ...................................................................................................................... حربی مهمات

22.2 ( ) تا حریف بر غلبه منظور به است فروشی ارزان دمپنگ، دمپنگ سیاست کارگیری به ــــــــشوند .................................................................................................. صنایع فلج داخلی

22.3...................................................................... مختلف اقوام بین تفرقه وتقویت ایجاد ــــــــکار 22.4 افغانستان ضد و خود نفع به تا افغانی اتباع از یی عده آموزش و تربیه ــــــــ

کنند...................22.5........................................................... افغانستان در مخدر مواد قاچاق و زرع تقویت ــــــــــــــــ.......................................................................................................................22.6ــــــــ....................................................................................................................22.7ــــــــ...................................................................................................................22.8

کنند؟ .23 می مداخله افغانستان در ها کشور اين چرا

23.1................................................................... شان خاصخود ملی منافع حفظ خاطر به ــــــــ23.2........................................ . افغانستان در مقتدر حکومت یک موجودیت و ایجاد ترس از ــــــــ23.3 ) اقتصادی انکشاف صورت در خود تجارتی امتعۀ_ عمده بازار دادن دست از ترس از ــــــــ

افغانستان)........................................................................................................................23.4................................................ دیورند معاهدۀ_ چون قراردادها، سرگیری از ترس از ــــــــ

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شرایط 23.5 در امریکا متحدۀ_ ایاالت نظامی قوی پایگاه یک به افغانستان شدن ترسمبدل از ــــــــ...................................................................................................... منطقه در آن نفوذ و فعلی

23.6...................................................... . افغانستان های دریا آب از ناجایز استفاده بابت از ــــــــ23.7.......................................................... افغانستان خام مواد و معادن از استفاده بابت از ــــــــــــــــ.....................................................................................................................23.8ــــــــ.....................................................................................................................23.9

ــــــــ...................................................................................................................23.10توسع .24 طريق از که دارد امکان مداخل ،همکاریها ۀآيا به اين ۀضرورت

. دهيد توضيح برد؟ بين از يا ساخت کم را ها کشورـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



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افغانستان .25 و دولت المللی بین eجامعۀ مدنی ، eاتخاذ جامعۀ را تدابير چهگردد؟ تبديل متقابل همکاریهای به خارجی مداخالت تا نمايند

25.1................................... یکدیگر درک برای تالش و کردن مالمت سیاست بردن بین از ــــــــصادق 25.2 و طرف بی متخصص، افراد اشتراک به جانبه دو گردهماییهای انداختن راه به ــــــــ

........................................................................................ تفاهمات سوی حل منظور بهبین 25.3 موجود های معضله حل خصوص در ذیدخل جوانب صادقانه و واقعی همکاری ــــــــ

.................................................................................................... متخاصم اطراف25.4 ) درمورد ً مثال متخاصم اطراف بین موجود مشکالت مورد در واقعبینانه کردن فکر ــــــــ

...............................................................................................( هلمند آب مسئلۀ_ حل25.5........................................................................... . منطقوی همکاریهای ایجاد ــــــــــــــــ................................................................................................................25.6ــــــــ..................................................................................................................25.7ــــــــ..................................................................................................................25.8

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APPENDIX SIX

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Pashto Version of the questionnaire

الرحيم الرحمن الله بسم

پوښتنې مصاحبې د اړه په ستونزو ناحلشويو ملي او بيعدالتيو ظلمونو، د

هيلې. ستاسو اړه په افغانستان د الفدي؟ .1 كومې سم سره ارمانونو او هيلو د ستاسو ځانګړتياوې افغانستان د

1.1. افغانستان تللي پرمخ او هوسا ، لرونك امن ۍــــــــ2.1. ولري حاكميت قانون پكې چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــ3.1. ولري شتون اداره پاكه فساد له او خدمتګاره خلكو د سالمه، پكې چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــ4.1. وي موجوده دموكراسي ريښتينې پكې چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــ5.1 . ونكړي ظلم باندې قوم بل پر قوم يو پكې چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــچې ــــــــ 6.1 افغانستان م داسې یو او .متحد وي ۍوټ7.1. وي آزاد او مستقل چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــ8.1. ولري شتون حكومت اسالمى ريښتون پكې چې افغانستان داسې ۍــــــــ9.1. وي ځواكمن لحاظ نظامي په چې افغانستان داسې ــــــــ

ــــــــ10.1ــــــــ11.1ــــــــ12.1

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لرى، .2 هيله يې تاسې چې لپاره لرلو د افغانستان داسې د خنډونه ځواكمن ډېردي؟ كوم

1.2. السوهنې هېوادونو بهرنيو د او امني نا او جګړې ــــــــ2.2 . شتون نه حاكميت د قانون د ــــــــ3.2. شتون فساد د كې ارګانونو او ادارو دولتى ټولو په هېواد د ــــــــ4.2. واكمنى قوم يو د باندې قومونو نورو پر ــــــــ5.2. حكومت ډلو او اشخاصو لرونكو تبعيض د ــــــــ6.2. شتون بيسوادي او جهل پراخ د كې ټولنه ټوله په ــــــــ7.2. اتفاقى بې افغانانو د ــــــــفقر 8.2 ــــــــ9.2. پراختيا انډوله نا ــــــــ

10.2. نفوذ مافياوو كورنيو او بهرنيو د كې پريكړو دولتى په ــــــــــــــــ11.2ــــــــ12.2ــــــــ13.2

كړلې؟ .3 ګوته په پورته تاسې شيچې سره تر هيلې هغه وشېچې بايد څه1.3. پياوړتيا قوتونو امنيتى ملي او پوليسو اردو، ملي د ــــــــ2.3 . تقرر او روزنه كاركونكو صادقو او مسلكى د كې سكتورونو ټولو په ــــــــ3.3. مبارزه ضد پر فساد اداري د ــــــــ4.3. مبارزه ګټه په عدالت ټولنيز د ــــــــوحدت 5.3 ملي د لارې له تبليغ د كې رسنيو ييزو ډله او جوماتونو په او مشاركت ملي د ــــــــ

. كول ترالسه6.3. حاكميت ضوابطو د روابطو پر او احترام ته قانون ــــــــ7.3. برابرول امكاناتو د كې هېواد ټول په لپاره كړې زده د سواد د ــــــــ8.3. كول پلې شريعت اسالمى د ــــــــ9.3. وړل منځه له تعصباتو د ــــــــ

10.3. سپارل نه هغو د ته سكتور خصوصي او اعمار فابريكو دولتى د ــــــــ11.3. وړل منځه له فقر د ــــــــ12.3. وړل منځه له بيكاريو د ــــــــ13.3. وړل منځه له نفوذ مافيا د څخه دولت د ــــــــــــــــ14.3ــــــــ15.3ــــــــ16.3

: ظلمونه. نېږدي او لېري ډېر كې افغانستان په ببل .4 پر خوا له ډلو يا افرادو د قوم يو د ظلمونه زغرده ډېر كې افغانستان په آيا

) وخت، څه څوك، كړى يې توضيح دي؟ شوي سره تر باندې قومونو يا قوموو؟) كوم زيانونه ځاني او مالي كې ترڅ دې په څرنګه؟

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د (.5 ظلمونه نږدې يا لېرې ډېر آند په ) ۲۰۰۱- ۱۹۹۲ستاسو جګړو كورنيو د كال مدرلودې؟ اغيزې كومې يې باندې دوام پر جګړو اوسنيو د او كولو پيل په




د .6 پادشاهانو پښتنى چې كوي، ادعا داسې كسان موده ۲۳۰ځينې په كلونو تيرو. دي كړي ظلمونه زيات ډېر تاجيكانو او ګانو هزاره ازبكانو، پر افغانستان د كې

. يېكړى توضيح كوي؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسېـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



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له .7 كې وختونو تيرو په دربار پادشاهانو د چې لرى، شتون ادعاوې ۲۳۰داسېپښتنو له او وو شوى اشغال خوا له كسانو پښتنو غير د كې موده زياته په كلونونه

. كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې دي كړي ظلمونه كلتورې يې سرهـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ




د .8 رژيمونو او حكومتونو ډول ډول تېرو چې كوي ادعا داسې خلك تيرو ۳۰ځينېترڅ په او كړي ظلمونه باندې پښتنو غير پر هم او پښتنو پر هم كې موده په كلونو

. كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې وه حاكمه بيعدالتي يې كېـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



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كوم .9 بايد لپاره اېښودلو مرحم د عدالتيو بې او ظلمونو پرهارونو، تېرو پرونيولشي؟ تدبيرونه

1.9 . شي تطبيق عدالت انتقالى بايد دې كې ګوټ ګوټ په هېواد د ــــــــجوماتونو، 2.9 په دې موخه په وړولو منځه له د تفاهماتو سوى ډول ډول د منځ تر قومونو د ــــــــ

. شي رفع الرې له جوړولو د غونډو كلتوري او علمي د او رسنيو ييزو ډله مركزونو، دينى3.9. شي جوړې غونډې موخه په ختمولو د جګړو د دې منځ تر قومونو متخاصمو د ــــــــ4.9. وشي مصاحبې دې اړه په مصالحې ملي د او ارزښت د سولې د ــــــــ5.9. اعترافوشي جرم پر دې كې مقابل په بشر د ــــــــ6.9. شي لوړې دې كچې ګړې زده د ــــــــ7.9. شي وركړل برخه متناسبه كې دولت په دې ته قومونو ټولو ــــــــ8.9. شي ونيول كي نظر په بودجه متناسبه دې لپاره واليتونو ټولو د ــــــــــــــــ9.9

ــــــــ10.9ــــــــ11.9

: عداليتي. بې محتملى كې راتلونكي په او اوسنې جاوسني .10 په عدالتى بي لويې كومي كې ټولنه په افغانستان د آند په ستاسو

لري؟ واكمنى حالتكې1.10 . غصبول شتمنيو منقولو غير او منقولو خلكو او دولتي د ــــــــ2.10. تطبيقول نه قانون د باندې زورورو پر ــــــــ3.10. ظلمونه اندازې بې خوا له زورورو د ــــــــ4.10. ګومارل اشخاصو او افرادو كفايته بې د كې پستونو حساسو دولتي په ــــــــ5.10. حاكميت زورورو د باندې چارو سياسي او ټولنيزو اقتصادي، پر هېواد د ــــــــ6.10. عدالتى بي ژبني او قومي ــــــــ.ــــــــ 7.10 وژنه ناحقه وګړو عامه د8.10. فساد اداراى ــــــــــــــــ9.10


په .11 وړلو منځه له د عدالتيو بي دې د بايد چې شي، كوالې چارې الرې كومېورسيږي؟ سرته موخه

منلو 1.11 د خوا له ټولو د چې كول، رامنځته حكومت سالم او دواملرونكى بنسټ، پراخ يو د ــــــــتوان تطبيق او تحكيم د قانون د چې لرل، حاكميت سرتاسري ملي يوه داسې د او وى وړ

ولري.اصل 2.11 د ساالر ښايسته د كې ګومارلو او ټاكلو په افرادو د كې پستوتو حساسو دولتي په ۍــــــــ

مرعاتول.سياسي 3.11 او ټولنيزې اقتصادي د موخه په رقابتونو سياسي او ټولنيزو اقتصادي، سالمو د ــــــــ

. ايجادول فضا سالم4.11. كول رامنځته عدالت ټولنيز ــــــــ

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ګومارل 5.11 او ټاكل شخصيتونو مسلكي او علمى د كې پستونو مهمو پارلماني او دولتي په ــــــــ . شي نيول ونه كې نظر په اړيكې ژبنې او قومي پكې چې

ــــــــ6.11ــــــــ7.11ــــــــ8.11

ډېر .12 سره پښتنو له كې موده په كلونو تېرو د چې كوي ادعا داسې كسان ځينې . كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې دي شوي تبعيضونه زيات




حكومت .13 اوسنى په قدرت پښتنو د چې تشويشڅرګندوي، داسې كسان ځينې . كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې دئ زياتېدو په مخ كې




كې .14 راتلونكى لرې او نږدې په څخه عدالتيو بى احتمالي كومو له تاسېتشويشلرى؟

1.14. لوېدل قدرت د ته السونو اشخاصو سوادو كم او متخصصو غير د ــــــــ2.14. كول الندې ترپښو حقوق اكثريت چپ او دفاع بې د خوا له زورورو د كې برخو ټولو په ــــــــ3.14. غصبول ملكيتونو عامه د خوا له قدرتمندانو د ــــــــ4.14. غوښتل څه زيات د خوا له ډلو قومي ځينو د ــــــــ5.14. ويشل هېواد د برخو بېالبېلو په ــــــــ6.14. كول پلي نه قانون د توګه سمه په كې اورګانونو قضايي په ــــــــ7.14. احترام نه خوا له بهرنيو د ته فرهنګ او دين زمونږ ــــــــــــــــ8.14ــــــــ9.14

ــــــــ10.14كومو .15 د لپاره مخنيوي د كېدو پيل بيا يا او دوام د جګړو او عدالتيو بې د تاسې

كوى؟ وړانديز تدبيرونو وقايوى او مخكنيو1.15. كول رامنځته مراجعو دفاعى د موخه په دفاع د حقوقو د وزلو بى د ــــــــ2.15. تعهد سياسي پياوړ د اړه په كولو مجازات د كسانو مجرمو او زورورو د ۍــــــــ3.15. كول غښتلى دولت د الرې له مشاركت ملى د ــــــــت 4.15 د چارو امنيتى د ته ځواكونو نوموړو او كول غښتلې ځواكونو امنيت ملي او پوليسو اردو، ملى د .أــــــــ سپارل كارونو د مين

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5.15. تطبيق پروسې د عدالت انتقالي د ــــــــله 6.15 نړ د بنسټ پر اصل د وهنې الس نه د كې چارو په بل يو د او درناوى اړخيز دوه د ۍــــــــ

. چلند سره ګاونډيانو له ډول ځانګړي په هېوادونو،ت 7.15 امكاناتو د روزنې او ښوونې اي حرفه د لپاره ټولو د كې ګوټ ګوټ په هېواد د مينول.أــــــــ8.15. كول پلې قانون توګه سمه په ــــــــاو 9.15 اقتصادي نظامي، سياسي، په منځ تر ټولنې المللي بين او حكومت د افغانستان د ــــــــ

. راوړل ته منځ هماهنګي ريښتونې كې برخو فرهنګي10.15. تأمینول وحدت ملي د افغانانو د ــــــــــــــــ11.15ــــــــ12.15ــــــــ 13.15

: مسايل. او مليستونزي شوى نا حل دد .16 كچه ملي په چې دي، نه شوى حل هم اوسه التر ستونزې ملي مهمې كومې

دي؟ ګرځيدلي اتفاقيالمل بې او ګډوډىـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ




جال .17 جال اړه په طريقې هرې د شي؟ حل څرنګه بايد ستونزې ملي مهمې دغه. وړكړي توضيحات




چې .18 لري، شتون عدالتى بې اړه په ژبو درى او پښتو د چې وايي كسان ځینى . كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې حلشي بايد




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ټولنيزو .19 ټولو د جوړول حكومت فدرالى د چې كوي ادعا داسې كسان ځينېمنځه د عدالتيو بى موجودو د كې افغانستان په توګه ځانګړې په ناروغتياوو،

. كوى؟ فكر څه اړه دې په تاسې كيږى ګڼل عالج لپاره وړلوـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ




: ثبات. او كېسوله افغانستان په هـراځي؟ .20 نه ثبات او سوله ته افغانستان ولى




ثبات .21 دواملرونكى او امنيت سوله، چې شي، پورې الس بايد اقداماتو كومو پهشي؟ رامنځته كې ټولنه په زموږ

1.21 ( له ( افغانانو د خپله په توګه ټوليزه په امنيت چې حده هغه تر پياوړتيا شخصي او مادي مالي، ځواكونو قوتونو امنيت ملي او پوليسو اردو، ملي د ــــــــت .أمینخوا شي

2.21. ساتنه او ټينګښت پولو د هېواد د خوا له پوليسو سرحدي مسلكى د ــــــــ3.21 ) په ډول ځانګړي په پاملرنه ته پراختيا انډوليزى او بيارغونې كې ګوټ ګوټ په هېواد د ــــــــ

.( پاملرنه ته بيارغونى او عمران پراختيا، كې واليتونو ناامنوت 4.21 د فابريكو د .أــــــــ برابرول زمينې د كار د لپاره خلكو بيكارو د الرې له وسايلو نورو د او سيسولو5.21. تطبيق عدالت د اړه په ارتكاب د جرم د پربنسټ نظام حقوقي د ــــــــ6.21. ټينګښت وحدت ملي د ــــــــ7.21. تفاهم او مصالحه ترمنځ مخالفينو او دولت د افغانستان د ــــــــ8.21. توګه كامله په تطبيق شريعت اسالمي د ــــــــــــــــ9.21


: اړيكې. سره هېوادونو منطقوي او ګاونډيو له ونړيوالو .22 او ييزو سيمه ګاونډيو، د وهنې الس ډول كوم كې افغانستان په

كيږي؟ سره تر خوا له هېوادونو1.22 ) غير يا مستقيم په روزنه او پياوړتيا هغوى د مرسته، سره ځواكونو مخالفو له دولت د ــــــــ

. ( صادرول مهماتو او اسلحې حربى د او ډول مستقيم of 91

2.22 ) حريف پر چې خاطر دې په وايي ته خرڅولو ارزان شیانو د خوا له بهرنيو د دمپنګ د ــــــــ. ( كړي فلج صنايع داخلي چې اخيستل ګټه نه سياست د كړي ترالسه غلبه باندې

3.22. كول پياوړې هغې د او اچول تفرقې د ترمنځ قومونو ډول ډول د ــــــــكار 4.22 ضد پر افغانستان د او ګټه په ځان خپل د چې روزنه داسې اتباعو افغاني شمېر يو د ــــــــ

وكړي. 5.22 . كول پياوړى قاچاق د هغې د او كركيلى د موادو مخدره د كې افغانستان په ــــــــــــــــ6.22ــــــــ7.22ــــــــ8.22

كوي؟ .23 كېالسوهنه افغانستان په هېوادونه دغه ولى1.23. خاطر په ساتنې د ګټو ملي خپلو د ــــــــ2.23. ډاره له موجوديت او كيدو رامنځته د حكومت مقتدر يو د كې افغانستان په ــــــــافغانستان ( 3.23 چېرې كه ډاره له وركولو السه له بازار د لپاره شيانو عمده سوداګري خپلو د ــــــــ

.( شى برخه په پراختيا اقتصادى ته4.23. معاهده ډيورنډ د لكه خاطر، په ډار د كتنې بيا د ته دادونو قرار ــــــــپه 5.23 او شى نه بدل هډه نظامي په اياالتو متحده د امريكې د افغانستان چې لپاره دې د ــــــــ

. كړي ونه نفوذ كې سيمه6.23. موخه په اخيستنې ګټې ناجايزه د څخه دريابونو له افغانستان د ــــــــ7.23. خاطر په اخيستلو ګټې د څخه معدنونو د افغانستان د ــــــــــــــــ8.23ــــــــ9.23

ــــــــ10.23وهنه .24 الس هېوادونو دغو د الرې له پراختيا د همكاريو د چې لري، امكان دا آيا

وركړى؟ توضيح يوسو؟ منځه له يې يا او كړو كمهـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ



ــــــــــــــــچې .25 ونيسي، بايد تدابير كوم ټولنه مدني او ټولنه نړيواله دولت، افغانستان د

بدلىشي؟ همكاريو اړخيزو دوو په بهرنيالسوهنې1.25. كول هڅه اړه په كولو درك د بل يو د او وړل منځه له سياست كولو مالمت د ــــــــصادق 2.25 او پلوه بې متخصصين، كې هغه په چې جوړول، پروګرامونو اړخيزو دوه داسې د ــــــــ

. وكړي ګډون خاطر په وړلو منځه له د تفاهماتو سوى اشخاصدخوا 3.25 له اړخونو ښكيلو د موخه په حل د ستونزو موجودو د منځ تر ځواكونو متخاصمو د ــــــــ

. همكارى صادقانه او ريښتينېمسئلې ( 4.25 د اوبو د درياب د هلمند د لكه كول فكر توګه واقعي په منځ تر ډلو متخاصمو د ــــــــ

حل) 6.25 . ايجادول همكاريو منطقوى د ــــــــــــــــ7.25

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