afghanistan
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Afghanistan. Middle Eastern Studies. History. Afghanistan is the crossroads between Central, West and South Asia 1 st area to domesticate animals 1 st true urban centers in Asia were in Afghanistan Mundigak (near Khandahar ) and Deh Morasi Ghundai Wheat Barley Sheep Goats. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
AfghanistanMiddle Eastern Studies
History Afghanistan is the crossroads between
Central, West and South Asia 1st area to domesticate animals 1st true urban centers in Asia were in
Afghanistan› Mundigak (near Khandahar) and Deh Morasi
Ghundai Wheat Barley Sheep Goats
Kabul was established between 2000-1500 bce
Zoroastrianism (monotheistic religion) was introduced about 628 bce
Persians conquered Afghans by 330 bce but tribes continued bloody revolts
By 326 bce, it had been conquered by Alexander the Great, but he couldn’t quell the bloody revolts either
After Alexander the Great…› Buddhism was
introduced during the Kushan dynasty
› Capital was Peshawar
› Soon became part of the Selucid Empire
120 bce – Kushan Empire› King Kanishka was
first to give Buddha a face
400 ce – the White Huns invaded and left Afghanistan in ruins
425 ce – the Yaftalee Dynasty took over
530 ce – Persians took over again
652 ce – Arabs introduced Islam 962 ce – Ghazavid Dynasty took over
› Mahmud – made Islam the main religion› Afghanistan was the center of Islamic
power and civilization at that time 1219-1221 ce – Mongol Invasion –
Genghis Khan 1273 ce – Marco Polo crossed
Afghanistan on his way to the far East 1504-1519 – Moghul Dynasty
› Babur Shah took control of Kabul› Used Kabul as his base for conquering India
1708 ce – Mirwais Nika made Khandahar independent of Persia. He’s considered the father of Afghan independence
1736 – Persia took over most of Afghanistan again
1747-1773 – Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of today’s Afghanistan took over. He was a military giant and a humanitarian. Beginning of the Durrani Empire
1793 – capital moved from Khandahar to Kabul
Fighting lasted until 1826 1826-1839 – Dost Mohammad Khan
took over› Britain and Russia fought for
control/influence in Central Asia› Britain wanted control over northern routes
to India Tried to oust Dost Caused 1st Afghan War
1842-1844 – Akbar Khan – hero – defeated the British. Very revered in Afghan history – portion of Kabul is named after him
1857 – Dost signed an alliance with the British
1859 – British take Baluchistan causing Afghanistan to be land-locked
1865 – Russia conquered Bukhara, Tashkent and Samerkand
1873 – Russian set fixed boundary with Afghanistan
1878 – British invaded again but Afghanistan held them off
1879 – Amir Muhammed yaqub Khan gave territories to Brits – never to bet them back› Kabul went under British occupation
1880-1901 Afghanistan supported the British against Russia
1893 – Durand Line fixed borders with Afghanistan and British India
1919 – Russia and Great Britain in Convention of St. Petersburg set territorial integrity of Afghanistan
Late 1920’s, early 1930’s there was a lot of in-fighting in Afghanistan
1933 – at 19 years old, Zahir Shah took over as ruler of Afghanistan until 1973› Declared Afghanistan neutral during WWII
1973 – his cousin, Daoud Khan overthrew Zahir Shah calls himself President – established Republic of Afghanistan
1978-29 – Bloody Coup – Daoud was killed› Guerilla movement Mujahideen was born
1979 – Russia invaded Afghanistan› Guerillas gave them fits!
1989 – Russia withdrew, defeated 1990s – Mujahideen fighting with
Afghanistan gov’t. Islamic state was declared
1994 – Taliban militia was born. Fought Islamic gov’t and reduced Kabul to rubble
Oct. 2001 – U.S. Invaded› Taliban› Osama Bin Laden
2005 Afghanistan gov’t is still getting better.