afes english manual

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The computer program AFES and all associated documentation are proprietary and copyrighted products.

Worldwide rights of ownership rest with GS E&C.

Unlicensed use of the program or reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior written

authorization from GS E&C, is explicitly prohibited.

While believed to be accurate, the information contained herein should never be utilized for any specific

engineering application without professional observance and authentication for its accuracy, suitability and

applicability by a competent and licensed engineer, architect or other qualified professionals.

AFES is a suite of proprietary computer programs of GS E&C. Although every effort has been made to ensure

the correctness of these programs, GS E&C will not accept responsibility for any mistake, error or misrepre-

sentation in or as a result of the usage of these programs.

Copyright GS E&C, Plant Division of AFES Global Work Team

Published January 2007

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

GS E&C

GS Yeokjeon Tower, 537,

Namdaemun-Ro-5Ga,

Joong-Gu, Seoul, 100-722, Korea

C.P.O. Box 8345, Seoul, Korea

Phone: (82) 2-728-3696

FAX: (82) 2-728-1356

M/P: 82-10-7700-6885

e-mail: info@gsafes. com (for general questions)

e-mail: [email protected] (for technical support questions)

e-mail: [email protected] (for technical support questions)

e-mail: [email protected] (for sales)

web Site : www.gsafes.com

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This section includes discussion on the following topics:

1. General Information

2. Starting AFES

3. Create a Project

4. Setting Design Parameters

5. Creating a New Structure

6. Importing a Structure

7. Importing a Geometry Data

8. Creating Grouping (Foundation Modules)

9. Creating Tie-Girder

10. Entering Foundation Dimension

11. Setting Strip Data for Reinforcement Design

12. Foundation Reinforcement

13. Pile Array

14. Entering of Anchor Bolt/Box for Drawings and Material Quantities

15. Entering of Equipment Data

16. Load Case/Combination

17. Foundation Analysis and Design

18. Interactive Design

19. Exporting Construction Drawing to Popular CAD

20. Material Quantities (3D BOM)

21. Pile Reaction Table

22. AFES and PDS Integration

23. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.5)

24. AFES and PDMS Integration (PDMS Version 11.6)

25. Foundation Modeling with SDNF File

26. Known Bugs

Contents

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1. General Information

1.1 Overview

AFES is a comprehensive one-stop solution for all your foundation engineering and design needs. Due to AFES

capability to make reports, construction drawing including bar schedule, BOM and generation of 3D

CAD(PDS/PDMS) foundation modeling data, it is very powerful solutions for the analysis and design of all kinds

of foundation.

1.2 Background

Foundation design is usually done manually thus entailing large storage manpower needs, which is

uneconomical and in turn leads to difficulties in meeting quality requirements and deadlines.

The shortness of work period for project, frequent design changes of upstream parts, difficulties in assuming

the size of foundations for site and the need to check interference between foundation, underground piping,

and electrical cable trench, and coordination with other teams are some of the difficulties encountered during

the design stage of a project.

With the absence of a one-stop commercial solution that can solve the above mentioned problems, AFES is the

system that can produce all type of foundation analysis and design needed for the construction of foundations,

quickly and economically.

1.3 Application Area

Energy, Petrochemical, Refinery, Gas, Water Supply, Treatment and Recycling Plants

Residential, Commercial Buildings

We hope you enjoy your experience with AFES. If you have any questions or problems with the program,

Please visit our home page at http://www.gsafes.com or email us at [email protected],

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected].

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1.4 Hardware Requirement

The following are recommended as minimum hardware requirements.

- PC with Intel-Pentium IV or AMD processor.

- Graphics card and monitor with 1024x768 resolution, , 256 color display (16-bit high color recommended).

For On-Board System without Graphical card, The resolution limits 1024x768 or lower resolution with 256

color display, or 16-bit high color.

- 128 MB RAM or higher.

- Windows 2000/XP operating system. Running it on Windows 95/98 systems is not working.

- Sufficient free space on the hard disk to save the program and data files.

A typical minimum is 500MB free space.

Note : Additional RAM and Video Memory will enhance the performance of AFES software.

1.5 Conventions used in this guide

Click Press and release the primary mouse button on the designated item.

Click, hold and drag Press and hold the mouse button while dragging to a specified location.

Double-Clicking - Quickly press and release the primary mouse button twice.

Select or Choose Click the primary mouse button to select an item.

Enter Press the Enter key on the keyboard or enter values in the fields.

Click OK or Click Cancel Click on the work OK or Cancel on your screen.

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1.6 Installation

AFES can be installed by using an easy-to-use installation program. During installation the files from the

installation CD are decompressed and copied to the appropriate locations on the hard disk. At the end of the

installation procedure, a new program group Foundation Design iAFES is automatically created in the program

sub-menu of the Start menu, and iAFES Foundation icon on the desktop as well.

1) Setup

a) SINGLE MACHINE INSTALL

To install AFES software on a single machine or if you have purchase a standalone license.

Please follow the installation directions in below procedure.

b) NETWORK MACHINE INSTALL

To install AFES software in a network with a hardware lock. Please follow the installation

directions included in the Set_Up_AFES_Network_Lock_Driver_2006_09_18.doc file included

on the CD.

2) Installation Manual

Offers the AFES installation procedure. Please follow the installation directions included in the

AFES_Installation_2006_11_16.doc file included on the CD.

3) User Manual

Offers the AFES user manual, Please follow the user manual included in the

AFES_English_Manual.pdf file included on the CD.

4) Brochure

In this option, you can view the information sheets about the AFES program.

5) Lock Driver

You can select type of Lock to be used in your machine when running the program.

6) Browse CD

Windows Explorer will be shown and this can be done by clicking on the file of the CD.

7) Close

Close installation work

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1) Setup

AFES Installation Main Window.

- Place CD in CD-ROM Drive.

On this Main installation menu, choose one from the choices shown. The options presented on the

screen are discussed below:

- Close all application programs before installing AFES and then select AFES Install command figure

above.

- AFES is automatically installed if you place CD in. ( Do not keep pressing [Shift] while placing CD.)

- If automatic Installation is not working, follow the steps below. Choose Run from Start Window

Menu, and indicate CD-ROM Drive. Input Path and Setup as follow.

E:\Install (When CD-ROM Drive is specified as E:) - Typically, an InstallShield Wizard screen appears as shown in the figure below, then click Next

command.

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Installation Wizard

Note : In Windows 2000 and XP systems, you have to log in with an administrative rights before

commencing installation.

- License Agreement

Review the statement. If you acknowledge the terms and conditions of the agreement, select I accept the

terms of the license agreement or if you dont acknowledge the terms and conditions of the license

agreement, choose I do not accept the terms of the license agreement.

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License Agreement

- Selection of Installation Folder

You may install the program in any folder of your choice, default folder name is supplied to you as

shown in figure below. Choose next to accept the default destination folder or choose change to

specify a different directory where you want AFES to be installed then click Next button. To quit

installation, click Cancel button. To install to a different folder, click Change install to another folder.

Default folder name is supplied to you as shown in Figure below.

EX )with path c:\Program Files\GS_AFES\AFES 2.5

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Selection of installation Folder

- Ready to Install the AFES program

Choose Install to start installation, choose Back to change any settings of the

previous steps or click Cancel to terminate installation.

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Reddy to Install the Program

- Installation Process

Start Copying Files

Setup Status

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Wait while copying files to destination folder.

- Selection of Hardware Lock Type

If you choose software license with authorization code, click on the Cancel button.

Choose one from the Hard Lock type selections based from the lock supplied to you.

You can see the name of the lock printed on it.

Selection of Hardware Lock Type

Network Lock refers to a system that supports simultaneous multiple-user access. Please follow the

installation directions included in the Set_Up_AFES_Network_Lock_Driver_2006_09_18.doc file

included on the CD.

If you do not have a lock key for AFES, the program will only work in demonstration mode.

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- Installation of AFES Lock Driver files.

Installation Process

- Finish lock driver

The window below will display after finishing installation of Lock Driver. Click Finish command button.

Finish Lock Driver

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- Completion of installation

When the installation is complete, the window below will appear. Click Finish command button.

Completion of Installation

- AFES Shotcut/Desktop Icon

After the installation is completed, you can see AFES icon as shown in figure

below in your desktop. Please restart your computer to update any changes made.

AFES Icon

- Running AFES program

Click on the AFES 2006 icon from the Foundation Design AFES group as shown in figure below to

start AFES program.

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Starting AFES Program

The AFES screen appears as shown in figure below.

The AFES program Screen

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2) Hard Lock

In case you do not have AFES lock, please do the following. From the screen shown below, select Set

Authorization Code (30-days trial ).

Set Serial Authorization Code

a) Authorization Code

Choose one from the selection of Authorization Code then click Ok.

If you select 30 days Trial option, you are only permitted to use the program in 30 days.

then click Ok button.

If you have a serial license for AFES program, Choose Request Authorization or

Register from file, then click Ok button.

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Selection of Authorization Code

After selecting an option, click Ok button.

The Request Authorization window will appear to your screen as shown in figure below.

If you are available internet, input Customer Information then click on the Request

command button. After automatically received your mail through the internet, we will approve

of your request to run one year dealer version.

If you arent available internet, click on the Save As command button after completing the

Customer Information to save the file in a directory on your computer. Also you can choose

a different directory if you like. A file dialog box displays then you want to save the file to disk.

Please send this file to [email protected] or [email protected] so that we may

provide you with a license key to run AFES. After received your mail, we will send the license

file. Starting AFES, Authorization dialog will display as shown in Figure above (=Selection of

Authorization Code).

Select the Register from file options then file dialog displays. Choose license file in the file

selected dialog that display. Upon successful completion of serial license version, then the

AFES main dialog is displayed.

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The AFES screen appears as shown in figure below.

The AFES program Screen

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1.7 Basis of Foundation Design

The following assumptions from the basis of foundation design procedures used by AFES.

- The program designs a spread and pile supported foundation.

- All piers and footings are assumed to be rigid with respect to load, soil bearing and pile load

distribution purposes.

- All loads at the top of pier are assumed to act the center of the pier.

- Factored soil bearing pressure required for obtaining bending moment in the foundation is determined based

on uni-axial in each strip separately.

- To determine the shears and bending moments in the foundation, the foundation is divided into many strips

and the values are calculated at critical and maximum conditions.

1.8 Input and Output File

The file names used for Structural Calculation, Construction Drawing, 3D CAD Modeling Data, Bill of Materials

and import/export data are as follows;

1) Input Data File

Name Description File Format

iAfesanalysis.mdb File that manages files needed in foundation design

Store Data per project

Microsoft Access

iAfesconst.mdb File that stores design parameters needed in design

Store Data per project

Microsoft Access

iAfesdefault.mdb File that stores default data needed in foundation

design

Microsoft Access

iAfesproject.mdb File that stores project information Microsoft Access

Section_Diag.mdb File that stores section information Microsoft Access

Note : The above files saved in a file located in your program Data and DataBase directory (the

program Data and DataBase directory where AFES is installed on the client machine).

2) Output Data File

a) Structural Calculation Sheet


file.pdf

file.html

file.rtf

Structural calculation sheet can be saved to pdf, html

file.

Acrobat

Internet Explore

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b) Construction Drawing


file.dwg

file.dxf

The drawing can be saved to dwg, dxf. AutoCAD, MIcroStation

c) Take Off Bill of Materials


file.pdf

file.html

BOM sheet can be saved to pdf file. AutoCAD, MicroStation

d) 3D CAD Modeling Data


file.mtl

file.mac

PDS 3D CAD modeling data can be saved to

mtl(=ASCII) file.

PDMS 3D CAD modeling data can be saved to

mac(=ASCII) file

PDS FrameWorks Plus

: INTERGRAPH ? PDMS : AVEVA ?

e) Import/Export Data


file.txt

Structure, group and load combination data export to

text file and import is allowed.

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1.9 AFES Program Theory

AFES program has the facility to obtain results of the Conventional and Finite Element Method(=FEM) for

foundation analysis and design. The user may use one of the two design methods stated above.

1) Conventional Rigid Method

The purpose of a footing is to transfer safely to the ground the dead load of the superstructure

(=weight), and all other external forces acting upon it. The type of foundation is also influenced,

though to a lesser degree, by the geographical location and climatic of the site, frozen depth, etc.

AFES performs a complete structural analysis and design of foundations as following below. The

program uses the following criteria.

AFES use two types of load combinations ; Service(=Unfactored Load) and Design(=Factored Load).

Service load combinations are used to calculate the soil and pile capacity, overturning moment, and

sliding forces for comparison with allowable soil and pile capacity defined in the Setting of Constant

window. Design load combinations are used to design the footing and pedestal for flexural and shear

as per chosen building code.

1) Conventional Rigid Method

a) Soil Bearing Pressure (Shallow Foundation)

b) Pile Capacity (Deep Foundation)

c) Overturning Moment (Shallow Foundation)

d) Sliding Force (Shallow Foundation)

e) Shear and Flexural Design (no shear reinforcing assumed)

f) Two way Shear Design

g) Design of Piers

a) Soil Bearing Pressure (Shallow Foundation)

AFES calculates the soil bearing pressure for all service load (=unfactored load) combinations

from the allowable soil pressure evaluated by principles of soil mechanics. Any eccentricities,

additional bending moments and/or horizontal shears shall be considered in the evaluation of

the maximum edge pressures.

Soil pressure under the footing is assumed to be linear. For eccentrically loaded footings, the

soil pressure may become tension under the part of the footing. In such cases the program

set pressure values in uplift zones to zero and calculates new values for the revised

equilibrium condition due to Hand Book of Concrete Engineering edited by Mark Fintel.

The maximum soil pressure should not exceed the allowable bearing defined in the Setting of

Constant criteria window. AFES supports biaxial and uniaxial soil bearing pressure analysis.

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Qa >= V_appl / Af Mx / Zx for Uniaxial

Qa >= V_appl / Af My / Zy for Uniaxial

Qa >= V_appl / Af Mx / Zx My / Zy for Biaxial

Where,

Zx = 1/6 x Lx x Ly2, Zy = 1/6 x Ly x Lx2 : Section Modulus, Af : Footing Area

b) Pile Capacity (Deep Foundation)

The user provides the following pile parameters such as representative pile name, type of pile,

diameter, length, thickness, elastic modulus, area, allowable Vertical/Lateral/ Uplift pile

capacity. Based on these parameters, program calculates the maximum pile capacity. The

maximum pile capacity should not exceed the allowable pile capacity. AFES supports biaxial

and uniaxial pile bearing capacity analysis.

Ha_pile > = H(i)x_appl / N_pile for Uniaxial

Ha_pile > = H(i)y_appl / N_pile for Uniaxial

Ha_pile > = (H(i)x_appl2 + H(i)y_appl2) / N_pile for Biaxial

Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + Mx_appl x Y(i)/ Xi2 for Uniaxial

Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + My_appl x X(i)_x / Yi2 for Uniaxial

Va_pile > = V_appl / N_pile + Mx_appl x Y(i) / Xi2 + My_appl x X(i) / Yi2 for Biaxial

Where,

Ha_pile : Allowable horizontal pile capacity, Va_pile : Allowable vertical pile capacity

H(i)x_appl, H(i)y_appl : Total horizontal load, V_appl : Total vertical load

N : Total number of piles

Mx_appl, My_appl : Applied bending moment about X and Y axis

X(i), Y(i) : Distance from X and Y axis to the farthest pile

Xi2 ,Yi2 : Pile group moment of inertia about X and Y axis

c) Overturning Moment.

Overturning moments are those applied moments and shears that seek to cause the footing

to become unstable and turn over. Resisting moments are those moments that resist

overturning and seek to stabilize the footing. The overturning moment safety factor is the

sum of resisting moments divided by the sum of overturning moments. Safety factors defined

in the Setting of Constant criteria window. The Resisting moment is overturning moment from

the vertical forces such as applied loads, self weight and soil weight and overturning moment

resulting from the external applied shears and moments and the summation of all these

forces becomes the overall overturning moment at the edge of footing. The overturning

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moment safety factor is calculated as the resisting moment divided by overturning moment.

Calculation of overturning moment is evaluated about all edges of the footing in the service

(=unfactored) load combinations for both X and Y directions.

d) Sliding Force

Considering V and H at the bottom of footing, it is obvious that H will cause a tendency

for the foundation to slide at the bottom of footing, which is prevented by the friction that is

mobilized, the maximum value of which is V(=summation of vertical forces) multiplied by the

coefficient of friction between the footing and the soil below. The sliding factor of safety

(=FS) against can be stated as follows; FS = V x / H. The maximum value of FS normally

specified is 1.5. For coarse-grained soils free from silt, may be taken as 0.55, while for

coarse-grained soils with silt the same may be taken as 0.45. For pure silt the value goes

down to 0.35. Calculation of sliding forces is evaluated at the bottom of footing in the service

(=unfactored) load combinations for both X and Y directions.

For additional sliding resistance you may enter and select the passive resistance of the soil,

also applies this value in the both directions.

e) Shear and Flexural Design (no shear reinforcing assumed)

Self weight of concrete and overburden of soil normally do not include flexural and shear in

the footing because the footing is continuously supported by the soil beneath it. A buried

footing resting on a continuous soil bed. Typically it is not included in the design load

combinations but the self weight and overburden of soil automatically included in the service

load combinations.

The design codes available in AFES are as follows:

- ACI318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (USA)

- BS 8110 (1997), British Standard for Reinforced Concrete Design (England)

- IS 456 (2000), Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice (Indian)

- KCI-USD99, Korean Concrete Institute of Concrete Design (Korea)

-KCI-USD2000 (SI Units) , Korean Concrete Institute of Concrete Design (Korea)

f) Flexural Design

In the footing design, the reinforcement required for a footing is computed based on the

resulting bending moments at the bottom of footing. In addition, selected reinforcing bars

and spacing are computed for the required reinforcing steel area based on the ranges of

rebar sizes and spacing specified by the user.

The flexural design of footing calculates the maximum moment and required steel for each

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strip and for each design load combination. To select the required flexural reinforcing steel of

the footing, AFES considers moments at the face of the pedestal on all four sides.

The minimum reinforcing ratio calculates the design code for shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement. Strength reduction factor can be entered in the Setting of Constant window.

Proportioning the pile cap involves satisfying the one way shear and bending moment

requirements at the applicable critical sections in accordance with building concrete design

code.

g) Shear Design

One way shear (=Beam Action) in accordance with design code at distance of d or d/2 from

the face of pedestal in both directions. The d is the distance from the top of the footing to the

centerline of the reinforcing steel. The d distance value calculates as follows; Footing

thickness the rebar cover half the main bar diameter of the footing. The critical plane is

assumed to extend over the entire width or entire width per length of the footing. AFES

checks shear assuming only the concrete to resists the applied shear; the contribution of the

reinforcing steel to shear resistance is ignored.

h) Two Way Shear Design

Critical section for two way shear is perimeter (=bo), a distance d/2 or d from around the

supported member in accordance with design code.

i) Design of Piers

AFES can design the shear and reinforcement for the piers. For shear design in either

direction, AFES presents the required vertical and tie bar and spacing. Also given are the

concrete and steel contributions to resisting shear. The total factored load value is listed. For

flexure, AFES uses a rectangular stress block, and considers slenderness effects. AFES

presents the required vertical reinforcement assuming an equal distribution of bars. AFES

does not account for the development length required and the provided development length

for reinforcing if it is not hooked or bent into the footing.

2) Finite Element Method (FEM)

The AFES analysis is based on the hybrid finite element method with the thin plate modeling as footing.

Footings are automatically discretized into well formed quadrilateral and triangular elements at a

specified mesh size. Beams are automatically discretized. Soil response is achieved by employing non-

linear spring (=compressing only) supports to model subgrade reactions. Pile reactions, if present are

proportional to linear displacements of the supported node and include both compression and tension.

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Also program calculates internal forces and deflections for all slabs and beams elements of the

foundation. This information is used in the design stage of the program.

The following is a list of the items included in the element stress output;

SQX, SQY : Shear stresses (Force / Unit length / Thickness)

MX, My : Bending moment per unit width (Moment / Unit length)

The element outputs are available at the center point of the element or all corner nodes of the element.

All element stress outputs are in the local coordinate system.

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2. Starting AFES

To start AFES, first click on the Windows Start button. Second, select the Programs option, and then select

the Foundation Design AFES program group. Finally click on the AFES 2006 program.

Or you can just click on the desktop window screen as shown in figure below.

or

Starting AFES

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When you first start AFES, the main window displays the Project Data Window. You may start a New Project

or an existing project.

AFES will start with menus or icons, and every input data can be saved and managed as per project

Menu Working Dialog

Icon Toolbar Model View Window

AFES Main Dialog Window

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Procedure for analysis and design of foundation in AFES program is as follows.

AFES Input Procedure

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3. Create a Project

To open the existing project, or create a new project,

Function:

Click on the New/Open Project from Top toolbar menu

or

From the Main Menu select File > New/Open Project

then Project Dialog Window as below is displayed.

or

Click on the New Project option box to create a new project for designing the foundation or click on the

number of project from below list box to open an existing project for designing the foundation.

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Creating a New Project

3.1 Creating a New Project for a Foundation

The first step is to enter project specific items. These items include general data, client data and Job data about

a project. General data includes project No. Project Name, Client Name, Site Name, any more. The client data

includes your client manager name, e-mail, number of telephone and fax, address. Job data includes assigned

engineer, supervisor, duration of project, project rate that values the program needs to use for the specific

project.

The Project Number and Structure Name entered in Project Information will display as a menu header

Note: General Data should be input. This data needs to use for the specific project.

Existing projects are as listed in the dialog box

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Input Project Information

After inputting the project data as figure above, click OK command button.

TEST-ACI folder is generated in directory of AFES program. Input data is automatically saved in a file located

in AFES DataBase and Data directory as follows. AFES directory is installed on the client machine.

Existing projects are included in your program as defaults. You can open these examples to view the entered

data and the results of foundation design. Please select a project of most interest to you to become familiar

with the project and the process.

File Window Explorer of AFES Project DB

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3.2 Rename Project

Renaming existing project can be done using this command. Below is the procedure.

a) From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option.

b) Choose existing project from the selection list you want to rename.

c) Click Rename Project button.

A dialogue window will display as shown.

d) Enter new name then click OK button.

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3.3 Copy Project

Copying other projects can help especially when you have to edit structures and later on you want to restore to

its original data.

a) From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option.

b) Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c) Click Copy Project button.


d) Enter Name then click OK button.

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3.4 Backup Project

Back up a project is same with copying a project but only it saves in zip file. This is useful in transferring files

like sending to other computers.

a. From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option.

b. Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c. Click Backup Project button.


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d. Enter File name then click Save button.

3.5 Restore Project

This command enables to restore backed up projects and return to project files ready for modeling.

a. From the Projects Dialogue window click Open Existing Project option.

b. Choose existing project from the selection list you want to copy.

c. Click Restore Project button.


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d. Access the directory where you save the files.

e. Select the file (in zip form) then click Open button. A warning message will appear as

shown.

f. Click OK button.

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4. Setting Design Parameters

Main Functions

4.1 Setting of Constants

Setting of constants options include design information that AFES needs in order to design a foundation. This

includes a number of parameters such as design code, safety factor, bearing capacity of soil, capacity of pile,

material and unit weight, clear cover, allowable increase of soil, allowable increase of pile, strength reduction

factors, supports and anchor bolt options.

To set user defined Setting of Constant, Click the Setting of Constant icon from top toolbar menu or you

may start a setting of constant from Design Parameters/Setting of Constants menu.

A setting of constant dialog window will open as shown in the following figure. The Setting of Constant dialog

window displays various tabs.

This dialog box displays eleven (11)-tabbed panels as below.

1) Tabs

Code

Safety Factor

Bearing Capacity of Soil

Capacity of Pile

Material and Unit Weight

Clear Cover

Allowable Increase of Soil

Allowable Increase of Pile

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Strength Reduction Factors

Supports

Anchor Bolt

The data input in the Setting of Constant dialog can later be used in the analysis, design and drawings

of foundation. The current Setting of Constant is used only within a specific project. You can use

Setting of Constant in a similar project by using Export and Import command button as figure

below.

a) Code

1) Concrete Design Codes

AFES supports the following concrete design code. Choose the concrete design code by clicking on the

appropriate one. For example, American Concrete Institute (ACI 318), output is printed out in

Imperial units, if you choose American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : Metric), output is printed out

in Metric units.

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AFES now supports seven concrete design codes for foundation design as follows;

- American Concrete Institute (ACI 318)

- Korean Concrete Institute (KCI-USD99)

- British Standard (BS 8110)

- American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : Metric)

- Korean Concrete Institute (KCI-USD : SI)

- Indian Code IS456(2000)

- American Concrete Institute (ACI 318 : SI)

- Singapore Standard (CP-65 Part 1, 1999)

2) Unit System

AFES supports three unit systems for input and Output; IMPERIAL(=ENGLISH), MKS and SI.

You can select in one system of units and view the results in another system of units.

Choose your input and output units by clicking on the appropriate options.

Design Code Input Units Output Units Remark

ACI 318 MKS, English, SI English -

ACI318(Metric) MKS MKS -

KCI-USD99 MKS, English, SI MKS -

BS8110 MKS, English, SI SI -

IS456(2000) SI SI -

KCI318(SI) SI SI -

ACI318(SI) SI SI -

CP- 65 SI SI

3) Horizontal Force

Horizontally loaded force including wind and seismic force can be automatically computed in AFES for

foundation design of machinery which covers a vertical vessel, exchanger, small tank and large storage

tank. Horizontal drum and sphere equipment. To figure out the horizontal load, the user needs to input

common and certain information. There are several kinds of design codes for horizontally loaded force.

Choose each code by clicking from the Applied wind load and Applied seismic load combo box.

AFES only prints out the following horizontal force code in structural calculation sheet. But in the near

the future, we will develop in accordance with following codes.

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No Wind Load Seismic Load

1 None None

2 ASCE 7-98 By factored Value

3 UBC 1997 ASCE 7-98

4 AIK 2000 UBC 1997

5 BS 6399 Part 2 AIK 2000

6 ASCE 7-95 ASCE 7-95

7 ASCE 7-02 API 650 Appendix E

8 ASCE 7-05 IBC 2003

9 IBC 2006 ASCE 7-02

10 - ASCE 7-05

11 - IBC 2006

b) Safety Factor for Stability

1) Function

Safety factors that generally need to be under consideration for serviceability and stability are

Overturning Moment, Sliding Force and Uplift Force. The friction factor is used for Sliding force.

Note that you can enter the factor value in the text fields and change the description.

After entering all the required data, click save button to save the information.

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2) Command button

Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click save button. The entered

new data will not be saved when not pressing the save button and the previous data can be restored

by the cancel button as long as the new data has not been saved.

Note that this safety factor will be selected in the Load combination dialog box.

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The following list generally accepted and previously applied safety factors in the tabulated

form

a) Indian Local Spec.

Title Overturning Sliding Uplift

1 Erection 1.5 1.5 1.2

2 Operation & Testing 1.5 1.5 1.2

b) Iran Local Spec. 1


1 Erection for Rectangular Footing 1.5 1.5 1.2

2 Operation & Testing for Rect. Footing 1.5 1.5 1.5

3 Erection for Octagonal &Round footing 1.5 1.5 1.2

4 Operation & Testing for Oct.& Round Footing 1.5 1.9 1.5

Note: For overturning Moment, the above safety factors provide for a minimum area of

footing under compression of 50% for erection and 67% operation & test.

For Uplift Force, factor of safety against uplift shall be not less than 1.5 for operation plus

wind or earthquake and nor less than1.2 erection plus wind.

c) Iran Local Spec. 2


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1 Erection 1.5 1.5 1.2

2 Operation 2 1.5

3 Test 1.5 1.5

4 Shutdown 2.0 1.5

5 Accidental 1.5 1.2

d) KCI-Usd99(Retain wall)


1 Normal 2.0 1.5 1.5

e) NODCO PARSON(=Qatar) Local Spec. (BS)


1 Erection 1.5 1.5 2.0

2 All other conditions 2.0 1.5 2.0

f) EGP-3 CHEVRON Local Spec.


1 Erection & Test 1.4 1.2

2 Operation & Shutdown 1.75 1.2

g) Widely accepted static friction coefficients of earth against concrete.

Title Friction coefficients

1 Silt 0.35

2 Silty Sand, Silty Gravel 0.45

3 Sand, Gravel 0.55

4 Rock 0.60

c) Bearing Capacity of Soil

1) Function

To set soil parameters; click on the Bearing Capacity of Soil tab in the setting of Constant dialog

box. Enter appropriate values in the field displayed: Soil bearing capacity, water level, frost depth,

internal friction angle. The maximum number of soil bearing capacity is 100. Allowable increase of soil

in capacities due to the short terms loads will be considered in Allowable increase of soil panel.

Choose appropriate option by clicking Yes or No to consider Buoyancy and Passive Soil Pressure.

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Choose between Gross or Net which soil bottom pressure shall be considered as provided in the form

shown below. Gross soil pressure is taken as the sum of net pressure and pressure caused by the

concrete footing thickness and soil above footing.

2) Command button

To add different types of soil area to a project click the New button and enter certain values on each

blank for designed contents, then click Save button. Now the saved information is shown on the

bottom of the setting of constant window in the listed form.

If former saved data needs to be deleted, the user can select the soil name that will be removed on

the spread sheet and click the Delete button.

Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save button. The

applied values can be gone without being saved, and the previous data can be restored with the

Cancel button.

Click Yes option in the statement Consider Passive Soil Pressure if you want passive pressure on of

soil be considered in the analysis.

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Note: You can calculate the Bearing Capacity by the Calculation option.

Click Calculation button, the Soil Bearing Capacity dialog box displays.

Enter the appropriate data in each panel: foundation, soil and load. Then click the calculation button.

AFES supports five methods to calculate the soil bearing capacity by Terzaghi, meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic

and Bearing capacity from SPT. The calculated soil bearing capacity will be displayed in the Output

panel.

The following tables have information on maximum allowable bearing capacity of soil usually and widely

accepted by books and references. The unit is presented in ton/m^2.

Soil Qa Soil Qa

Granite 500

Sandstone 250

Gravel and rock with

sand

20-40

Medium sandstone 80 Sand 20~40

Gravel 50 Silty sand 15~30

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Medium size Gravel 30 Clay 10~20

Sandy Gravel 30~50 Silt, Clay 5~10

d) Capacity of Pile

1) Function

In the design of pile foundation, the user can make AFES recognize types of piles and their material

and structural characteristics on the Capacity of Pile tab. Piles are offered in AFES in seven types that

driven pipe, pc, phc piles, cast in place piles, and prebored pipe, pc and phc piles. The sectional

shapes of piles supported by AFES are square and circle.

Choose or enter appropriate values in the field displayed: pile type, pile diameter, pile thickness, pile

length, allowable capacity, elastic modulus and pile area. Allowable increase of pile in capacities due to

short term loads will be considered in the Allowable increase of pile panel.

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2) Command button

To add different types of pile to a project, click the New button and enter certain values on each

blank for designed contents. Then click the Save button. Now the saved information is shown in the

bottom of the setting of constant window in the listed form.

If former saved data needs to be deleted, the user can select the soil name that will be removed on

the spread sheet and click the Delete button.

Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click Save button. The

applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be restored with the

Cancel button

Reference #1. Widely used PHC and steel piles in Korea are designed and produced with capability and sizes

listed in the following table.

Piles Diameters Ra (Vertical) Ha

(Horizontal)

Ua (Uplift)

PHC Conc. Plie 400mm 70~80 ton/ea 3.0 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea

PHC Conc. Plie 500mm 80~90 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 7.0 ton/ea

Steel Pile (t=9mm) 400mm 80~90 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 8.0 ton/ea

Steel Pile (t=9mm) 500mm 90~100 ton/ea 5.0 ton/ea 8.0 ton/ea

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From the table, Ra means vertical allowable capacity per one pile. As for Ha, allowable capacity of a pile, 5mm

shift of piles subjected to horizontal force is allowed. The head of piles is considered the head type.

Reference #2. The length of piles largely accepted is as follows in the table below.

Pile length (m) Pile types

10m 20m 30m 40m 50m

RC Pile

Pc Pile

Driven Pile

Steel Pile

Earth drill Pile

Benoto Pile

Cast-in-situ Pile

Reverse Pile

Pipe Pile

e) Material and unit weight

1) Function

Through the Material and Unit Weight menu, the user can specify material parameters that shall be

applied in the analysis. The parameters focus on concrete and steel. For concrete, the compressive

strength, unit weight and modulus of elasticity can be adjusted. Reinforcements are taken into account

in accordance with the types of bar, yield strength and modulus of elasticity. The unit weight of soil can

also be stipulated.

Choose or enter appropriate values in the field displayed: compressive strength of concrete, yield

strength of reinforcement, unit weight, using bars, and modulus of elasticity.

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2) Command button


applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the previous data can be restored with the

Cancel button.

Note: AFES supports the following bar types.

ASTM A615

KS D 3504

BS 4449

SAUDI ARABIAN

TS 708

ES 272-74

TIS 2527

IS HSD

Choose the using bar type by clicking from the Select using bar type combo box.

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Material and Unit Weight

f) Concrete covers

1) Function

To set concrete covers parameters, click on the Concrete Covers tab in the setting of constant

dialog box. It is necessary to specify the minimum depth of clear covers for design and drawings.

The clear cover menu is largely divided into two groups, one for footing and piers and the other for tie-

girders. Enter appropriate values in the field displayed: S, S1, P.CL, F.CL, F.CLT, F.CLB, FP.CLB, PL.CL,

TG.CL, TG.CL2, TG.CL3, TG.CL4 in the pier, footing, and tie-girders.

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Concrete Cover (Footing and Pier)

Concrete Cover (Tie-Girder)

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2) Command button



Cancel button.

Note: On the concrete covers menu, concrete cover in the pier, tie-girder implies concrete cover from

the outside edge of pier and tie-girder tie-bar to edge of concrete face. The concrete cover implies

clear distance between the edge of rebar and the edge of concrete.

Reference #1. The extension of clear cover is described accordingly in reference to different codes below.

a) ACI318-02, 7.7 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement (Non-pre-stressed)

Contents Value (inch)

Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 3

Concrete exposed to earth or weather

No.6 through No.18 bars 2

No.5, w31 or D31 wire and smaller 1-1/2

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs, Walls, Joists

No.14 and No.18 bars 1-1/2

No.11 and smaller 3/4

Beams, Columns

Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals 1-1/2

Shells, Folded plate members

No.6 bar and larger 3/4

No.5 bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller 1-1/2

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b) KCI2000 5.4 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement

Contents Value (cm)

Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 8

Concrete exposed to earth or weather

D29 bar and larger 6

D29 bar and smaller 6

D16 bar and smaller or Dia 16mm wire 4

Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground

Slabs, Walls, Joists

D35 bar and larger 4

D35 bar smaller 2

Beams, Columns 4

Shells, Folded plate members 2

The next figure helps to understand the definition of clear cover and spacing.

g) Allowable Increase of Soil

1) Function

Soil subjected to short-term loads like wind and seismic can be increased in vertical capacity by certain

degrees. In consideration of this increase of soil bearing pressure, allowable increase soil factor can be

taken on the Allowable Increase Factor of Soil menu. The factors usually can be out by geotechnical

studies and may be considered in the perspective of wind, earthquake and test load. To apply the

increased factors for design, they need to be set up in the dialog of load combination that will be

described later.

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Allowable Increase of Soil

2) Command button



Cancel button.

Note: As for short-term external force, allowable increase factor is prohibited as long as reduction

factors are already considered.

Ex) 0.75 x (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7WL)

Typically accepted increase factors are as follows:

LIBYA

Foundation subject to stresses produced by a combination of wind or earthquake loads with dead, live,

impact and vibration loads shall be proportioned for stresses 33% greater than basic allowable stresses

specified by the ACI code.

Allowable unit stresses for the design of foundations supporting process equipment may be 20%

during the hydrostatic testing of equipment, under static test load.

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TEXAS ABB

The allowable unit stress may be increased by 20%. Do not included earthquake combined with test

loads. Use 25%of wind load combined with test load.

h) Allowable Increase of Pile

1) Function

As described in the previous chapter, increase factors of soil are explained an applied in design of soil

foundations. Likewise, pile foundations can have factors increased. These factors are related to

horizontal, vertical and uplift capacity. The factors typically give by geotechnical studies and may be

considered in the wind, earthquake and test load. To apply the increased factors for design, they need

to be set up in the section of Load Combination that will be described later.

Allowable Increase of Pile

2) Command button



Cancel button.

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Note: As for short-term external force, allowable increase factor is prohibited as long as reduction

factors are already taken.

Ex) 0.75 x (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7WL)

i) Strength Reduction Factors

1) Function

The design strength of a member refers to nominal strength calculated in accordance with

requirements from design codes by a strength reduction factor. The strength reduction factors are

taken for the following purpose: to allow for the probability of under strength members due to

variations in material strength and dimension, to allow for inaccuracies in the design equations, to

reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability of the members under the load effects being

considered, and to reflect the importance of the member in the structure. The Strength Reduction

Factors menu is displayed below.

Strength Reduction Factors

2) Command button


applied values can be gone without being saved, and then the former data can be come up with the

Cancel button.

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Reference #1. The presented tables below show strength reduction factors according to countries

and projects already completed.

a) ACI 318-02 9.3.2

Description Factors

Tension-Controlled sections 0.90

Compression-Controlled section

Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to 10.9.3

Others reinforced members

0.70

0.65

Shear and torsion 0.75

Bearing on concrete (except for post tensioned anchorage zones) 0.65

Post-tensioned and anchorage zones 0.85

Strut tie models (Appendix A) 0.75

b) KCI 2000 3.3.3

Description Factors

Bending moment, Bending moment with Axial tension

Reinforced members

Pre-stressed concrete members

0.85

0.85.

Axial tension 0.8

Axial compression, Bending moment with Axial compression

a) Members with spiral reinforcement

b) Others reinforced members

In compression-controlled section, Pn < (Pb, 0.1fckAg), is

calculated by interpolation method with each value: a),b),and Pn=0..

0.75

0.70

Shear and torsion 0.65

Bearing on concrete 0.85

Plain concrete 0.75

c) BS8110-97 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials)

Description Factors

Concrete in Flexure (m) 1.50

Concrete in Axial Load (m) 1.50

Reinforcement (m) 1.05

Shear Strength without shear Reinforcement (m) 1.25

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d) CSA-A23-94 (Resistance Factor)

Description Factors

Concrete (c) 0.65

Reinforcement Bar (s) 0.85

Member (m) 0.75

e) Euro code2 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials)

Description Factors

Long Term Load : Concrete (c) 1.5

Long Term Load : Steel Reinforcement or Pre-stressing Tendons (s) 1.15

Short Term without Seismic Load : Concrete (c) 1.30

Short Term without Seismic Load : Steel Reinforcement or Pre-stressing

Tendons (s)

1.00

f) IS456-2000 (Partial Safety factor for strength of materials)

Description Factors

Concrete (m) 1.50

Steel (m) 1.15

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j) Supports

1) Function

AFES program has the facility of the finite element method(=FEM) for foundation analysis and design.

To set supports condition parameters, click on the Supports tab in the setting of constant dialog

box. Soil foundations need to choose the Elastic Mat or Plate Mat options by clicking

Modulus of sub-grade reaction can be calculated by Soil Support button.

Supports of Soil and Pile Foundation

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Click Soil Support to get the modulus. Enter or check appropriate values in the field displayed:

Allowable Soil Stress (qa), Long term, short term. Then click the OK button.

Note: See Joseph E. Bowels: Foundation Analysis and Design Page 503. The ks from allowable bearing

capacity furnished by the geotechnical consultant as follows;

Fps : ks = 12 x SF x qa kip/ft3

SI : ks = 40 x SF x qa kN/m3

Where SF=3.0(Long Term), 2.0(Short Term)

Qa= Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil.

This equation is based on qa= qult/SF and ultimate soil pressure is at a settlement H=0.0254m or 1

in.(1/12ft) and ks is qult/H. For H =6,12,20mm,etc., the factor 40(ot12) can be adjusted to

160(or48), 83(or 24), 50(or 16), etc.; 40 is reasonably conservative but smaller assumed

displacements can always be used.

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Pile foundations need to choose the fixed But button, then enter appropriate values in the field

displayed: KFX, KFY, KFZ, KMX, KMY, KMZ.

Note: Axial Spring Constant of Pile (kg/cm), Kv

Where, Ap : Net cross-sectional area of pile () Ep : modulus of elasticity of pile material (/) L : Length of pile (m)

D : diameter of pile (cm)

: strength factor of pile

Type of Pile

Driven Pipe Piles =0.014(1/D)+0.78

Driven PC,PHC Piles =0.013(1/D)+0.61

Cast=in-place Piles =0.013(1/D)-0.15

Pre-bored Pipe Piles =0.009(1/D)+0.39

Pre-bored PC,PHC Piles =0.011(1/D)+0.36

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2) Command button



Cancel button

k) Anchor bolt

1) Function

AFES enables you use to different anchor bolt sizes for completing your foundation drawing. It

provides access to Metric and Unified (=English) bolt tables so that you can complete foundation

drawing using the appropriate bolt sizes. It is possible to change the name and size description in the

text fields.

2) Command button

Click Export button to add or modify the anchor bolt table then modified data table can be imported

by clicking Import button.

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Cancel button.

Design Code, Unit System and Horizontal Force Codes

1) Command button

: In need of saving design constants for later use. A user can export data on the currently

applied design constant into a.txt format in AFES by clicking the Export button.

: To refer to previously formed design constants, a user can click the Import button, s

elect a file that will be applied and click the OPEN button. Then choose the YES button, through

which AFES brings up the information.

: To change the applied values conforming the Design Code and Input Unit.

: Select and enter appropriate values in the text box displayed and then click the Save

button.

: The applied values can be gone without being saved whereas the former data can be

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restored with the cancel button.

: Click Close to close the Setting of Constant dialog box.

4.2 Grid System Setting

Grid system can be set or edited after at least a node is created from the Geometric Data command. It

maybe in the form of numeric, alphabet or combination. Grids are defined separately for X and Y directions.

Mid-Description

Pre-Description Post-Description

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a) Pre-Description

It is the first item among grid assignments. Select from the options of Alphabet, Numeric or User

Define.

-Alphabet

Select starting letter to be used for the first grid.

- Numeric

Set start and end number to be used when choosing number assignment for grid. It shall be used in

making numbering assignment. The format can also be used to define the number of decimals.

- User Define

This text box enables us to define our desired variable to be used for the grid assignment.

b) Mid-Description

It is the variable between Post-Description and Pre-Description. You can assign letters or numbers.

c) Post-Description

It is last assigned variable to a grid. Like in pre-description, you can assign letters, numbers or by user

define.

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-Alphabet

Select this option to set starting and ending letters in post-description part of grid.

- Numeric

Set start and end number to be used when choosing number assignment for grid. It shall be used in

making numbering assignment. The format can also be used to define the number of decimals.

- User Define

This text box enables us to define our desired variable to be used for the grid assignment.

Defined grids can be reversible using the options Original Grid Arrangement and Reverse Grid

Assignment.

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5. Creating a New Structure

Every input and output data can be saved in AFES Data Base according to projects, which provide work

efficiency in control over project information. An engineer is able to create a file for a new project, reuse data

from projects conducted previously, or eliminate old and useless data for the users own sake.

Hierarchy System of AFES Data Flow

Structures Groups Footings or Piers

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To create structure for design of foundation, Click on the Create New Structure icon from top toolbar menu

or

From the Main Menu select File(F) > Create New Structure

Then the Create a New Structure dialog box will be opened.

It is entered in the text boxes on the New Structure Name in the form dialog below.

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6. Importing Structure

6.1 Main Functions

Importing Structure command is used to import existing structure in AFES. You can import single structure or

multi-structure.

This feature offers two options namely Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name) and Single structure.

6.2 Command buttons.

Click on the File menu from top then select Import. Choose Multiple structure to import more than one structure

from a project or Single structure to import only one structure.

a) Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name)

From various structure lists, you can choose only needed structure or select all structure to import.

1. Select Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name).

2. Access the directory of the file to import.

3. Choose a file by pressing CTRL key then a click by your mouse or CTRL and A key to select

all.

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4. Click Open button to initiate import process.

Please wait until import processing is completed.

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b) Single structure

From various structure lists, select single structure to import.

1. Select Multiple structure (Auto-generate structure name).

A warning message shall appear as shown.

2. Click Yes button.

3. Access the directory of the file to import.

4. Choose a file by a click of your mouse from the selection list.

5. Click Open button.

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A Geometry window will appear as shown.

Note: If there is no existing structure, you may not enter offset values.

6. Enter values for Offset X and Offset Y.

7. Click Save button.

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7. Geometry Data

7.1 Main Functions

The Geometry command is used to define the number of nodes and its coordinates for supports. It can be

defined manually through the Add command or by array arrangement through the Wizard (New) command.

Those nodes are then employed to be the piers or pedestals.

It also contains the Import command which is used in importing models from other programs such as Staad

(OpenStaad), Staad (Analysis output file), GT Strudl, SDNF, SAP200 V10, STRAP V12 and MIDAS/Gen V7.

The Geometry window can be entered and edited by the Geometric Data button from top toolbar icon.

Click on the icon called Geometry Data in the top toolbar Menu.

The Geometry Data dialog box will be opened.

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The footing origin is at the lower left corner of the footing. You can use following various methods to do footing

geometry input.

7.2 Command Button

You can use following various methods to do footing geometry input and modify.

1) Add button

This command allows us to add nodes and define its coordinates manually by inputting values in the

boxes provided for.

a) Click the Add button to add a node.

b) Enter values for the X, Y and Z coordinates. Z is considered as the radial or vertical axis.

2) Wizard (New) button

As discussed earlier, this command enables us to define nodes and its coordinates as Rectangular or

Circular Array arrangements. This is very useful for foundations with regular layouts of piers.

a) Click the Wizard (New) button to access the node arrangement form.

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b) Start Node no.

Enter value for the box provided. It will serve as the starting number for nodes. If some

nodes had been defined, the next number available will automatically appear in the box.

c) Start X

The X coordinates for the starting node.

d) Start Y

The Y coordinates for the starting node.

e) Select between Rectangular Array and Circular Array.

- For Rectangular Array:

- ft

The ft is the unit of measurement used. When using other units, it may appear differently such

as mm, etc. The purpose of this column is to specify the distance between nodes either for X

or Y directions accordingly.

- EA

The EA column lists the number of nodes for each direction.

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- For Circular Array:

- Number

The Number is the number of nodes for a circular array arrangement.

- Circle Diameter

The Circle Diameter is the diameter of the circular array.

- Start Angle

The Start Angle is the angle of the first node from the positive Y axis in clockwise direction.

3) Add button

The Add button for this feature enables to add other nodes.

Note that you can define many Rectangular or Circular Array node arrangements by just repeating the

procedure as discussed above.

4) Delete button

This command enables us to delete nodes. Pick nodes by dragging your mouse in the node list then

click this button.

5) Import button

This command enables us to import models from other programs as mentioned earlier.

a) Click the Import button to access the command instructions in importing structures.

b) Select from the program list that can be found in the right side of the Import button.

c) Find the directory where the model is saved then select the file.

d) Click Open button. A window will appear as shown below.

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e) Choose between Replace Geometry Data and Update Load Case/Combination

without Geometry Data.

- For Replace Geometry Data:

The Geometry data of your present AFES model shall be overwrote by the new structure.

However, you can choose if the load case and combinations shall also be replaced by the

Load Case/Combination import from calculation result command.

- Load Case/Combination import from calculation result

Put a check mark by a right click on your mouse on the small square box at the left side of

Load Case/Combination import from calculation result button to import the load cases and

load combinations from the calculation results of the structure. Uncheck the box if you dont

want to import.

- Apply Foundation type

Select from the dropdown selection lists the foundation type you want to apply to your

footings. The selected type shall be applied to all foundations in the imported structure.

- For Update Load Case/Combination without Geometry Data:

By selecting this option, only the load cases and load combinations shall be imported.

- Start X Coordinate

The X coordinates for the first node

- Start Y Coordinate

The Y coordinates for the first node.

- OK button

The OK button enables us to save the imported structure to the present model.

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6) Save button

This command enables to save all the input data completed in the Geometry Data form.

7) Close button

This command enables us to exit from this feature.

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8. Create Grouping (Foundation Modules)

8.1 Main Functions

The Assign Foundation Grouping command is used for assigning group for models with multi-foundations. This

is very important because it eliminates repetitions of commands. Foundations with the same load combinations

are recommended to join in one group. Foundations with different group names do not necessarily mean they

have also different settings. The data defined in the Setting of Constants command remains common as long

as they belong to the same model. Only some features are different for each group such as the load cases and

load combinations.

The available foundation types are as follows;

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The Structure Group window can be accessed by the Assign Foundation Grouping button.

8.2 Assigned Nodes

You can set the designations for the groups provided in this function.

1) Merge two groups with

You can merge two groups with this command. Note that only two groups can be combined at a time.

If you want to combine more than two groups, it can be done by joining two groups first then combine

again with another one group.

a) Click on the arrow at the right side of the Merge two groups with message.

he remaining groups will appear.

b) Choose from the selections you want to combine with the active foundation group.

A warning message will appear for confirmation.

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c) Click Yes button. The two groups will be combined. You can confirm this by taking a look

on your screen.

2) Group Description

Set the details of every foundation group in this function by filling up the data presented.

a) Group Name

When no Group Name has been defined, there will be no selection list from the drop

down menu. Assigning name to a group is as discussed below.

- Click New from the bottom tabs.

- The Group name box is ready for defining. Input a name you want to assign.

- Choose nodes you want to join from the Using node list selection.

- Click the arrow pointing to the right.

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- Click Save button.

b) Group Type

You can only combine two groups with the same Group Type. Select from the drop down list

which consists of Isolated, Octagonal, Combined (X), Combined (Y), Heat_Excng, Tank_1,

Tank_2, Mat_Foundation and Irregular.

c) Block Foundation

Block Foundation refers to foundations without pier. Isolated, Mat and Irregular foundations

are not available for this type. This command function is only activated for Octagonal,

Combined (X), Combined (Y), Heat_Excng, Tank_1 and Tank_2. Put a check mark to assign

for the active group.

- None Pile Foundation

None Pile Foundation refers to soil foundations. Click this option to assign for the group.

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- Pile Foundation

Pile foundation refers to foundations supported by piles. Click this option to assign for the

group.

- Different size (Each Foundation)

Use this option when you want different sizes for the foundations belong to a group. It will

reflect in the Feature Data (Dimension) command. The dimensions for every footing will

be defined independently.

- Same Size

Use this option when you want the same sizes for the foundations belong to a group. It will

reflect in the Feature Data (Dimension) command. When you define descriptions for one

of the footings, it will automatically duplicate to the other footings. This option is important

for footings with identical features. Click this option then select a node from the drop down

list. The node will serve as reference for copying to other nodes.

If different features are defined earlier for each node, the program can still recognize its

properties. Select new node then you can notice that the other nodes will follow the features

of the active node in the drop down menu.

3) Node List

a) Using node list

The numbers registered in this column are available for grouping. Select nodes then click the

arrow pointing to the right.

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b) Assigned node list

The numbers registered in this column are the nodes assigned for the active group in the

Group name menu. You can unselect a node by sending back to the Using node list

column. Choose a node then click the arrow pointing to the left.

c) Assigned to the listed supports

This option is recommended for a model with many nodes. If the set of numbers you want to

assign is difficult to find in this table, just type the number and press ENTER key from your

keyboard.

8.3 Command Button

1) New Button

Click this button to initiate the command in creating a new foundation group.

2) Save button

This command enables the program to save the actions performed in this function.

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3) Delete button

This command enables the program to delete foundation groups with an option if including the nodes.

In case you choose the option of deleting the nodes, it will be erased from the current model.

a) Choose a foundation group to delete from the Group name menu.

b) Click Delete button. A warning message will appear.

c) Click the option Delete including nodes if you want nodes to be removed from the

model.

d) Click OK button to accept or Close button to cancel the command.

4) Save As button

This command enables the program to rename and make changes to a foundation group. It has also

the facility to separate nodes from its group. If you click this button, the program orders you to make a

new group name and descriptions. You can cancel this action by clicking on the Close button.

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5) Cancel button

This command enables the program to cancel the current activity in this function but it will not exit

from the Structure Group window.

6) Close button

This command enables the program to exit from this function.

7) Import (Group Add) button

This command enables the program to import an AFES foundation model. Before proceeding to this

function, export first a structure you want to import by the Export (Group) command.

a) Click the Import (Group Add) button.

b) Access the directory of the structure to import.

c) Select the structure file.

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d) Click Open button. A window will appear.

e) Enter values for OffsetX and OffsetY.

f) Click Save button.

8) Export (Group) button

This command enables the program to save a file and make it available for importing. The file will be

saved in text format.

a) Click Export (Group) button.

b) Select the directory you want to save the file.

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c) Type a name.

d) Click Save button.

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9. Tie-Girder Data

9.1 Main Functions

The Tie Girder Data command is used for creating tie girders. After making a tie girder, define its dimensions

including its reinforcement main and secondary bars. The properties defined will then automatically assign to

the active tie girder.

This command has also the facility to generate tie girders by making a line between two joints. The elevation of

the tie girders from the footing top can also be set on this function.

The Structure Tie Girder window can be accessed by the Tie Girder Data button.

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There are two ways to make tie girders. First, select two nodes from the Using node list column selections by

your mouse while pressing on the CTRL key then click on the arrow pointing to the right. Second, using the

screen image, pick a node by a right click of your mouse then pick another node. Select the Add Tie Girder

button as displays.

9.2 Assigned Nodes

There are two column lists for this function which you have to select and assign nodes to create a tie girder. You

can make use of this if you want to create a tie girder by just selecting nodes.

1) Node List

a) Using node list

This is the list of all the nodes created in the Geometry Data and available for assigning.

You need to select two nodes to form a tie girder. You can make a tie girder in horizontal,

vertical or diagonal directions as long as there are two connecting nodes. Pick the nodes

using CTRL key then click the blue arrow pointing to the right direction.

b) Assigned node list

If a tie girder is already created, you can view the node lists of which they are interconnected

as registered on this column sheet.

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c) Assign to the list

The selected nodes in the Using node list command are shown in this function. Every time

you make a girder, different node numbers may be shown depending of what you pick from

the node list.

9.3 View Options

1) Rebar View

Choose a tie girder from the Assigned Node List selection or by picking from the window screen by

your mouse. The main and secondary reinforcement bar layouts are being displayed in 3D view as

being labeled. Only one girder shall be shown at a time. If no tie girder has been defined, a default

arrangement shall appear.

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2) 3D View

This command enables us to see the 3 dimensional configuration of the foundation now including the

tie girders. You can also manipulate any angle views you want to inspect for this presentation.

9.4 Input Values

1) Name

Enter a name for the Tie Girder. This will serve as the identification and use for labeling in the

drawings. A default name is given in case of not creating a tie girder. Create first a tie girder before

defining its properties.

2) Width

Enter Width value. It is the measurement of total horizontal thickness of the tie girder.

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3) Height

Enter Height value. It is the measurement of total vertical thickness of the tie girder.

4) Elevation (from girder bottom) to footing top below node No.

Enter value for the box provided. It is the distance you want to lay the tie girder from the footing top

to its bottom. In case of footings with different elevations, choose between two nodes which will serve

as reference. The selected node shall appear on the left side of the box provided for this function. You

can change by using the Change Elevation View button.

9.5 Input Bar Size and Spacing

1) Main Bar

Main reinforcement bars can be defined in this function which consists of top and bottom although

only one layer for each section is available for designation.

a) Size

You can choose the sizes of reinforcement bars to assign for the top and bottom accordingly.

Select from the dropdown list menu. The selection depends on the building code which is set

in the Setting of Constant command.

b) EA

Enter values for this column. They are the number of bars for the top and bottom. Note that

only one layer is available for each section. The program does not recognize overlapping

causing of too many bars entered and does not adjust the layout to several layers. The user

has to review the spacing limitations of longitudinal bars as per design code in making this

function.

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2) Secondary Bar

The number of web bars and spacing of stirrups is defined in this function.

a) Side bar

This is also referred as web bars. The top and bottom bars are being counted in entering

value for this data. If you want to make one bar for each side, the number to be input should

be 3. The program shall automatically distribute the web bars in equal spaces.

b) Stirrup

Select stirrup size from the drop down menu and enter the spacing in the right box. The

spacing is considered as uniform throughout the length from the first to the last tie bar. The

distance of the first and last tie bars from the face of its adjacent piers can be defined in the

Setting of Constant command. The following is the procedure for setting this item.

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- Click Setting of Constant command.

- Select Concrete Covers from the top tabs.

- Click Tie Girder (=Beam) tab.

- Set the location distance of the first and last stirrup from the face of the pedestal in the

Spacing at Girder Front, Rear Edge (TG.CL4) box.

- Click Save button.

9.6 Command Button

1) Change Elevation View button

This command is used to choose the node for which the elevation of the tie girder is referred to. The

selected node appears in the Elevation (from girder bottom) to footing top below node No.

command. It is only activated if the Rebar View is stimulated.

2) Delete button

This command enables us to delete tie girders. Choose a tie girder from the Assigned Node list

selection then click Delete button. Another way to delete is as describe below.

a) Pick a tie girder from the screen.

b) Right click on your mouse.

c) Click on the Delete tie girder message as appears.

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d) A warning message will display.

e) Click OK if only one girder is to be removed otherwise click Delete all tie girders if you

want all to be erased.

3) Save button

This command enables to save the actions performed in the Geometry Data form.

4) Close button

This command enables us to exit from this function.

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10. Entering Foundation Dimension (=Feature Data)

10.0 Main Functions

The Feature Data (Dimension) command is used to define the dimensions and other parameters necessary for

the foundation and piers. This will serve not only for the design and analysis functions but also for estimates of

material quantities. Besides, it will reflect in the drawing details.

Also other features that can be found in this form are Soil Name, Spring Support Name, Foundation Group Type

and Footing Shape.

The Feature window can be accessed by the Feature Data (Dimension) button.

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It is important that the parameters in the Assign Foundation Grouping should be done first before proceeding to

this feature.

10.2 Input Tabs

1) Footing Tab button

Under this form the parameters for footing can be created and edited.

The Footing form can be accessed by the Footing button.

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a) Soil Name

You can choose the Soil Name you want to use for your foundation design by this command

in the selection lists in its dropdown menu. This is utilized only for soil foundations. Soil

names should be created first in the Setting of Constants command to have selection list.

The default number of selection is only one.

b) Spring Support Name

This is activated only if the FEM (Finite Element Method) of analysis is used. As in the soil

foundations, there is only one default Spring Support Name. Additional support descriptions

can be defined in the Setting of Constants command.

c) Fdn. Group Type

In this box, the foundation group type can be seen. It is not activated and therefore can not

be edited because it is already classified in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

d) Footing Shape

You can change the footing shape by this command. Just choose from the dropdown list. The

selections available depend on the shape defined in the Assign Foundation Grouping

command.

e) Fdn. Group Type

In this box, the foundation group type can be seen. It is not activated and therefore can not

be edited because it is already classified in the Assign Foundation Grouping command.

f) Footing Shape

You can change the footing shape by this command. Just choose from the dropdown list. The

selections available depend on the shape defined in the Assign Foundation Grouping

command.

g) Name

It is assigned for the footing name but not for the foundation group name. Usually the default

is the same name with the foundation group for individual footings. You can edit the name by

this command.

h) Length

Enter Length value. It is the footing plan dimension for X direction.

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i) Width

Enter Width value. It is the footing plan dimension for Y direction.

j) Wall Thickness

Enter Wall Thickness value. This function is activated only for ring foundations. It is the plan

thickness of the footing.

k) Diameter

Enter Diameter value. It is the outside dimension of circular and polygon type of foundations.

It is only activated when such forms are used.

l) Height

Enter Height value. It is the footing total thickness.

m) Lean Concrete Height

Enter Lean Concrete Height value.

n) Soil Height from Top of Footing

Enter value for the soil height.

Lean Concrete Horizontal Dimension

Enter value for horizontal dimension of lean concrete.

o) Crushed Stone Height

Enter value for height of crushed stone.

p) Wall thickness

This text box is activated only when modeling Tank1, Tank2 and Block foundations with

hollow footing. Wall thickness is the width of footing.

q) Slope Height

This is activated when modeling slope footing. Slope height is the vertical distance from the

top edge of footing to the part of footing in the face of pier.

r) Angle (from 0 degrees)

This is activated only when modeling isolated footing. It is used to set the angle of horizontal

rotation in clockwise direction.

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s) Set Footing Shape tab button

This tab enables you to reassign shape of footing from the selection. You can also edit

footing shape by entering values in the corresponding text boxes. Sizes can also be edited

through mouse drag.

Footing Name

This button enables us to select which footing is to be considered for this auto design

function.

Group Type

It is the assigned group type from the Assign Foundation Grouping dialogue.

Section Name

This button enables us to select section for design consideration.

Length Unit

You can set unit in this data selection.

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Grid Step

This is used to set spacing of grid to be assigned in the modeling figure. Click on the

check box first before entering value in the text box.

Length Dialogue

This dialogue enables us to edit footing dimension by just entering values from the

text boxes or

Left Bottom Offset

This dialogue enables us to assign offset value of pier going to the left from its

original location. The Center Offset tab can be used when locating the piers to the

footing center.

Draw button

This button enables us to reform the footing to the selected shape from the choices

at the left side of the Feature dialogue, and from the new entered pier offset values.

Below figure is original shape which we will transform into other shape.

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- Select shape from the left side of the Feature dialogue by a click

of your mouse.

Note: Other shapes are activated when using Irregular footing

shapes.

- Click Draw button.

New footing shape is shown above. The footing size can be adjusted by entering

value from the Length text box

afes english manual

Documents

background foundation

foundation engineering

foundation analysis

foundation reinforcement

kinds of foundation

foundation dimension

afes capability

overview afes