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The Lymphatic Systemلمفاوى سيستم

EO 003.01 Part 11

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Lesson Overview (Insert Dari)

1. Function of the Lymphatic System

2. Structures of the Lymphatic System

3. Immune System

4. Immune Disorders

5. Resistance to Disease

6. In-class assignment

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Functions of the Lymphatic Systemلمفاوى وظايفسيستم

• Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces

• Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood

• Facilitating immune responses

• recognize microbes or abnormal cells & responding by killing them directly or secreting antibodies that cause their destruction

فاصله • از را پلازما هاى پروتين و حجرات بين فاصلۀ اضافى مايعميکند تخليه انساج هاى

خون • به معائى معدى سيستم از را ها ويتامين و غذائى هاى شحمانتقالميدهد

پاسخهاىدفاعىراسهولتميبخشد •

آانها • به و نموده شناسائى را طبيعى غير حجرات يا ها مکروبکه هاى بادى انتى ترشح يا شان مستقيم کشتن طريق از

جوابميگويد سببتخريبشانميشود،

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Lymphatic Systemلمفاوى سيستم

• Organs, vessels and a fluid called lymph

• similar to interstitial fluid

• Organs involved

• bone marrow

• thymus

• spleen

• lymph nodes

• diffuse lymphatic tissue

• tonsils and adenoids

اوعيهومايعىکهلمفناميدهميشود • اعضا،

حجرات • بين فاصلۀ مايعات به شبيهدرگير • اعضاى

استخوان • سرخ مغزتيموس•طحال•لمفاوى • عقداتلمفاوى • منتشرۀ انساج

پارچه • و ها ادينوئيد ها، تانسل

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Lymphatic Vessels & Circulationآن جريان و لمفاوى اوعيۀ�

• Capillaries that begin asclosed-ended tubes foundin spaces between cells

• Combine to form lymphaticvessels

• resemble veins with thinwalls & more valves

• Fluid flows through lymph nodes towards large veins above the heart

• lymph emptied into bloodstream

رگ • تيوب موى بشکل هائيکهدر ميشوند، آغاز سربسته هاىيافت حجرات بين هاى فاصله

ميشوندرا • لمفاوى اوعيۀ= شده يکجا

ميسازندهاى • وريد به شباهت

و نازک هاى ديوار داراىدارند بيشتر هاى دريچه

گره ) • عقدات داخل از مايعاوعيۀ=( بطرف لمفاوى هاىجريان قلب از باالتر بزرگ

باشد ميداشتهتخليه • خون جريان به لمف

ميشود

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Lymphatic Vessels & Circulationآ�ن جريان و لمفاوى �وعيۀ

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Lymphatic Capillariesلمفاوى رگهاى موى

• Found throughout thebody except in avasculartissue (cartilage, epidermis& cornea)

• Structure is designed to lettissue fluid in but not out

به • بدن، سرتاسر دررگ بدون انساج استثناى

) قرنيه) و درم ايپى غضروف،ميشود يافت

طراحى • طورى آن ساختاردخول به که است شده

ميدهد، اجازه انساج مايعاتآن خروج نه

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Lymphatic Organs & Tissuesلمفاوى انساج و اعضا

• Widely distributed throughout the body

• Primary lymphatic organs

• provide environment for stem cells to divide & mature into lymphocytes

• bone marrow

• thymus

• Secondary lymphatic organs & tissues

• site where most immune responses occur

• lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules

بصورتوسيعدرتمامبدنپخششدهاند •

لمفاوى • ابتدائى اعضاىيى )• ساقه حجرات تقسيم و( stem cellsمحيط

” “ ” را “ تى و بى هاى لمفوسيت به آان شدن پختهميسازد محيا

• ” بى “ بالغ حجرات زمينۀ استخوان سرخ مغزراآمادهميسازد

ماقبل • حجرات آان در که ايست ساحه تيموس ) ميرسند ) بلوغ تىازمغزسرخبهپختتگى

لمفاوى • ثانوى انساج و اعضاکهدرآنبيشترينواکنشهاىدفاعىرخميدهد • ساحۀ=

هاى • دانه و طحال لمفاوى، هاى عقدهلمفاوى

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Immune System (Insert Dari)

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders.

These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections. Viruses also cause infections.

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Resistance to Disease(Insert Dari)

• Resistance is the ability to ward off disease

• lack of resistance is termed susceptibility

• Nonspecific resistance to disease

• general defensive mechanisms effective on a wide range of pathogens (disease producing microbes)

• Specific resistance is ability to fight a specific pathogen.

است • امراض دفع توانائى مقاومت،فقدانمقاومتبنامخدشهپذيرىيادميشود •

امراض • بمقابل اختصاصى غير مقاومتها • پتوجن از وسيعى طيف بمقابل عمومى دفاع مييکانيزم

) امراضمؤثراند) مکروبهاىتوليدکنندۀ=

هاى • پتوجن با مجادله توانائى از عبارت معافيت يا اختصاصى مقاومتخاصميباشد

حجرات • توسط معافيتها • بادى انتى توسط معافيت

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Lymphocyte(Insert Dari)

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell.

This includes: -Natural killer cells (NKC)-Cells involved in specific resistance (adaptive immunity)

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Nonspecific Resistance to Disease امراض بمقابل اختصاصى غير مقاومت

• Immediate protection against wide variety of pathogens & foreign substances

• lacks specific responses to specific invaders

• Mechanisms function regardless of type of invader

• external mechanical & chemical barriers

• internal nonspecific defenses

• antimicrobial proteins

• natural killer cells & phagocytes

• inflammation & fever

طيف • مقابل در فورى حمايتبيگانه مواد و مختلف هاى مکروب

هاى • العمل عکس فقدانخاص مهاجمين بمقابل خاص

نوع • از نظر صرف عمل ميکانيزمتهاجمکيمياوى • و ميخانيکى موانع

خارجىداخلى • مشخص غير دفاع

مکروبى • ضد هاى پروتينو • طبيعى کشندۀ= حجرات

ها فگوسيتتب • و التهاب

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Skin & Mucous Membranesمخاطى هاى غشا و جلد

• Mechanical protection• skin (epidermis) closely packed,

keratinized cells• shedding helps remove

microbes• mucous membrane secretes viscous

mucous• cilia & mucus trap & move

microbes toward throat• washing action of tears, urine and

saliva• Chemical protection

• Sebum inhibits growth bacteria & fungus

• perspiration lysozymes breakdown bacterial cells

• acidic pH of gastric juice and vaginal secretions destroys bacteria

ميکانيکى • حفاظت• ) کريتينايز ) حجرات درم ايپى جلد

باهم نزديک خيلى شده،مکروب • کشيدن در حجرات ريختن

ميکند کمک هاترشح • را غليظ مخاط مخاطى غشاى

ميکند• ) و ) مانند مژه هاى ساختار سيليا

بطرف و قيد را ها مکروب مخاطميدهد حرکت گلون

لعاب • و ادرار اشک، شستشوى عملدهن

کيمياوى • حفاظت• ) سيبوم ) چربى غدوات روغنى ترشح

فنگسميشود و بکتريا نشونماى مانع• ) ها ) اليزوزيم کننده تجزيه هاى انزايم

تخريب را مکروبى حجرات عرق درميکنند

ايچ )• يا( pHپى معده افرازات اسيدىها بکتريا مهبلى افرازات و معده تيزاب

ميبرند بين از را

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Internal Defensesداخلى دفاع

• Antimicrobial proteins discourage microbial growth

• Natural killer cells kill a variety of microbes & tumor cells

• found in blood, spleen, lymph nodes & red marrow

• Phagocytes

• ingest microbes or particulate matter

نشو • مانع مکروبى ضد هاى ها پروتين مکروب ونماىميشوند

حجرات • و ها مکروب طبيعى، کشندۀ= حجراتميکشند را مختلف تومورى

مغز • و لمفاوى عقدات طحال، خون، درميشوند يافت استخوان سرخ

ها • فگوسيتميخورند • را ذرات يا ها مکروب

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Inflammationالتهاب

• Damaged cell initiates

• Signs of inflammation

• redness

• heat

• swelling

• pain

• Function is to trap microbes, toxins or foreign material & begin tissue repair

آغاز • ديده آسيب حجراتميکنند

التهاب • عاليمسرخى•حرارت•پنديدگى•درد•بدام • از عبارت وظيفه

زهريات ها، مکروب انداختنترميم آغاز و بيگانه مواد يا

ميباشد انساج

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Inflammationالتهاب

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Stages of Inflammationالتهاب مراحل

• Vasodilatation & increased permeability of vessels

• Phagocyte emigration • within an hour, neutrophils and then

monocytes arrive and leave blood stream (emigration)

• Tissue repair

اوعيه • پذيرى نفوذ قابليت ازدياد و توسعبلع ) • حجرات ها فگوسيت مهاجرت

کننده(و • ها نيوتروفيل ساعت يک ظرف

و رسيده ها مونوسيت آن از بعدميگويند ترک را خون جريان

) مهاجرت)انساج • ترميم

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Feverتب

• Abnormally high body temperature

• Occurs during infection & inflammation

• Benefits

• inhibits bacterial growth, speeds up tissue repair

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Specific Resistance (Insert Dari)

Also referred to as acquired or adaptive immunity.

Involves highly specialized cells (T and B cells).

After an initial encounter with a specific pathogen, memory of that pathogen is created, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen.

Basis for vaccination.

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Immune Disorders(Insert Dari)

• Autoimmune Disease• Hypersensitivity Reactions• Anaphylaxis• HIV

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Autoimmune Diseases(Insert Dari)

Autoimmunity = failure of the immune system to recognize parts of the body as “self” and attacks itself.

Many different types, some examples are: -Rheumatoid arthritis (joints) -Dermatitis

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Hypersensitivity Reactions(Insert Dari)

• Undesirable over-reactions of the immune system to normally harmless substances.

• The immune system ‘thinks’ the substance is a ‘foreign invader’.

• Reactions can be damaging and uncomfortable.

• Symptoms can include:

- itchy rash

- difficulty breathing• Sometimes the body will

mistake medications as ‘foreign invaders’ and cause a hypersensitivity reaction to occur.

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Anaphylaxis(Insert Dari)

Is a serious, whole-body allergic reaction. It has a rapid onset and can cause death.

Symptoms include:

- Swelling and closing of the throat = difficulty breathing.- Hives (severe rash)- Low blood pressure

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HIV (Insert Dari)

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Synmdrome (AIDS)

• Progressive failure of the immune system allows for opportunistic infections and cancers

• HIV impacts specific immunity. • HIV is transmitted via contact with

blood and body fluids• There is no cure for HIV but the

virus can be suppressed with medications, allowing patients to live longer, healthier lives

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Questions? (Insert Dari)

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In-class Assignment(Insert Dari)

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1. What best describes the function of the lymphatic system?

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A. Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces

B. Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood

C. Facilitating immune responses

D. All of the above

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1. Answer: What best describes the function of the lymphatic system?

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A. Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces

B. Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood

C. Facilitating immune responses

D. All of the above

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2. Which of the following in not a component of the lymphatic system?

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A) Lymph vessels

B) Spleen

C) Pancreas

D) Thymus

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2. Answer: Which of the following in not a component of the lymphatic system?

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A) Lymph vessels

B) Spleen

C) Pancreas

D) Thymus

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3. True or False, The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body

against attacks by “foreign” invaders.

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3. Answer: TrueThe immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against

attacks by “foreign” invaders.

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4. Natural killer cells and antimicrobial proteins are two of the non-specific mechanisms of resistance, name two more

mechanisms? (Insert Dari)

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4. Answer(Insert Dari)

Any two of the following:

- Fever- Inflammation- Skin barrier, mucous

(mechanical protection)- Sebum, acidic environment

of the stomach etc. (chemical protection)

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5. What do the following symptoms describe? (Insert Dari)

A) Hives (severe rash)

B) Throat swelling/closure

C) Low blood pressure

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5. What do the following symptoms describe? (Insert Dari)

A) Hives (severe rash)

B) Throat swelling/closure

C) Low blood pressure

Answer: Anaphylaxis

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