afaa pft anatomy and kinesiology

Ch 3 – January 20101

Chapter 3

Anatomy and Kinesiology


Anatomical Position


Sagittal Frontal Horizontal


General Joint Action Terms

Flexion—characterized by the joint angle diminishing (most flexion movements are forwards, except for the knee joint)

Extension—return from flexion; joint angle increases Abduction—movement away from the midline of the

body Adduction—movement toward the midline of the body Rotation—movement around an axis Circumduction—movement in a 360° circle


Shoulder (Gleno-humeral) Joint Actions

1. Shoulder Flexion2. Shoulder Extension3. Shoulder Abduction4. Shoulder Adduction5. Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (or Flexion)6. Shoulder Horizontal Abduction (or Extension)7. Shoulder Internal Rotation8. Shoulder External Rotation9. Shoulder Circumduction


Shoulder Girdle (Scapular) Actions:

1. Scapular Elevation2. Scapular Depression3. Scapular Retraction

(Adduction)4. Scapular Protraction

(Abduct ion)5. Scapular Upward

Rotation6. Scapular Downward

Rotation7. Scapular Upward Tilt8. Scapular Reduction of

Upward Tilt


___________________________

A. Elevation B. Protraction Depression Retraction

C. Upward D. Upward Tilt Rotation Reduction Downward of Upward Rotation Tilt


Elbow Joint: * Flexion * Extension

Radio-Ulnar Joint

* Supination

* Pronation


The Spine

Flexion Extension Rotation Lateral Flexion


Pelvis* Anterior pelvic tilt* Posterior pelvic tilt* Lateral pelvic tilt

Hip Joint1. Hip flexion2. Hip extension3. Hip abduction4. Hip adduction5. Hip horizontal adduction

(flexion)6. Hip horizontal abduction

(extension)7. Hip internal rotation8. Hip external rotation9. Hip circumduction


Knee Joint* Flexion* Extension


Ankle Joint

Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Eversion Inversion


Six (6) Major Upper Body Muscle Groups:

1. Biceps—elbow flexion2. Triceps—elbow extension


Biceps Brachii * elbow flexion


Triceps Brachii * elbow extension


Upper Body Muscle Groups, cont’d

3. Deltoids: shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction (anterior and medial portions)

4. Latissimus Dorsi: shoulder extension, shoulder adduction


Deltoids(anterior and medial) * shoulder flexion * shoulder abduction


Latissimus Dorsi * shoulder extension * shoulder adduction


Upper Body Muscle Groups, cont’d

5. Pectoralis Major: shoulder horizontal adduction, shoulder flexion (clavicular), shoulder adduction and extension (sternal)

6. Mid-Trapezius, Rhomboids, and Posterior Deltoid: scapular retraction, shoulder horizontal abduction


Pectoralis Major * shoulder horizontal adduction - clavicular portion: shoulder flexion - sternal portion: shoulder adduction and shoulder extension

Middle Trapezius and Rhomboids* Scapular retraction

Posterior Deltoid

Posterior Deltoid* shoulder horizontal abduction

Rhomboids

21 Ch. 3 – 5/2007

Mid-Trapezius


Other Upper Body Muscles:

Scapular protractors: Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Minor (also responsible for

scapular depression)


Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Minor * scapular protraction * scapular protraction

* scapular depression


Other Upper Body Muscles

Rotator Cuff Muscles:

* Subscapularis: shoulder internal rotation

* Infraspinatus and Teres Minor: shoulder external rotation

* Supraspinatus: shoulder abduction

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Infraspinatusshoulder external rotation

Teres Minorshoulder external rotation

Supraspinatusshoulder abduction

Subscapularisshoulder internal rotation25 Ch 3 – 5/2007


Torso Muscles and Their Joint Actions

• Rectus Abdominis: spinal flexion

• External and Internal Obliques: spinal flexion with rotation

• Transverse Abdominis: abdominal compression, vigorous exhalation and expulsion

• Erector Spinae: spinal extension

• Quadratus Lumborum: spinal lateral flexion


Rectus Abdominis * spinal flexion


External Obliques / Internal Obliques* spinal flexion with rotation


Transverse Abdominis * abdominal compression * vigorous exhalation and expulsion


Erector Spinae * spinal extension


Multifidus (multifidi)* spinal extension, spinal rotation, spinal lateral flexion


Quadratus Lumborum * spinal lateral flexion


Hip Joint Muscles and Their Primary Joint Actions

Iliopsoas and Rectus Femoris: hip flexion Gluteus Maximus and Hamstrings: hip extension Gluteus Medius: hip abduction Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Adductor

Brevis, Gracilis, Pectineus: hip adduction Gluteus Minimus: hip inward rotation Gluteus Maximus and the 6 Outward Rotators:

hip outward rotation


Hip Flexors

Rectus Femoris * hip flexion

Iliopsoas * hip flexion


Hip Extensors

Gluteus Maximus * hip extension

Hamstrings * hip extension


Gluteus Medius * hip abduction


Hip AdductorsAdductor Adductor Adductor

Magnus Longus Brevis Pectineus Gracilis


Gluteus Minimus * hip inward rotation


Hip Outward Rotators

Gluteus Maximus


Knee Joint Muscles and Their Joint Actions

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis): knee extension

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus): knee flexion


Quadriceps * knee extension


Hamstrings * knee flexion

1. Biceps Femoris

2. Semitendinosus

3. Semimembranosus


Major Ankle Joint Muscles and Their Actions

Anterior Tibialis: ankle dorsiflexion

Gastrocnemius and Soleus: ankle plantarflexion

Anterior Tibialis and Posterior Tibialis: ankle inversion

Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneus Tertius, Peroneus Longus, and Peroneus Brevis: ankle eversion


Anterior Tibialis * ankle dorsiflexion


AnklePlantarflexors

Gastrocnemius Soleus


Ankle Invertors:Anterior Tibialis &Posterior Tibialis

Ankle Evertors

Extensor Digitorum Peroneus Peroneus Peroneus Longus Tertius Longus Brevis

47 Ch 3 – 5/2007


Connective Tissues

Ligament—a non-elastic band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone and provides joint stability

Tendon—dense, fibrous tissue that forms the end of a muscle and attaches muscle to bone

Fascia—fibrous tissue that forms sheaths for individual muscles, fasciculi, and muscle fibers

Cartilage—white, semi-opaque tissue that cushions joints and prevents wear on joint surfaces


Roles Muscles Play

Agonist or Prime Mover—the muscle directly responsible for the movement that you see

Antagonist—the muscle that works in opposition to the prime mover

Assistor—the muscle that assists in performing a movement

Stabilizer—a muscle that maintains a static or isometric contraction and prevents unwanted movement


Muscle Actions

Isometric—a held, static muscle action in which there is no change in the joint angle or muscle length.

Isotonic/Dynamic—joint movement occursTwo Types:* Concentric—shortening action* Eccentric—lengthening action

Opposing Muscle GroupsJoint Primary Movers Primary Movers

Elbow Biceps Triceps

Shoulder Pectoralis Major Posterior Deltoids

Shoulder Deltoids, Supraspinatus Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder Subscapularis, Teres major Infraspinatus, Teres Minor

Scapulae Upper Trapezius Lower Trapezius, Pectoralis Minor

Scapulae Mid-Trapezius, Rhomboids

Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior

Spine Rectus Abdominis Erector Spinae

Hip Iliopsoas, Rectus Femoris

Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings

Hip Gluteus Medius Hip Adductors

Knee Hamstrings Quadriceps

Ankle Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius, Soleus

Ankle Tibialis Anterior, Tibialis Posterior

Extensor Digitorum Longus, Peroneals

51 Ch 3 5/2007

afaa pft anatomy and kinesiology

Health & Medicine

shoulder extension

shoulder adduction

shoulder flexion clavicular

hip flexion iliopsoas

shoulder circumduction

hip external rotation

shoulder horizontal

shoulder abduction anterior