aeronautics 1110x 3a-slides
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Aeronautics 1110x 3a-slidesTRANSCRIPT
Ir. Jos Sinke
How aircra) fly
Introduc)on to Aeronau)cal Engineering
R. Deakin -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ ND
Pioneers of flight -‐ Can you name them?
Robedia -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
Pioneers of flight -‐ Can you name them?
Robedia -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
George Cayley Orville Wright Wilbur Wright
Samuel Langley Anthony Fokker Albert Plesman
O:o Lilienthal (1848-‐1896)
-‐ Fascinated by birds -‐ Started in 1867 > 2000 flights > 12 gliders -‐ Built his own ‘hill’ -‐ Longest distance: 250m -‐ Died in 1896 crash
InspiraFon
Ellywa -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
MathKnight -‐ CC -‐ BY
-‐ EvoluXons of Lilienthal’s glider -‐ Glide raFo: How far can you go for a descent of 1 metre?
Typical performance: Gliders: Glide raXo ≈ 17:1 Rigid wings: Glide raXo ≈ 20:1
T0msk -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ SA
Hang gliders
Gliders o^en run down a hill to make speed. Is the wind direcXon of any influence?
QuesFon
Beadmobile -‐ CC -‐ BY
Answer
-‐ What ma`ers is airspeed, not ground speed!
-‐ When running with headwind, your airspeed is higher
-‐ That is why aircra^: • Take off with headwinds (Shorter runway) • Land with headwinds (Shorter stopping distance)
Beadmobile -‐ CC -‐ BY
1903 -‐ First powered HtA flight
Wright brothers’ flight
EngineersClubDayton -‐ CC -‐ BY
The Wright brothers
-‐ PrinXng firm & Bicycle shop -‐ Interested in flying (Lilienthal) -‐ Many invesXgaXons (wind tunnel) • 12 hp engine • Propeller design -‐ Timing -‐ Pressure by Langley
R. Larose -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ ND
Influence of Wright’s Flyer
-‐ First to achieve powered and controlled heavier-‐than-‐air flight
-‐ Dependent on wing warping and forward horizontal stabilizer • Later other mechanisms (ailerons)
-‐ Highly efficient wings and propellers
Wright Flyer + 100 years
M. Harkin -‐ CC -‐ BY A. Gorlin -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ ND
Wright Flyer
Forces on aircra)
K. Iemoto -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA Weight W
Drag D
Li) L
Thrust T
For constant speed & alXtude Force equilibrium: L = W
T = D
Forces on aircra)
Weight -‐ Composed of three main components: Aircra^ empty weight, Fuel and Payload
Li) -‐ Mainly generated by the wings (small contribuXon of tail)
Drag -‐ Caused by fuselage, wings, tail, etc.
Thrust -‐ Provided by the engines
How aircra) fly
Kuster & Wildhaber Photography -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ ND