Adverbs and Adverbs and PrepositionsPrepositions

AdverbsAdverbs► A word that describes a verb is an A word that describes a verb is an adverbadverb..► Adverbs tell how, when, or where an action happens.Adverbs tell how, when, or where an action happens.► Many adverbs end in –ly. Here is a list of common Many adverbs end in –ly. Here is a list of common

adverbs.adverbs.

How How When When WhereWherefast tomorrow herefast tomorrow herehard later insidehard later insidetogether again fartogether again farhappily often upstairshappily often upstairsquietly first downtownquietly first downtownsecretly next somewheresecretly next somewhereslowly then forwardslowly then forward

Comparing with AdverbsComparing with Adverbs

►Adverbs have special forms for Adverbs have special forms for comparisons.comparisons.

►To compare two actions To compare two actions add –er add –er to to most short adverbs.most short adverbs.

►To compare three or more actions To compare three or more actions add add –est –est to most short adverbs.to most short adverbs.

► Rules for Comparing with AdverbsRules for Comparing with Adverbs

1.) Most short adverbs: 1.) Most short adverbs: ExEx: late, : late,

add –er or –est to the adverb later, latestadd –er or –est to the adverb later, latest

2.)Most adverbs of two or more 2.)Most adverbs of two or more Ex:Ex: often, often,

syllables: more often,syllables: more often,

Use Use more or most more or most with the most often with the most often

adverbadverb

Adverb or Adjective?Adverb or Adjective?

► Many adverbs end in –ly. These words look the same and Many adverbs end in –ly. These words look the same and are easy to confuse!are easy to confuse!

Incorrect- He writes Incorrect- He writes clearclear.(Adj.).(Adj.)

Correct- He writes Correct- He writes clearlyclearly. (Adv.). (Adv.)► Use an Use an adj. adj. to describe a to describe a nounnoun and an and an adv. adv. to describe a to describe a

verbverb..

Lee has Lee has quickquick moves. (Adj.) moves. (Adj.)

She moves She moves quicklyquickly.(Adv.).(Adv.)► GoodGood is always an adj. Use good before a noun or after a is always an adj. Use good before a noun or after a

linking verb. Don’t use it to mean “healthy.”linking verb. Don’t use it to mean “healthy.”► WellWell is an adverb which can describe a verb. Also, use it is an adverb which can describe a verb. Also, use it

as an adj. to mean “healthy.”as an adj. to mean “healthy.” Ex: Sam draws frogs Ex: Sam draws frogs wellwell. (Adv.) . (Adv.)

She isn’t She isn’t wellwell today. (Adj.) today. (Adj.)

PrepositionsPrepositions► A preposition relates another word in the A preposition relates another word in the

sentence to the noun or pronoun that follows sentence to the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.the preposition.

Ex: We found it Ex: We found it onon the shelf the shelf We found it We found it underunder the shelf. the shelf.

► The noun or pronoun that follows a The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition is the preposition is the object of the prepositionobject of the preposition. .

Ex: I liked the book Ex: I liked the book withwith the blue the blue covercover..

**Copy list of common prepositions!!!!**Copy list of common prepositions!!!!

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

► A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, the A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the other words in object of the preposition, and all the other words in between them.between them.

Ex:Ex: We packed the fruit We packed the fruit in our knapsacks.in our knapsacks.► The object of the preposition can be a compound object.The object of the preposition can be a compound object.

Ex: Ex: We took enough oranges for Freddy and Sue.We took enough oranges for Freddy and Sue.► The prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, middle, The prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, middle,

or end of the sentence.or end of the sentence.

Ex:Ex: At dawn At dawn we began our walk.we began our walk.

The map The map of the area of the area was helpful.was helpful.

The path went The path went by the forest and a large lake.by the forest and a large lake.► When the object of the preposition is a pronoun, use an When the object of the preposition is a pronoun, use an

object pronouns. (me, you, him, her, it, us, and them)object pronouns. (me, you, him, her, it, us, and them)

Adverb or Preposition ?Adverb or Preposition ?

► Some words can be either used as an adverb or a prepostion.Some words can be either used as an adverb or a prepostion.

ExEx: Susan ran : Susan ran insideinside.(Adv.).(Adv.)

Her hat was Her hat was insideinside the store.(Prep.) the store.(Prep.)► If the word begins a If the word begins a prepositional phraseprepositional phrase it is a it is a prepositionpreposition. .

Otherwise it is an Otherwise it is an adverbadverb..► Words used as adverbs or prepositions:Words used as adverbs or prepositions:

above near insideabove near inside

along offalong off

around overaround over

below outbelow out

by outsideby outside

down underdown under

in upin up

Independent and Dependent Independent and Dependent ClausesClauses► A clause is a group of words that work together. They contain at least a subject A clause is a group of words that work together. They contain at least a subject

and a verb. and a verb.

► An Independent Clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a An Independent Clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.sentence.

ExampleExample: Joey rode the bus. : Joey rode the bus.

► A Dependent Clause, also called a fragment, does not express a complete thought A Dependent Clause, also called a fragment, does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

ExampleExample: When Joey rode the bus.: When Joey rode the bus.

► A dependent clause may begin with : A dependent clause may begin with : until, when, after, since, as , who or until, when, after, since, as , who or

thatthat

► A dependent clause must be paired with at least one independent clause to create A dependent clause must be paired with at least one independent clause to create a complete sentence.a complete sentence.

ExEx: After I went skating yesterday, I ran into an old friend in the : After I went skating yesterday, I ran into an old friend in the parking lot. parking lot.

► A comma is used between two independent clauses, and it is placed before the A comma is used between two independent clauses, and it is placed before the conjunctionconjunction

► Ex: Ex: My teacher is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her. My teacher is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.

► If a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, and an If a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, and an independent clause comes at the end. You put a comma after the dependent independent clause comes at the end. You put a comma after the dependent clause.clause.

ExEx: Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics. : Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.

SentencesSentences► A A simple sentencesimple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a , also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a

verb, and it expresses a complete thought. verb, and it expresses a complete thought.

Ex:Ex: Some students like to study in the mornings. Some students like to study in the mornings.

► A A compound sentence compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, sofor, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (. (FANBOYSFANBOYS.)   .)  

Ex: Ex: I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

► A A complex sentence complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, because, since, after, although, oror when when or a relative pronoun such as or a relative pronoun such as that, who,that, who, oror which which. .

Ex: Ex: When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. page. 

► Compound-complex -more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Ex: After it was all over, my dad claimed he knew we were planning something, but we think he was really surprised.

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