adventure tourism

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Ismoiljonov Shukhrat

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Page 1: Adventure tourism

Ismoiljonov Shukhrat

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Definitions

Adventure travel is a type of tourism, involving exploration or travel to remote, exotic and possibly hostile areas. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in popularity, as tourists seek different kinds of vacations. According to the U.S. based Adventure Travel Trade Association, adventure travel may be any tourist activity, including two of the following three components: a physical activity, a cultural exchange or interaction and engagement with nature.

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Definitions

Adventure tourism gains much of its excitement by

allowing its participants to step outside of their

comfort zone. This may be from experiencing

culture shock or through the performance of acts,

that require significant effort and involve some

degree of risk (real or perceived) and/or physical

danger (See extreme sports). This may include

activities such as mountaineering, trekking,

bungee jumping, mountain biking, rafting, zip-

lining, paragliding, and Rock climbing.

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Definitions 2

The George Washington University School of Business, The Adventure Travel Trade Association, and Xola Consulting

Adventure travelers often seek unique or new travel

destinations and activities. It is often believed that a

percentage of this sector is willing to accept limited

tourism infrastructure with the promise of an

exceptional, authentic experience. Given their penchant

for exploring new destinations and seeking new

experiences, they are frequently coveted by emerging

destinations at the early stages of tourism development

and also in more mature destinations that have

protected and/or developed appropriate product.

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Definition of UNWTO

Adventure tourism can be domestic or international, and like all travel, it must include an overnight stay, but not last

longer than one year.

Adventure tourists are passionate and risk-taking. The Adventure

Pulse: USA Adventure Traveler Profiles indicates interest in

destinations that have previously suffered significant commercial

tourism setbacks due to natural and political events, such as Haiti,

Rwanda, and Japan. The Adventure Travel Trade Association reports

that adventure tourism operators routinely create and offer itineraries

in places such as Colombia, North Korea, Iran, Rwanda, and other

destinations recovering from environmental and political stress,

making these destinations accessible to travelers seeking off-the-

beaten path and authentic travel experiences.

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Types of Adventure Tourism

There are two main categories of adventure

activities, hard adventure or soft adventure, and

vigorous debate often surrounds which

activities belong in each category. The easiest

way to identify an adventure trip as hard or soft

adventure is by its primary activity.

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Hard Adventure

Hard adventure includes trekking, climbing (mountain, rock

and ice) and caving. These activities are high risk and require

a high level of specialized skill. Unsurprisingly, these

represented small percentages of the population but still

uncovered a sizable market. The trend over the past three

years indicates that the number of hard adventure trips has

held steady, at around 2% of the population. However,

respondents in Latin America and Europe indicated that they

intended to take a hard adventure trip for their next vacation.

In North America, the trend was opposite, and the percent of

people expressing the intention to take a hard adventure

vacation dipped slightly.

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Soft Adventure

The number of soft adventure departures represents a substantial

percentage of trips worldwide. Interestingly, compared to North

Americans and Europeans, Latin Americans are taking the most

adventure trips at 35% of total outbound travelers. On average,

25% of international trips taken from all three regions are soft

adventure trips. Soft adventurers are an important market for

destinations, gear companies and tour operators. They are

more likely to try different activities and destinations than hard

adventurers. They are also more likely to respond

to targeted marketing. In all three regions — Latin America,

North America and Europe — soft adventure increased steadily

over the traveler’s past three trips and continued to do

so with future travel intentions. Around 43% of Europeans

indicated that for.

their next vacation they would take a soft adventure trips.

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Orienteering

Orienteering is a family of sports that enquires navigational skills

using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse

and usually unfamiliar terrain, and normally moving at speed.

Participants are given a topographical map, usually a specially

prepared orienteering map, which they use to find control

points. Originally a training exercise in land navigation for military

officers, orienteering has developed many variations. Among these,

the oldest and the most popular is foot orienteering. For the purposes

of this article, foot orienteering serves as a point of departure for

discussion of all other variations, but basically any sport that involves

racing against a clock and requires navigation using a map is a type

of orienteering. Orienteering is included in the programs of world

sporting events including the World Games (see Orienteering at the

World Games) and World Police and Fire Games.

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Orienteering sports• Orienteering sports combine significant navigation with a specific method of

travel. Because the method of travel determines the needed equipment and

tactics, each sport requires specific rules for competition and guidelines for

orienteering event logistics and course design.

• Canoe orienteering Car orienteering

• Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering

Mountain marathoning Mounted orienteering

• Radio orienteering [including variants Fox Oring and Radio Orienteering in a

Compact Area (ROCA)]

• Rogaining

• Ski-orienteering

• SportLabyrinth – micro orienteering

• Trail orienteering

• Adventure racing is a combination of two or more disciplines, and usually

includes orienteering as part of the race.

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The international orienteering flag

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An orienteering map

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Rafting

Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor

activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other

body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different

degrees of rough water, and generally represents a new and

challenging environment for participants. Dealing with risk and

the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. The

development of this activity as a leisure sport has become

popular since the mid-1970s, evolving from individuals paddling

10 feet (3.0 m) rafts with double-bladed paddles to multi-person

rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a tour

guide at the stern. It is considered an extreme sport, and can be

fatal. The International Rafting Federation (IRF) is the

worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.

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Grades of white water

• Otherwise known as the International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the

six grades of difficulty in white water rafting. They range from simple to

very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.

• Grade 1: Very small rough areas, might require slight maneuvering. (Skill

level: very basic)

Grade 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some

maneuvering. (Skill level: basic paddling skill)

Grade 3: Whitewater, small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable

danger. May require significant maneuvering.

Grade 4: Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable

drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed.

Grade 5: Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks

and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering.

Grade 6: Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are

effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis.

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Backpacking/Trekking/Hiking: A Growth Activity

Backpacking, trekking, and hiking are all forms of exploring destinations on foot, often on a budget. Like cycling, these types of adventure activities are on the rise. The Adventure Pulse: USA Adventure Traveler Profiles confirms that these are the most popular activities for the United States of America adventure travelers. These tourists often stay in their destination longer, thus spending more money, albeit less per day. Their expenditures often penetrate deeply into local and regional economies, helping increase the spread of tourism benefits. The demand for this type of travel increases year after year, and while some destinations seek to attract these types of tourists, others prefer to focus on higher value clientele.

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Hiking

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What is the difference between hiking and trekking?

• We've often heard the terms hiking and trekking used interchangeably. We all know they're both outdoor recreational activities. But are they really the same?

• Hiking is an outdoor activity of walking in beautiful natural environments on pre-charted paths called hiking trails. There are day hikes and overnight hikes.

• Trekking is a long journey be undertaken on foot in areas where there are usually no means of transport available. Trekking is not necessarily mountaineering; it is walking for a number of days, usually on uncharted paths, in challenging environments which are likely to be hilly or mountainous.

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Cycling

Cycling tourism is on the rise across the world, with an increasing

number of adventure tourists embarking on both road and mountain biking tours, participating in cycling events such as Ride the Rockies, or spectating events like the Tour de France. According to the European Cyclists Federation,22 cycling brings in over EUR 44 billion annually to the continent, resulting from 2.3 billion cycling trips with a tourism value. There is no region-wide data available for other continents, but positive growth has been charted by several U.S. states. Wisconsin, for example, found that

bike tourism generated USD 924 million from in-state and

out-of-state visitors

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Sailing

Sailing tourism refers to any holiday where the main purpose of the trip is to

sail or learn how to sail. Sailing tourism has two broad categories, which are

defined by the type of boat used: a yacht (which is also used as overnight

accommodation) or a dinghy (a smaller boat without berths – therefore

overnight accommodation is on land). Yacht sailing holidays tend to be either

bareboat charters, where the boat is hired – without crew - and can be sailed to

any chosen destination, or flotilla, where all boats in the flotilla follow a pre-

planned route. Dinghy sailing holidays are most

likely to be combined with a sailing course.

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Kayaking

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Diving

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Interesting facts about adventure tourism

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Brief History of Adventure Tourism

Humans have been engaging in adventurous travel for hundreds of years via exploration by the likes of Marco Polo, Captain James Cook, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, who had primarily scientific, geographic, or colonial motives. However, commercial adventure travel is a relatively new phenomenon, in which travelers hire a professional guide to provide a range of technical support and equipment,

as well as culture and nature interpretation.

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Brief History of Adventure Tourism

• In the mid-1800s, adventurers began to push the limits of mountain climbing and river rafting, with the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and descent of the Colorado River in 1869.

• In the mid-1950s, many first ascents and descents attracted global attention and inspired many people to attempt their own expeditions. Maurice Herzog’s ascent of Annapurna in 1950, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzig Norgay’s ascent of Mount Everest, and others’ successes were hailed in the media around the world.

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Brief History of Adventure Tourism

Today, Adventure Tourism is a vibrant, dynamic, and fast-changing sector with new variants routinely added into the possible experiences. Individual companies are often small, owner-operated businesses led by entrepreneurs with a drive to share their favorite places and passions with others. Adventure offers opportunities to entrepreneurs in rural areas around the world to do the same. 69% of overall international travel departures leave from Europe, North America, and South America, and together these three regions account for over USD 263 billion in adventure travel expenditures.

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Tourism Differentfrom Other Typesof Tourism?

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Adventure Tourism vs. Other Types of Responsible Tourism

• The differences between adventure tourism and mass tourism are clear, but the differences between adventure tourism and other types of tourism can be more nuanced. Below are definitions of other popular types of tourism, which share characteristics with adventure tourism, such as minimizing negative impacts and increasing local benefits:

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• Sustainable Tourism is tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.17

• Conservation Tourism, as defined by tourism researcher Prof. Ralf Buckley, is “commercial tourism which makes a net positive contribution to the continuing survival of threatened plant or animal species.”18 Buckley notes that while there are a variety of ways for tourism to add positive contributions to conservation, the key issue is to calculate net outcomes after subtracting the negative impacts.

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• Responsible Tourism is tourism “that creates better places for people to live in, and better places to visit”.19 Responsible tourism can take place in any environment, and many cities have adopted responsible tourism policies. Responsible tourism is clearly defined in the Cape Town Declaration of 2002.20

• Pro-Poor Tourism is tourism that provides net benefits to poor people as defined by the Pro-Poor Tourism Partnership.

• Community Based Tourism (CBT) is defined by The Mountain Institute and Regional Community Forestry Training Center as a visitor-host interaction that has meaningful participation by both, and generates economic and conservation benefits for local communities and environments

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Defining Risk in Adventure TourismProfessor Buckley reviews risk in adventure tourism across six

categories:

· Commercial: The standard commercial risks associated with

business management. Examples specific to tourism include travel

market downturns or drops in visitors due to changing consumer

preferences, terrorism, natural disasters, exchange rate shifts, and

more.

· Legal: Permits and licenses required for adventure tour operators to

operate legally; ensuring that contractual arrangements with

commercial partners and suppliers are appropriate.

· Medical: Depending on the destination, conditions, and activities

involved in the trip, advanced screening may involve age, strength,

and general health. Risk factors here include fitness and pre-existing

medical conditions.

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Defining Risk in Adventure Tourism

- Operational: Operational logistics of risk, such as itinerary details, gear, lodging and vehicle maintenance, and quality, as well as emergency operations, such as medical evacuations, carrying first aid kits, and guide training in field medicine. ·

- Physical: Physical safety during the adventure activity;

the prevention of injury or disease. As mentioned

above, this aspect garners the most sector attention.

- Social: Managing interactions among clients, between

clients and guides, and between the group and people

in the community. Group harmony is important on adventure

travel trips.

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Adventure tourist trials in persentage

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