ADVANTAGES OF PET

Used to image function. This provides an accurate way of analyzing the progression of diseases in the body.

Used in the fields of cardiology, oncology, and neurology.

Can also be used to detect skeletal tissue infections

Can be combined with other modalities in a single image.

HTTP://WWW.RADIOLOGY-INFO.ORG/NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY/PROS-CONSSIDE-EFFECTS.HTML HTTP://ARCHIVES.DRUGABUSE.GOV/NEWSROOM/03/NR9-08.HTML

HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S155685981000074X

DISADVANTAGES OF PET

Exposed to radiation. The total amount is very similar to a typical CT-scan.

Since PET puts a radioactive tracer inside the body, a patient should not be near a pregnant woman soon after the PET scan.

The radioactive tracer has a half life associated with it. This causes the need to use the tracer soon after it is made.

PET scans are expensive and not very readily available. This is mainly due to the use of an expensive cyclotron.

HTTP://WWW.NLM.NIH.GOV/MEDLINEPLUS/ENCY/ARTICLE/003827.HTM HTTP://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.COM/ARTICLES/154877.PHP

HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PMC/ARTICLES/PMC1255942/ HTTP://WWW.RADIOLOGY-INFO.ORG/NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY/PROS-CONSSIDE-EFFECTS.HTML

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Detects the cancer stage and shows how far it has spread. MRI and CT can not tell the difference between benign or malignant tumors.

Shows the brain functionality in diseases such as Parkinson’s Disease.

Can be combined with other modalities such as MRI or CT to produce images displaying both function and structure in great detail.

HTTP://WWW.MEDICALNEWSTODAY.COM/ARTICLES/154877.PHP HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PMC/ARTICLES/PMC1255942/

HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PUBMED/22427802 HTTP://WWW.BIOCHEM.ARIZONA.EDU/CLASSES/BIOC462/462BH2008/462BHONORSPROJECTS/462BHONORS2004/NAVRATILOVAZ/OVERVIEW.HTM

PET image of Parkinson’s Disease affected patient

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

PET/MRI of rodent to detect

Amyloid Beta plaques associated with

Parkinson’s Disease.

HTTP://WWW.NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV/PUBMED/22427802

NON MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

PET has typically been used almost

exclusively for medical purposes.

Recently PET has been used in

geological studies as a nondestructive

way of imaging. This is an ongoing

area of research.

HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S1474706508001022 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S0304389412000684 HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM.EZPROXY.FIU.EDU/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S092698511100231X

PET of subsurface bacterial colonies in soil

PET of flow in uniform porous medium

BEFORE PET IMAGING

1953: William Sweet & Gordon Brownell Built device that used positron annihilation for imaging the brain A precursor to PET scanners

1961: James S. Robertson Made the “Headshrinker”, another precursor Produced single-plane PET scan

http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/vital.shtml

http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2006/Medical_Imaging/pethistory.html

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm

1969: Brownell with MIT colleagues make the first positronic tomographic camera.

1972: Brownell Group uses reconstruction algorithm to produce image of brain tumor. The scan shows two levels with the tumor seen in the second level.

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm

Multiple fixed detectors and hexagonal shape Still didn’t have enough detectors for

a good quality image Used in the PETT II scanner

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n20/history/neuroimage5_p.htm

Several linear detectors that rotate around the patient Took too long Very sensitive to movement of

patient

DESIGN OF DETECTORS

PETT III SCANNER

1975: Edward Hoffman, Michel M. Ter-Pogossian & Michael E. Phelps Built what is considered the first PET

Scanner Used full ring of detectors (best design) Still produced low quality and low

resolution images Required a whole team of medical

professionals to operate it All following PET scanners are based on

its design

http://www.ehow.com/about_6404835_clinical-history-pet-scans.html

HTTP://WWW.EHOW.COM/ABOUT_6404835_CLINICAL-HISTORY-PET-SCANS.HTML HTTP://WWW.CEREBROMENTE.ORG.BR/N20/HISTORY/NEUROIMAGE5_P.HTM

P E T T V I Built in the early 80’s at UBC Hospital and was easier to operate than its predecessors.

1980’s: Able to image how the brain responds to different actions. These were performed by Michael Phelps.

E C A T E X A C T H R +

1990’s: Modern design of PET Scanner

IMPROVEMENT OF IMAGE QUALITY •  I N C R E A S E D N U M B E R O F D E T E C T O R S

•  I M P R O V E D A T T E N U A T I O N C O R R E C T I O N

HTTP://WWW.CEREBROMENTE.ORG.BR/N01/PET/PET_HIST.HTM

RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

1976: Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) developed for PET Other common tracers: Oxygen-15, Carbon-11, and Nitrogen-13 Developing tracers to target specific areas like the lungs and heart Development of multiple tracer to get more information in a single scan

http://www.doemedicalsciences.org/pubs/sc0033/vital.shtml

http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/pet-mr/content/article/113619/1877446

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F23%2F5280479%2F05280533.pdf%3Farnumber%3D5280533&authDecision=-203

PET/CT SCANNER

Gives structural and functional information PET scan and CT scan can be done simultaneously Being used more in hospitals especially for cancer detection

http://www.medwow.com/articles/pet-ct/important-information-about-pet-ct/ http://www.njironline.org/pet-ct-radiology-imaging-center-carlstadt-new-jersey.htm

http://www.med.harvard.edu/JPNM/chetan/petct/petct.html

PET/MRI SCANNER

-Fully integrated design of PET/MRI scanner

-Separated design with PET scanner on one end and MRI machine on the other.

http://www.cc.nih.gov/about/news/newsletter/2011/nov2011/newsletter.html

http://www.auntminnie.com/index.aspx?sec=rca&sub=rsna_2010&pag=dis&itemId=93244

PET/MRI SCANNER

Newest technology available The function and structure can be seen for a better diagnosis Images are extremely detailed

http://www.auntminnieeurope.com/index.aspx?sec=sup&sub=mri&pag=dis&ItemID=603660

COST

One of the most expensive imaging modalities  $1 million to $2.5 million machine cost

Hybrid scanners  PET/CT: $2.5 million to $3 million  PET/MRI: cost is unknown but likely to be higher than PET/CT scanner.

http://www.babcn.org/images/news/petscan.htm

http://cadth.ca/en/products/environmental-scanning/health-technology-update/issue3/pet-mri

• FDG radiopharmaceutical fees: Cost of radioactive element to produce image

• Technical fees: Cost of procedure • Professional fees: associated with

radiologist interpreting test results

Basic PET scan costs:

http://www.comparepetscancost.com/

NATIONAL STATISTICS

National minimum price: $3,200

National average price: $4,900

National maximum price: $10,300

http://newchoicehealth.com/Directory/Procedure/47/Whole%20Body%20PET%20Scan

NATIONAL STATISTICS CONT.

350,000 PET scans were performed in

2002

Numbers of scans are increasing

dramatically

It is estimated that within the next five years, in excess of

2,000,000 PET scans will be performed per

year.

http://www.petforcancer.com/faq/index.html

THANK YOU!