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Advantages of Light RailAdvantages of Light RailAdvantages of Light RailTransitAdvantages of Light RailTransit

Jonas Lohmann Elkjær AndersenDepartment of TransportTechnical University of Denmarky

Outline

Introduction

Surface operationSurface operation

Travel time

Capacity

AttractivinessAttractiviness

Urban environment

Other advantages

09.05.2012Advantages of Light Rail Transit 2 Department of TransportTechnical University of Denmark

Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Why Light Rail?• Why is it interesting and relevant to talk about light rail?• Why is it interesting and relevant to talk about light rail?

Future light rail systems in Denmark


Advantages of Light Rail Transit (LRT)

C dCompared

to what?


Foto: Jens Nørgaard Larsen

Reduce urban sprawl

vs.vs.vs.vs.


Reduce congestion


Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Accessibility to platforms (1)• Underground vs surface based• Underground vs. surface based



00 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Distance [Meters]

0

2

4

6

8

10

me

[Min

ute

s]

12

14Trav

el t

im

16

18

20


Average speed: LRT [20km/h-30km/h] Metro [35km/h]


!.!.


DTU Transport0 200 400100 Meters DTU Transport0 200 400100 Meters

Surface stops – Minimalistic design


Surface stops - Upgrades


Transfers – Surface based


• High floor vs low floor

Access to vehicles (1)• High floor vs. low floor


Access to vehicles (2)• High floor vs low floor• High floor vs. low floor


Access to vehicles (3)


Bicycle accessibility (1)


Bicycle accessibility (2)

vs.vs.vs.vs.


Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Travel time• Bus travel time in central Copenhagen 2002• Bus travel time in central Copenhagen 2002

20% 5%

F ee flo d i ing

15%

Free flow drivingDwelling at stopsCongestion driving

40% SignalsExit from stops

20%


Source: HUR

• Separation from road traffic

LRT methods to increase operating speeds• Separation from road traffic• Signal priorities• Stop spacing

Dwell at stops• Dwell at stops


Travel time reduction - Case project (1)• On street Rapid Transit in Vesterbrogade/Roskildevej• On-street Rapid Transit in Vesterbrogade/Roskildevej

Rødovrehallen Rådhuspladsen

Larslejsstræde

Rødovre Centrum

Nørreport st. (bus)


Larslejsstræde

Rødovre Centrum


Travel time reduction Average speed

PlatanvejDomus Vista

De Små HaverÅlholm PladsDamhustorvetVesterbros Torv

Rødovre Centrum

Roskildevej/Tårnvej Skellet/RoskildevejRandrupvej/Roskildevej

Hovedbanegård/VesterbrogFr.berg Allé/Vesterbroga

PlatanvejDomus Vista

De Små HaverÅlholm PladsDamhustorvetVesterbros Torv

Rødovre Centrum



Travel time reduction Average speed[%] [km/h]

Current bus line ‐ 6A* 15.70 18.410 20.5

0 1 20.5 KilometersDTU Transport


Rapid Transit 20 23.030 26.340 30.750 36.9


*Between Rødovre and Nørreport station

Travel time reduction - Case project (2)• OTM model• OTM model

Reg la b s config F ll p io itised


Regular bus config. Fully prioritised

Rapid Transit config.

Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Vehicle capacity

250

300

150

200

100

150

0

50


Vehicle capacity – Light rail configurations• Siemens Avenio 2 65 meter width• Siemens Avenio 2.65 meter width

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

18 m

27 m

36 m

45 m

54 m

63 m

72 m

Seats Standing places


Source: Siemens

Vehicle capacity - Coupling


System capacity

6000

Bus - vehicle capacity: 75 pass.

Articulated bus - vehicle capacity: 120 pass.

LRT - vehicle capacity: 250 pass.

5000

6000

dir

ecti

on]

3000

4000

ger

s/h

our/

d

2000

city

[p

asse

ng

0

1000

10 7,5 5 2,5

Cap

ac


Headway [minutes between departures]

Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Attractiviness – Rail or bus?• Rail is often considered more • Rail is often considered more

attractive than bus– Lower travel time– Higher reliability– Higher reliability– Better branding– Etc.

• However most of it can also beapplied to bus

– High class bus or BRT canHigh class bus or BRT canobtain the same qualities ifprioritised


Difference between rail and bus• Mode preferences Everything else being equal• Mode preferences – Everything else being equal


Source: Milena Scherer

Rail factor• Misleading term• Misleading term

– A factor is considered measurable– But the rail factor is actually the part that cannot (easily) be

measuredmeasured• The contribution that is left when all the mesaurable

contribution is determind• Phycological effect• Phycological effect

– Comfort, expectations, prestige, guideway etc.


Comfort• Vibrations• Vibrations


Light rail factor - Case project (1)• On street Rapid Transit in Vesterbrogade/Roskildevej• On-street Rapid Transit in Vesterbrogade/Roskildevej

Domus VistaÅlholm PladsDamhustorvet


Larslejsstræde

Vesterbros Torv

Rødovre Centrum



Domus VistaÅlholm PladsDamhustorvet


Larslejsstræde

Vesterbros Torv

Rødovre Centrum



Bus value Rail value

Platanvejo us sta

De Små HaverÅlholm PladsDamhustorvet

Roskildevej/Tårnvej Skellet/RoskildevejRandrupvej/Roskildevej Platanvejo us sta

De Små HaverÅlholm PladsDamhustorvet


75% 66%50%

33%25%



50%66%

75%

100%100%

25% 33%

0/100 25/75 33/66 50/50 66/33 75/25 100/0Rail vs. Bus Factor [%]


[ ]

Light rail factor - Case project (2)• OTM model• OTM model

No rail factor Full rail factor


No rail factor(bus preference)

Full rail factor(heavy urban rail preference)

Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


LRT – more than just a traffic system

LRT as business promoter

LRT as culturemachine

Industry and business in urban environment

Stations as culturespacing and urban living generators

LRT as upgrader of urban space

LRT as urban development

urban spaceRenewal of public spaces along the

railway

generatorMixed dense urbanityaround the railway


Source: Gehl Architects & BIG

railway

Urban development and property value• Known effects for • Known effects for

rail bourne public transport

– Observed in CPH CPH, Stockholm etc.

• Key drivers:– General

upgrade/betteraccessibilityy

– Station vicinity

– Fixedalignment/stalignment/stops

– Expectations


Source: Cowi, BIG

• The green profile of LRT entails urban quality

Urban space and urban renewal (1)Cafes• The green profile of LRT entails urban quality

Green track and planting

Art projectsArt projects


• The green profile of LRT entails urban quality

Urban space and urban renewal (2)Renovations• The green profile of LRT entails urban quality

Squares

Neutralise ghettoisation


Outline

Introduction


Travel time

Capacity


Urban environment

Other advantages


Other advantages• Economics• Economics

– Operating economy• Farebox recovery ratio often larger than 100% (Studies)

Often no subsidies are needed– Often no subsidies are needed– A-busses in CPH: 57%-100%

– Capital costA d 100 200 illi DKK kil t• Around 100-200 million DKK per kilometer

• Copenhagen Metro: approximately 1 billion DKK per kilometer• Car transfer potential

% 0% f f d f– 5%-10% of LRT passenger are transfered from cars• Environment

– Less particle and noise pollution in the immediate environment– Possible power supply from renewable energy sources

• Conceptual retention– No shortcuts in the construction phase


– High profile solution – All-or-nothing

Catalog• Travel time headway and rail factor combined• Travel time, headway and rail factor combined

100/0 39 61 88 133 67 91 121 169 93 119 162 209 117 162 200 264 176 207 261 321 218 254 306 375Ra

75/25 30 49 75 114 55 76 104 149 78 99 137 185 103 140 180 240 157 189 240 297 204 241 291 358

66/33 25 43 70 108 44 72 99 143 74 94 132 179 99 135 174 233 147 183 232 289 199 236 285 351

50/50 19 37 62 98 44 64 87 132 65 85 122 166 92 124 162 218 134 171 217 276 190 226 271 339

il Fa

25/75 8 27 50 83 31 51 72 113 54 71 106 145 79 108 144 197 116 155 197 256 178 209 257 319

0/100 0 18 39 70 20 41 59 97 43 59 90 128 66 93 128 178 106 139 180 236 161 193 239 301

10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5

ctor

HW30% 40% 50%TT 0% 10% 20%

Increase in passengers: < 40% 40%-80% 80%-120% 120%-160% 160%-200% 200%-240% 240%-280% 280%-320% 320%-360% > 360%


Synergy of networks• Pooled network of light rail projects• Pooled network of light rail projects

display around 20% additional socio-economic benefits


Light rail and tramway systems in Europe

D l t i F h t iti

Test15

20

25

Development in French tram cities

0

5

10

15

0

<19

8519

8519

8619

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

0720

0820

0920

1020

11

09.05.2012Advantages of Light Rail Transit 46 Department of TransportTechnical University of Denmark Made by: Jonas Andersen, Source: Wikipedia 2012

Thank you for your attention!

Jonas Lohmann Elkjær AndersenDepartment of TransportTechnical University of [email protected]


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