advances in understanding asbestos risk - wasteminz · 2017-02-01 · advances in understanding...
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Advances in Understanding Asbestos Risk Driving change in sustainable Remediation David Dangerfield
22 October, 2013
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Acknowledgements
Ross McFarland, Technical Director, AECOM Australia
Ben Hardaker, Engineer, AECOM Australia
John Howell, Senior Toxicologist, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Western Australia
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Understanding Asbestos Risk – In Soil
The Problem
− ASBestos In Soil (ASBINS) a significant problem in New Zealand.
− Health effects from airborne exposure have a long latency period.
− Becomes more evident with development, intensification and natural disasters.
− Solutions are often costly and involve generation of a large and costly footprint in terms of dollars and carbon.
− Challenges in applying an agreed framework to characterise risk.
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International Guidance – Asbestos in Soils
− A number of jurisdictions have developed guidance internationally:
• Netherlands (RIVM).
• United States (Asbestos Framework).
• Australia (NEPM/WA).
• UK (WHO).
− The Ministry for the Environment provides a framework for adopting international guidance.
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Airborne Exposure Limits
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Airborne Exposure Limits
− Well established exposure levels for occupational environment.
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Airborne Exposure Limits
− Well established exposure levels for occupational environment.
− NZ Workplace Exposure Standard.
Duration Concentration in air
(fibres/mL)
Chrysotile
4-hr 1.0
10 min 6.0
Amosite / Chrocidolite
4-hr 0.1
10 min 0.6
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Progressing from Air to Soil
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Defining Risk
- Can toxicity be described by duration and concentration in the same way we have concentrations in soil or groundwater for arsenic, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene or vinyl chloride?
- Can we trust international research?
• Data on fibre release from soil to air.
• Examination of suitable criteria.
• Development of risk matrix to rank variables that determine likelihood of exposure.
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Netherlands – Swatjes/Tromp
Swartjes/Tromp, 2008.
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Non-occupational Airborne Exposure Limits
a Asbestos fibre equivalents where differentiation in potency is based upon fibre length and type (amphibole and serpentine types)
Source: Ben Hardaker’s paper “Asbestos-Contaminated Soil Risk Assessment”, 30 September 2009
Jurisdiction/Body 10-6 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
10-5 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
10-4 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
United States (IRIS, 2008)
0.000004 0.00004 0.0004
Netherlands (TNO, 2005)
0.001a - 0.1a
United Kingdom (WHO, 1988)
- 0.0005 -
Western Australia (WHO 2000)
0.0001 -
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Non-occupational Exposure Limits – Air & Soil
a Asbestos fibre equivalents where differentiation in potency is based upon fibre length and type (amphibole and serpentine types)
b Based upon Netherlands air and soil threshold values for 10-6 excess lifetime cancer risk
Slide sourced from Ben Hardaker’s paper “Asbestos-Contaminated Soil Risk Assessment”, 30 September 2009
Jurisdiction/Body 10-6 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
10-5 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
10-4 Lifetime Cancer Risk (fibre/mL)
Asbestos in Soil Concentration (% (w/w))
United States (IRIS, 2008)
0.000004 0.00004 0.0004 -
Netherlands (TNO, 2005)
0.001a - 0.1a 0.01
United Kingdom (WHO, 1988)
- 0.0005 - 0.1 (0.001)
Western Australia (WHO 2000)
0.0001 - 0.001b
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International Risk Models
Note: Site-specific conditions will determine the appropriate excess lifetime cancer risk level to be adopted
Slide adapted from Ben Hardaker’s paper “Asbestos-Contaminated Soil Risk Assessment”, 30 September 2009
Jurisdiction Risk Model Accepted Cancer Risk
Potency Factor
Chrysotile Amosite Crocidolite
United States IRIS 10-4 (1 in 10 000)
1 1 1
United Kingdom Hodgson & Darnton
10-5 (1 in 100 000)
1 100 500
Netherlands RIVM 10-6 (1 in 1 000 000)
1 10 10
Australia (NPM/WA)
WHO RIVM + 10
10-5 to 10-6 1 1 1
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Establishing Soil to Air Relationship
Asbestos concentration in soil (% w/w)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
Airb
orn
e a
sb
esto
s c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n
(fib
/mL
)
0.00001
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.1
1.0
10
Swartjes/Tromp, 2008.
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COMCARE Research Project, AECOM Australia
− AECOM received a research grant through the Australian Government Comcare’s Asbestos Innovation Fund to develop a field-based asbestos in soil to air migration pathway detection tool.
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Developments in the Detection Limit in Soils
What are the issues?
− Achieving method detection limits (0.001% w/w).
− National Analytical Testing Authority (NATA) soon to publish/certify a draft method for soil analysis.
− Currently no lab in NZ can undertake analysis using the NATA method (500 g samples). ISO 17025 analytical protocol.
− Validating Result:
− Detection limit of asbestos in air is 0.01 fibres/mL.
− Electron Microscopy – 0.001 fibres/mL ($500/sample).
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The Future?
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Other Hurdles to Overcome in NZ
− How do we get consent to a more sensitive land use?
− What does a Sample Analysis and Quality Plan look like for asbestos? (How do we characterise a site in a scientifically defensible manner).
− Is there still provision to apply pragmatic, site specific solutions?
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Status Quo
- Dare we progress from 1993 published: “Approaches to the assessment and management of asbestos – contaminated soil”
Imray & Neville
(<0.001% - Consultant’s Delight)
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Conclusions
− Current international practice – still developing but a clear, scientifically defensible framework.
− Established methods for characterising human health risk.
− If not…….
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Vexing Questions / Observations
− Is 100% clean-up of asbestos waste sustainable?
− Can our waste facilities accept low levels of asbestos?
− In Christchurch - if we had a choice between:
− 100% clean-up and disposal to a Class A Landfill facility; or
− The construction of a new hospital.