Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 21B

Design ofComputing Systems:Social and Ergonomic Considerations

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Human-ComputerInteraction, (HCI International '97), San Francisco, California, USAAugust 24-29, 1997Volume 2

Edited by

Michael J. SmithUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl 53706, USA

Gavriel SalvendyPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Richard J. KoubekPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER

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1997ELSEVIERAmsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Tokyo

CONTENTS

Cognitive Modeling 1

"Cockpit Systems Design in Future Military Aircraft" 3A. Schulte

"The Crew Assistant Military Aircraft (CAMA)" 7M. Strohal and R. Onken

"ELICO: A Platform for Dynamic Adaptation of User-System Interaction" 11F.R. Monclar, I. Jacob, and J.P. Krivine

"A Decision Support System for Production Scheduling and Control" 15M.B. Chen and S.L. Hwang

"A Time-Based Interface for Electronic Mail and Task Management" 19K.S. Yiu, R. Baecker, N. Silver, and B. Long

"User Modeling by Graph-Based Induction" 23K. Yoshida

"LaboUr—Machine Learning for User Modeling" 27W. Pohl

"An Interactive Environment for Dynamic Control of Machine Learning Systems" 31E.M. Nguifo

"From Informative Patterns to Information Architecture" 35K. Englmeier and E. Mang

"Building Joint Cognitive Systems: A Case of Horses for Courses?" 39E. Hollnagel

"Communication and Shared Knowledge in Human-Computer Systems" 43D. Benyon

"Problems in Human-Machine Interaction and Communication" 47L.J. Bannon

"Machine Intelligence in HCI Revisited: From Intelligent Agents to Intelligent Systems" 51L. Balint

"Are Interactive Media as Large as Life and Half as Natural?" 55L.E. Merkle and R.E. Mercer

"Can We Trace Back Cognitive Processes in Root Cause Analysis?" 59M. Pedrali and R. Bastide

"Integrating System's Functional Model and its Structional Model Toward 63Denotational Dialogue Specification"

K. Matsubayashi, Y. Tsujino, and N. Tokura

"Modeling the Sources and Consequences of Errors and Delays in Complex Systems" 67C.K. Garg, V. Riley, and J.W. Krueger

"Task Netwoerk Modeling of Human Worrkload Coping Strategies" 71J.F. Lockett III

"Predicting Human Performance in Complex Systems—A Method and Case Study" 75R. Laughery and B. Plott

"Multi-Agent Performance Modeling in OMAR" 79S. Deutsch

"Mapping Instructions onto Actions: A Comprehension-Based Model of Display- 83Based Human-Computer Interaction"

M. Kitajima and P.G. Poison

"The Human Scheduler's Mental Models and Decision Aids of the Interactive 87Scheduling System"

N. Nakamura, J. Takahara, and T. Kamigaki

"The Role of Interaction Modeling in Future Cognitive Ergonomics: Do Interaction 91Models Lead to Formal Specification of Involved Machine Intelligence?"

C. Stary

"Do People in HCI Use Machine Learning?" 95V.S. Moustakis

"Modeling the User's Problem-Solving Expertise for Effective Decision Support" 99C. Chiu

"Technology Needs for Web-Based Technical Training" 103T.A. Plocher and S.L. Hillman

XI

"A Knowledge-Based Approach to Creating Adaptive Electronic Textbooks" 107P. Brusilovsky

"Using Multiple Technologies for Distance Learning" 111L. Neal

"PEBBLES: Providing Education by Bringing Learning Environments to Students" 115L.A. Williams, D.I. Fels, G. Smith, J. Treviranus, and R. Eagleson

"Computer Based Learning: GroupSystems® in the Wireless Classroom" 119C.C. Keating

"Evaluating Effects of Self-Directed Ergonomics Training" 123B.G.F. Cohen

"Effects of Ergonomic Training as an Ergonomic Intervention" 129M.H. Dainoff and M.J. Dainoff

"A Model for Ergonomics Training Evaluation" 133M. Robertson

"Ergonomics Training in Industrially Developing Countries: Case Studies from 139'Roving Seminars'"

P.A. Scott and H. Shahnavaz

"Comparative Hypertext Approaches to Ergonomic Training" 145W. Xu and M.J. Dainoff

"Enhancing the Interface to Provide Intelligent Computer Aided Language Learning" 149M. Murphy, A. Kruger, and A. Grieszl

"The Role of Case-Based Reasoning in Instructional Design: Theory and Practice" 153B. Asiu and M.D. McNeese

"Designing Interactions for Guided Inquiry Learning Environments" 157N. Enyedy, P. Vahey, and B. Gifford

"Granular Interface Design: Decomposing Learning Tasks and Enhancing Tutoring 161Interaction"

A. Patel and Kinshuk

"A Collaborative Distance Learning System and its Experimental Results" 165T. Dasai, H. Koizumi, and K. Yokochi

XII

"Transporting Honey Bears: A Cognitive Analysis of the Effects of Interface 169Manipulation Style on a Constraint-Based Planning Task"

S. Hoist, E. Churchill, and D. Gilmore

"Discount Usability Engineering" 173P.J. Santos and A.N. Badre

"Age Differences Between Elderly and Young Workers in Effectiveness of Computer 177Skill Training and Task Cognition"

H. Umemuro

"Design Principles for a Training Software Agent: Issues Concerning Agent-User 181Interaction"

A. Farias and T.N. Arvanitis

"Action Workflow Loops in Distance Education—Design Principles for Integrating 185CAL and CMC"

P. Johannesson

"Reducing Restriction of Activity in Media Communication with Demand Driven 189Viewer"

N. Kohtake, Y. Yamamoto, and Y. Anzai

"Lock-On Pointer: A Foundation for Human-Object Interaction" 193N. Matsushita, M. Morohashi, and Y. Anzai

"A Sensor Network Management System—An Overview and Example" 197M. Ohta and Y. Anzai

"A Fundamental Mechanism of Intelligent Sensor-Actuator Networks" 201S. Shimada, Y. Yamamoto, and Y. Anzai

"ROIS: A New Concept to Change into Safe and Comfortable World" 205M. Kohno and Y. Anzai

"Information Presentation and Control in a Modern Air Traffic Control Tower 209Simulator"

R.F. Haines, S. Doubek, B. Rabin, and S. Harke

"Information Engineering: Creating an Integrated Interface" 213M.J. Albers

"Designing for Complexity" 217E. Hollnagel

"Twenty-Five Years of Operator-Process Communication: Lessons Learned and 221Problems Solved?"

E. Hollnagel and J.0. Hoi

"Application of a Newly Developed Eye Sensing Head-Mounted-Display to a 225Mutual Adaptive CAI for Plant-Diagnosis"

S. Fukushima and H. Yoshikawa

"Development Strategies on an Intelligent Software System for Total Operation and 229Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants"

S.H. Chang, H.G. Kim, and S.S. Choi

"Simulation-Based Interface Evaluation Method of Equipment in Power Plants" 233T. Nakagawa, M. Kitamura, Y. Nakatani, N. Terashita, and Y. Umeda

"Associate Systems: A Framework for Human-Machine Cooperation" 237N.D. Geddes

"Control Versus Dependence: Striking the Balance in Function Allocation" 243E. Hollnagel

"Human Electronic Crew Teamwork: Cognitive Requirements for Compatibility 247and Control with Dynamic Function Allocation"

R.M. Taylor

Interface Design and Evaluation 251

"Natural User Interface (NUI): A Case Study of a Video Based Interaction Technique 253for a Computer Game"

M. Rauterberg

"A Formal Method for Deriving Command Production Language from Human Intents" 257C.A. Ntuen

"Hierarchical Ordering of Internet Mental Model Categorisations" 261M. Greyling and A. Thatcher

"Ecological Display Design for the Control of Unmanned Airframes" 267J.B.F. van Erp and B. Kappe

xiv

"User Interface Agents in a Public Information System" 271N. Pridun and P. Purgathofer

"An Automatic Document Coloring and Browsing System" 275T. Uchida and H. Tanaka

"Free vs. Guided Programming by Discovery" 279H.A. Ramadhan

"An Active Gazing-Line System for Improving Sign-Language Conversation" 283S. Lu,-K. Imagawa, and S. Igi

"A Hierarchical Browsing System for Sign Language Video" 287S. Higashino and H. Kasahara

"Transfering Experts' Jobs to Novices and Computers by Information Sharing in 291Office Work"

T. Enkawa and H. Umemuro

"An Interface Model for Evaluating Task-Interface Congruity" 295W.C. Yoon and J. Park

"Managing Information by a New Compound Noun Analysis" 299I.H. Jung and S.Y. Yang

"Interactive Interfaces to Detect Conceptual Difference for Knowledge Acquisition" 303T. Kondo, N. Saiwaki, T. Yoshida, and S. Nishida

"Transformation of Human-to-Human Interaction into Asymmetric and Lightweight 307Computer-Mediated Interaction"

A. Nakajima, F. Ando, and Y. Furui

"TacTool v2.0: An Object-Based Multimodal Interface Design Platform" 311D.V. Keyson and L. van Stuivenberg

"A New Form of Programming in the Light of Cognitive Dimensions" 315H.J. Borron

"Human Computer-Interaction: Graphic Designers X Graphic Softwares" 319A. de Moraes, S. Padovani, and C. Mendes

"Heuristics and Biases in the Evolution of a Robust Human-Machine Interface 323Methodology"

J.C. Lowry, P.E. Van Hemel, and S.Z. Knizhnik

"A Highly Extensible Graphical User Interface in a Software Development 327Environment"

Y. Sugiyama

"The Effect of Internet Delay on the Design of Distributed Multimedia Documents" 331A. Sears and M.S. Borella

"The Effect of Internet Delay on the Perceived Quality of Information" 335A. Sears, J.A. Jacko, and M.S. Borella

"Human Factors Principles for Variable Message Signs Utilized in Intelligent 339Transportation Systems"

A. Zanotti, M.L. Resnick, and G. Cestari

"Safety Management: Some Issues and Limitations" 343V.G. Duffy

"Interface Requirements: An Analysis of Technologies Designed for Individual and 347Group Work"

J.A. Jacko and V.G. Duffy

"AMF: A New Design Pattern for Complex Interactive Software?" 351F. Tarpin-Bernard and B.T. David

"Modular Dialogue Units: A Software Architecture for Programming Human- 355Computer Dialogues"

M.A. Perez- Quinones and J.L. Sibert

"Optimizing Cut-and-Paste Operations in Directed-Graph Editing" 359B. Ibrahim

"New Modeling/Analyzing Architecture and Simulation Mechanism for Complex 363Structure"

T. Sawa and M. Yasuda

"Designing the User Interface for a Natural Spoken Dialogue System" 367S.J. Boyce

XVI

"Allowing Multiple Experts to Revise a Thesaurus Database" 371N. Nishikawa and H. Tsuji

"CyberForum on Interspace" 375T. Sadakata, T. Yamana, T. Tajiri, H. Hadeishi, Y. Okuvo, and Y. Tamamura

"A Bullseye Menu With Sound Feedback" 379N. Friedlander, K. Schlueter, and M. Mantei

"User Interface Modeling for the Design of Administrative Information Systems" 383M. Lif

"Direct Interaction with Flexible Material Models" 387M. Bordegoni, G. Frugoli, and C. Rizzi

"Reducing Operator Mental Load Through Dynamic Icons Interfaces and 391Process Notice"

B. Boussoffara and P.F. Elzer

"Information Retrieval Supported by Rich and Redundant Indices" 395K. Satoh, S. Akamine, K. Muraki, and A. Okumura

"Retrieving and Transmitting Real World Oriented Information by Simple Interaction 399Through Augmented Electrical Stick"

S. Iga and M. Yasumura

"Evaluation of a Theory-Based Display Guide" 403A.H. J0rgensen and J. May

"Potential Key Stress Factors Among Academic Library Assistants" 407A. Morris and S. Holmes

"Physiological Analysis of Entrainment in Face-to-Face Communication" 411T. Watanabe and M. Okubo

"Expression Recognition and Synthesis for Face-to-Face Communication" 415S. Morishima

"Remote and Local Camera Works in Media Communication" 419H. Tamura and R. Zhang

"Quick Address Search System with Handwriting Using Character Transition 423Information"

K. Gunji, S. Kuzunuki, and K. Katsura

"A System for Eliciting and Helping to Score Test Answers Input Through 427a Handwriting Interface"

T. Souya

"Form Input System by Pen Interface" 431Y. Nishimura and M. Nakagawa

"Prototyping of Digital Ink E-Mail System Based on a Common Ink Format" 435H. Tanaka, N. Kato, and M. Nakagawa

"Strategies for Integrating and Separating Pen-Based Operational States" 439S.N. Krishnan and S. Moriya

"A System for Real-time Groupware Using a Pen Interface for Creative Thought 443Support"

K. Nakajima, E. Hayakawa, M. Namiki, and N. Takahashi

"Pen-Based Japanese Character Entry System for Visually Disabled Persons" 447K. Kiyota, T. Morita, and S. Yamamoto

"Enhancing Handwriting Interfaces" 451M. Nakagawa

"Idea Memo PDA in Scalable Handwriting Interfaces" 454K. Oomika, A. Naito, and M. Nakagawa

"Improvement of Hand-Grasp Measurement System" 459Y. Seki, S. Sato, S. Shimizu, M. Shimojo, and A. Takahashi

"Pen-Computing and Groupware: A Chance to Improve Collaborative Writing" 463O.M. Gonzalez, M.J. Verdu, Y.A. Dimitriadis, M.T. Blasco, J.L. Barrios,and J. Lopez

"The Conceptual Framework of Preference-Based Design" 467M. Ujigawa

"Revealing of Preference Structure by the Evaluation Grid Method" 471J. Sanui and G. Maruyama

xviii

"Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences in Cyber Space" 475M. Mizuno

"Interactive Support for Decision Making" 479N. Matsuda and K. Nakamura

"A Design and Implementation of Cyber Laboratory" 483T. Tsunoda

"Situation Awareness Modeling and Pilot State Estimation for Tactical Cockpit 487Interfaces"

S. Mulgund, G. Rinkus, C. Illgen, and G. Zacharias

"Mapping Physiology to Cognition in Adaptive Interface Design" 491W.J. Ray, S. Hess, and J. Goldberg

"Adaptive Interfaces as an Approach to Human-Machine Cooperation" 495R.G. Eggleston

"Aid Methodology for Designing Adaptive Human Computer Interfaces for 501Supervision Systems"

C. Santoni, E. Furtado, and P. Francois

"Toward an Adaptive Command Line Interface" 505B.D. Davison and H. Hirsh

"Integrating Human Factors with Software Engineering for Human-Computer 509Interaction"

J. Long

"Microsoft Interactive Media Products: Worldwide Usability and Design Practices" 513J.G. Corso

"A Closed-Loop Approach for Integrating Human Factors into Systems Development: 517A Case Study Involving a Distributed Database System"

R.H.Y. So, CM. Finney, M. Tseng, C.J. Su, and B.P. Yen

"Usability Engineering and Software Engineering: How Do They Relate?" 521S. Hakiel

"Integrating HCI Engineering and Software Engineering: A Call to a Larger Vision" 525E.A. Buie and A. Vallone

xix

"Structured Methods for Human Factors Research and Development" 531A. Stork and J. Long

"History Lesson: The Web Discovers User Interface Design" 535A. Marcus

"User-Centered Design at AT&T Labs" 539D.J. Dooling

"Human Interface Research and Practice at Apple Computer" 543P.F. Strijland

"A New Design Concept and Method Based on Ergonomics and Kansei Engineering 547and So On"

T. Yamaoka

"Toward Rehabilitation Cognitive Engineering—Gap Between Theory and Practice 551in the Human Interface of Information Processing Devices for People with Disabilities"

A. Okamoto

"Dilemma of Usability Engineering" 555M. Kurosu

"Understanding HCI Requirements: Expertise and Assistance to Imagery Analysis" 559I.S. MacLeod, A.J. McClumpha, and E. Koritsas

"User Centred Design: The Application of the LUCID Interface Design Method" 563A. Smith and L. Dunckley

"Muse, a Rapid Prototyping Tool" 569H. Kamio, M. Amamiya, H. Matsu'ura, and T. Nitta

"Participatory Interface Design: From Naive Models to Systems" 573N. Bianchi, P. Bottoni, P. Mussio, G. Rezzonico, and M.G. Strepparava

"Project Development Staff-Decision-Support System for Software Development" 577T. Tabe, T. Chikara, and Y. Taguchi

"Developing Usability in the Software Life-Cycle: Experiences from a Large European 581Government Software Contract"

A. Giannetti, R. Mignosi, and G. Taglialatela

XX

"Software Prototyping of Hardware Interfaces" 585G. Breinholt

"An Analyzing and Modelling Tool Kit for Human-Computer Interaction" 589M. Rauterberg and M. Fjeld

"Software Durability—Is it Important? Can it be Achieved?" 593S.G. Archer, L. Allender, and C. Richer

"Evaluating REAL Users, Using REAL Software, Performing REAL Tasks, in 597REAL Contexts"

I. Posner, R. Baecker, and A. Mitchell

"The Contribution of Usability Analysis to the Design of Medical Devices: 601A Case Study"

S. Earl, M. Young, B. Meek, and R. Koubek

"Networking and Urban Forms in the Electronic Age—Towards Flexible Location 605Decisions in Stockholm"

R. Kazemian

"Asking Users About What They Mean: Two Experiments & Results" 609H. Blanchon and L. Fais

"Ergonomic Evaluation of Some Brazilian Hypertext Systems" 613S. Padovani and A. de Moraes

"Design and Usability Evaluation of a Novice User-Oriented Control Panel for 617Lighting and Air Conditioning"

K. Morimoto, T. Kurokawa, M. Hata, N. Kushiro, and M. Inoue

"Usability in the Perspective of Work Environment" 621K.D. Keller

"Experimental Method for Usability Test of Industrial Plant Operation System" 625H. Nishitani, T. Kurooka, T. Kitajima, and C. Satoh

"An Informal Usability Study of a Videoconferencing System" 629B. Auernheimer, C. Chongcharoen, and S. Arritt

XXI

Multimedia, Virtual Reality and World-Wide Web 633

"Method and Techniques for the Evaluation of Multimedia Applications" 635F.V. Cipolla-Ficarra

"Multimedia Communication for Family" 639A. Kimura, H. Kato, and S. Inokuchi

"Computer-Generated Presentation Scripts for Life-Like Interface Agents" 643E. Andre, J. Muller, and T. Rist

"Supporting Task Performance: Is Text or Video Better?" 647B.E. Norris and W.B.L. Wong

"Mobile Multimedia Communication: A Task- and User-Centered Approach to 651Future Systems Development"

F.W.G. van den Anker and A.G. Arnold

"Animated Paper Documents" 655P. Robinson, D. Sheppard, R. Watts, R. Harding, and S. Lay

"Presentation Jockey: Multimedia Authoring System Using Structured Document 659Parsing"

H.S. Shin, W.J. Yoo, and K.J. Yoo

"Individual User Differences in Data Model Comprehension" 663J.C. Nordbotten and M.E. Crosby

"ALAWAI: Agent Languages and AgentWare for Agent Invention" 667K. Takeda and M. Inaba

"Modeling Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction: Semiotics, Proxemics and 671Kinesics"

R. Marshall

"Evaluating Multi-User Interfaces (EMI)" 675M.E. Crosby and D.N. Chin

"A Multicast Algorithm in a Distributed Multimedia Conference System" 679A. Hac and D. Wang

"An Object-Oriented Uncertainty Retrieval Approach for Graphics Databases" 683S.Y. Itoga, X. KE, and Y. Liu

xxii

"Multimedia Communication and Technology: A Semiotic Perspective" 687H.C. Purchase

"ISO 14915: A Standard on Multimedia User Interface Design" 691K.P. Fahnrich and F. Roller

"Multimedia HCI Addressed by ETSI" 695M. Bocker

"Navigation Design for Interactive Multimedia" 699F. Kolier and A. Wohr

"Generating Adaptable Multimedia Software from Dynamic Object Oriented Models: 703The OBJECTWAND Design Environment"

C. Martin and M. Humpl

"Multimodal Display for Enhanced Situation Awareness Based on Cognitive Diversity" 707M. Takahashi, S. Takei, and M. Kitamura

"Modeling and Evaluating Multimodal Interaction Styles" 711B.E.R. de Ruyter and J.H.M. de Vet

"Seven Rules in a Theory of Consistency" 715A.M. Olson

"CZWeb: Fish-Eye Views for Visualizing the World-Wide Web" 719B. Fisher, M. Agelidis, J. Dill, P. Tan, G. Collaud, and C. Jones

"Teaching Information Literacy in Technical Courses Using WWW" 723Y. Shibuya, G. Kuwana, and H. Tamura

"A Dynamic Linkage Method for Hypermedia and Its Design Support Tool" 727Y. Hijikata, N. Saiwaki, T. Yoshida, and S. Nishida

"Table Expander: Hypertabular Interaction with Query Results" 731G. Santucci and L. Tarantino

"An Environment for Modelling and Designing Hypertext Applications" 735S. Goll, J. Lorenz, and W. Hesse

"HyperBBS: Towards Smooth Navigation" 739E. Niwano

XXlii

"The 'History' as a Cognitive Tool for Navigation in a Hypertext System" 743S.G. Schar

"Decision Support for Indexing and Information Retrieval: Implications for Hypertext 747Systems"

W. Zhu and M.R. Lehto

"Vizualization of Knowledge Model Used for Plant Operation" 751K. Furuta, K. Nakanishi, and S. Kondo

"A WWW Environment for Visualizing User Interactions with Java Applets 755J. Stelovsky and M.E. Crosby

"A System for Exploring Information Spaces" 759M. Sugimoto, N. Katayama, and A. Takasu

"Flip Zooming: A Practical Focus+Context Approach to Visualizing Large Data Sets" 763L.E. Holmquist and C. Ahlberg

"Evaluating the Usability of Application Tools in Transferring Multimedia 767Information Across ATM Communication Networks Within the Fashion Industryin Europe"

G. Patterson and R. Donnelly

"Re-Engineering a Complex Network Interface" 771M. Lucas, J.F. Meech, and C. Purcell

"Web Mediator: Providing Social Interaction on the WWW" 775A. Ishihara

"From System Evaluation to Service Redesign: A Case Study" 779P. Marti, A. Rizzo, S. Bagnara, P. Lomagistro, and L. Tanzini

"Agent-Based Support for Personalized Information with Web Search Engines" 783E.S. Lee, R. Okada, and I.G. Jeon

"VIOLA: A Visual Programming Tool for the Development of Web Applications" 787C.S. Cho, P.S. Mah, G.S. Shin, S.J. Yoon, I.J. Yoon, and Y.S. Jin

"WWW Visualization Giving Meanings to Interactive Manipulations" 791H. Shiozawa and Y. Matsushita

XXIV

"Book Based View and Scroll Based View: Which is Suited for HTML Viewers?" 795K. Ueno, K. Suzuki, and H. Ozawa

"Web Pages: Designing with Rhetorical Techniques" 799C. Dormann

"Usability Issues in Web Site Design" 803N. Bevan

"Integrated User Interfaces for the Home Environment" 807J. Ziegler and J. Machate

"Interacting with Electronic Healthcare Records in the Information Society" 811I. Iakovidis

"Mobile Communication User Interfaces for Everyone" 815K. Vaananen-Vainio-Mattila and S. Haataja

A Model of the Informational Affordances of Media Spaces in Community 819Networks"

D.T. Singh, P.P. singh, and J. Durlak

"Semantic Stimulus Structure in World Wide Web Interface Design for Navigation 823by Novice Users"

S.Z. Knizhnik, P.E. Van Hemel, M. Miller, and G. Goldfield

"GUI Evaluation Through Web" 827J. Sanchez and O. Alonso

"Estimating User Interests from their Navigation Patterns in the WWW" 831J. Favela and A. Carreon

"Page Design Guidelines for Improving World Wide Web Navigation" 835

N.J. Rodriguez, J.A. Borges, and I. Morales

Virtual Reality 839

"MARTI: Man-Machine Animation Real-Time Interface: The Illusion of Life" 841CM. Jones and S.S. Dlay

"Perception-Oriented Stereo Rendering: A New Approach to Control the Third 845Dimension"

L. Reichert

XXV

"Do Three Dimensional Realtime Interfaces Really Play Important Roles?" 849M. Shirabe and Y. Baba

"Integrating Version Control and Module Management Using Three-Dimensional 853Visualization"

H. Koike and H.C. Chu

"Using VR-VIBE: Browsing and Searching for Documents in 3D-Space" 857E.F. Churchill, D. Snowdon, S. Benford, and P. Dhanda

"Display of Conversation Partners Using 3D-Facial Model in the Multiparty Video 861Communication System"

T. Murai, H. Kato, and S. Inokuchi

"3D Interactive Information Visualization: Guidelines from Experience and Analysis 865of Applications"

R. Brath

"Presentation and Interaction of Virtual 3D Objects Without Geometrical Model" 869S. Uchiyama, H. Yamamoto, A. Katayama, and H. Tamura

"In Search of Equivalence Classes in Subjective Scales of Reality" 873S.R. Ellis, N.S. Dorighi, B.M. Menges, B.D. Adelstein, and R.H. Jacoby

"Effects of Lighting on Human Performance in Training" 877J. Maida, A. Aldridge, and J. Novak

"The Effect of Different Viewing Devices for the Sense of Presence of Immersion in 881Virtual Environments: A Comparison of Stereoprojections Based on Monitors, HMDsand Screens"

J. Deisinger, C. Cruz-Neira, O. Riedel, and J. Symanzik

"Presence: Where Are We Now?" 885M.J. Singer and B.G. Witmer

"Presence and Side Effects: Complementary or Contradictory?" 889J.R. Wilson, S. Nichols, and C. Haldane

"Circumventing Side Effects of Immersive Virtual Environments" 893P. DiZio and J.R. Lackner

"Aftereffects of Virtual Environment Exposure: Psychometric Issues" 897R.S. Kennedy and K.M. Stanney

XXVi

"Design Concept Based on Real-Virtual-Intelligent User Interface and its Software 901Architecture"

S. Tano, Y. Namba, H. Sakao, T. Tomita, and H. Aoshima

"Electronic Annotation Sheet" 905K. Kashiwagi and N. Urano

"A Virtual Office Environment for Supporting Informal Communications and 909Securing Personal Space"

S. Honda, T. Kimura, H. Tomioka, T. Oosawa, K. Okada, and Y. Matsushita

"Getting a Grip: Touch Feedback with Binary Stimulators" 913A. Murray, K. Shimoga, R. Klatzky, and P. Khosla

"Stereopsis and Motion Parallax Cues in Virtual Reality Control Applications" 917J.C Lane and D.L. Akin

"Computing and Organizational Assessment in the Furniture Industry" 921E.N. Wiebe, J.E. Howe, J. Summey, and J.J. Norton

"Hybridization of Classical Documentary Techniques and Techniques of Three 925Dimensional Representation in Space: Dynamical Constitution of Virtual Scenes"

J. Bacon and X. Soinard

"Natural User Interfaces (NUI): A Case Study of a Video Based Interaction 929Technique for CAD Systems"

M. Rauterberg, M. Bichsel, H. Krueger, and M. Meier

"Awareness Technology: Experiments with Abstract Representation" 933E.R. Pedersen and T. Sokoler

"Manipulation Aid for Two-Handed 3-D Designing Within a Shared Virtual 937Environment"

K. Kiyokawa, H. Takemura, and N. Yokoya

"Requirements and Design of the Information Pod Interface" 941M.R. Stytz, S.B. Banks, J.J. Kesterman, J.J. Rohrer, and J.C. Vanderburgh

"The Human-Machine Interface Challenges of Using Virtual Environment (VE) 945Displays Aboard Centrifuge Devices"

B.D. Lawson, A.H. Rupert, F.E. Guedry, J.D. Grissett, and A.M. Mead

xxvii

"A Real World Oriented Interface Technique Using Computer Vision" 949T. Ohashi, T. Yoshida, and T. Ejima

"HCI Issues About Immersive Modeling" 953K. Coninx, F. Van Reeth, E. Flerackers

Assisting Remote Instruction Using Copied Reality" 957H. Kuzuoka and T. Nakada

"Texture Display for Tactile Sensation" 961Y. Ikei, K. Wakamatsu, and S. Fukuda

"Real-Time Numerical Simulation in Haptic Environment" 965T. Ogi, M. Hirose, H. Watanabe, and N. Kakehi

"Implementation of Elastic Object in Virtual Environment" 969K. Hirota and T. Kaneko

"Operator Interaction with Visual Objects: Effect of System Latency" 973S.R. Ellis, F. Breant, B.M. Menges, R.H. Jacoby, and B.D. Adelstein

"Experiences with User Interactions in a CAVE™-Like Projection Environment" 977R. Blach, A. Simon, and O. Riedel

"3D-Rendering and the Eye: Aspects for Efficient Rendering Through Physiological 981and Anatomical Parameters of the Eye"

O.H. Riedel

"Barriers to Industrial Application of Virtual Environments" 985J.R. Wilson

"Industrial Training Using Virtual Reality" 989C.J. Su, F.H. Lin, L. Ye, CM. Finney, and V.G. Duffy

i

"Issues for Integrating Virtual Teaming into the Organization" 993V.G. Duffy

"Lag Compensation by Image Deflection and Prediction: A Review on the Potential 997Benefits to Virtual Training Applications for Manufacturing Industry"

R.H.Y. So

"Data Input Devices and Application in Virtual Reality" 1001H. Sun

XXVIII

"Quantification of Human Performance in Extreme Environments" 1005C.E. Lathan and D.J. Newman

"Human Motor Strategies in Long Term Space Flights" 1009A. Pedotti, G. Ferrigno, and G. Baroni

Author Index 1013

Keyword Index 1021