Advances in Complex Electromagnetic Materials

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3. High Technology - Vol. 28

Advances in Complex Electromagnetic Materials

edited by

A. Priou University of Paris X, Paris, France

A. Sihvola Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

S. Tretyakov St Petersburg State Technical University, St Petersburg, Russia

and

A. Vinogradov SCAPE, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.v.

Proceedings of the NATD Advanced Research Workshop on Electromagnetics of Chiral, Bi-isotropic, and Bi-anisotropic Media (Chiral '96) St Petersburg - Moscow, Russia 23-30 July, 1996

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-94-010-6418-7 ISBN 978-94-011-5734-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5734-6

Printed an acid-free paper

AII Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Driginally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo­copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ............................................................ ix

Introduction ...................................................... xi

I. General

Fedorov's Covariant Methods in the Electromagnetic Field Theory L.M. Barkovskii and G.N. Borzdov ................................... 3

Developments of Fedorov Covariant Methods and Applications to Optically Active Crystals A.F. Konstantinova, A. Yu. 1Tonin, and B. V. Nabatov ............... 19

Bi-Isotropic and Bi-Anisotropic Media (General Review) S. Bolioli ............................................................ 33

II. Fundamental Issues of Bi-Anisotropic Electromagnetics

Covariant Multipole D and H Fields for Reflection from a Magnetic An­isotropic Chiral Medium E.B. Graham and R.E. Raab ........................................ 55

Jones Transmission and Reflection Matrices for Low-Symmetric Absorbing Gyrotropic Crystals E.A. Evdischenko and A.F. Konstantinova ........................... 67

Inverse Problem of Reflection and Transmission for a Bianisotropic Medium G.N. Borzdov ....................................................... 71 Comments (Editors) and Reply (G.N. Borzdov) ...................... 83

Chiral Effects and Eigenwaves in Bi-Anisotropic Omega Structures A.A. Sochava, C.R. Simovski, and S.A. 1'retyakov ................... 85

Pulse Distortion by a Lossy, Resonant Chiral Medium S.A. Maksimenko, G. Ya. Slepyan, and A. Lakhtakia ................ 103

III. Continuum Modelling of Complex Media

Non-Local Response of Composite Materials in Microwave Range A.N. Lagarkov and A.P. Vinogradov ................................ 117

vi

Effective-Medium Theories for Bi-Isotropic Mixtures A.H. Sihvola ....................................................... 131

Effective Material Parameters of Plane Stratified Bianisotropic Supedat­tices A.N. Borzdov ...................................................... 145

Weakly Nonlinear Chiral Composites: the Bruggeman and the Maxwell Garnett Models C. Ya. Slepyan, A. Lakhtakia, and S.A. Maksimenko ................ 155

Optically Induced Rotating Spatially Uniform Structure in Chiral Media I.N. Akhramenko and I. V. Semchenko .............................. 163

Faraday Effect and Magnetogyration in Supedattices in the Long Wave­length Approximation E. C. Starodubtsev, I. V. Semchenko, and C.S. Mityurich ............ 169

IV. Scattering and Diffraction from Bi-Anisotropic Struc­tures

Electromagnetic Scattering by Three-Dimensional Arbitrary Shaped Chiral Objects A.C. Dmitrenko, A.!, Mukomolov, and V. V. Fisanov ............... 179

Scattering by Frequency Selective Surfaces Supported by an Isotropic Chi­ral Slab T. Ege and A. O. Koca ............................................. 189

Plane Wave Diffraction by a Wedge Coated with Thin Bi-Isotropic Layers S. C. Vashtalov and V. V. Fisanov ................................... 201

Optimization Approach to an Inverse Problem for a Stratified Bi-Isotropic Slab M. Norgren ........................................................ 207

The Influence of Induced Chiral Properties on the Transformation of Acous­tic Waves Polarization in Piezoelectric Semiconductors I. V. Semchenko and S.A. Khakhomov .............................. 219

Electrodynamics of Chirowaveguides: Mode Orthogonality, Mode Excita­tion, Mode Interactions E.O. Kamenetskii .................................................. 227

Electromagnetic Surface Waves at a Plane Boundary of Semi-Infinite Fara­day Chiral Media V. V. Fisanov and D.A. Marakasov ................................. 239

Vll

Chiro-Plasma Surface Wave H. Torres-Silva ..................................................... 249

v. Electromagnetic Modelling of Complex Particles

On Electromagnetic Theory of Artificial Nonchiral and Chiral Media with Resonant Particles (a Review) M. V. Kostin and V. V. Shevchenko ................................. 261

The Relation Between Co- and Cross-Polarizabilities of Small Conductive Bi-Anisotropic Particles S.A. Tretyakov, C.R. Simovski, and A.A. Sochava .................. 271

Modelling Composite Media Including Chiral or Pseudo-Chiral Scatterers L. Bideo, S. Bolioli, and P.F. Combes .............................. 281

Mutual Coupling in Arrays of Planar Chiral Structures L.R. Arnaut ........................................................ 293

VI. Experiments, Measurements, Applications

Stereo-Glasses with Composite and Chiral Liquid Crystals V. V. Belyaev, Y. V. Devyatkin, V.G. Nazarenko, G.B. Nosov, and A.S. Sonin .............................................................. 313

Manufacture of Microwave Chiral Materials and their Electromagnetic Prop­erties S.A. Kuehl, S.S. Grove, E. Kuehl, M. Bingle, and J.H. Cloete ....... 317

On Chirality Measurements in Circular Waveguides G. Busse, J. Reinert, M. Klemt, and A.F. Jacob .................... 333

Experimental Investigation of Response of Chiral Media and "Chiral Me­dia - Ferrite" Structures to Microwave Radiation and Governing Magnetic Field G.A. Kraftmakher and Yu.N. Kazantsev ............................ 341

Magnetostatically Controlled Bianisotropic Media: A Novel Class of Arti­ficial Magnetoelectric Materials E.O. Kamenetskii .................................................. 359

List of Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 377

Index .............................................................. 383

PREFACE

This volume presents the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the electromagnetics of chiral, bi-isotropic and bi-anisotropic media, Chiml'96, which was held in Russia from July 23 to July 30, 1996. The main organizer of the event was the Scientific Center for Applied Problems in Electromagnetics (SCAPE) of the Russian Academy of Sci­ences, Moscow. The Director of SCAPE, Professor A.N. Lagarkov, was c0-

chairman of the workshop, and the SCAPE staff provided excellent work­ing environment for the participants. The other cc:rchairman was Professor A. Priou from the University of Paris X.

This NATO ARW, Chiml'96, followed the line of the specialist meetings held in Espoo, Finland (Bi-isotropics'93, February 1993), Gomel, Belarus (Bianisotropics'93, October 1993), Perigueux, France (Chiml'94, May 1994), and State College, Pennsylvania, USA (Chiml'95, October 1995). The meet­ing with its cross-disciplinary nature was devoted to discussions of the lat­est developments in electromagnetics, materials science, and applications of novel composite materials for microwave and optical technology. The emphasis of the meeting was on bi-anisotropic materials whose most inter­esting feature is the magnetoelectric interaction of the fields. Bi-anisotropic materials are expected to provide useful applications in radar technology, aerospace, microwave engineering, manufacturing technology, etc.

The workshop was held on board the river-boat A. Suvorov, on a trip from St. Petersburg to Moscow through the Ladoga and Onega lakes, the Neva, Volga, and Moskva rivers, and the Volgc:rBalt channel system. The event was held parallel to the fourth ETOPIM meeting (International conference on electric transport and optical properties of inhomogeneous media). The proceedings of that conference will be published as a special issue of the journal Physica A.

The following persons served in the Organizing Committee for Chiml'96:

- Prof. A.N. Lagarkov (Russia), Cc:rchairman - Prof. A. Priou (France), Cc:rchairman - Dr. I. V. Semchenko (Belarus) - Dr. A. Sihvola (Finland)

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x

- Prof. S.A. Tretyakov (Russia) - Dr. U. Unrau (Germany) - Prof. V.V. Varadan (USA) - Dr. A.P. Vinogradov (Russia), Workshop Co-ordinator

56 contributions were submitted to the Workshop. These all were reviewed by the organising committee. After selection, 33 presentations were given and discussed during the 8 days of the workshop. Before the meeting, a Book of Abstracts was published as Report 219 in the Electromagnetics Laboratory Series of the Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.

The present volume contains the proceedings of Chiral '96. It consists of detailed expositions of the contributions presented in the workshop. The only exception is the invited review paper Fedorov's covariant methods in the electromagnetic field theory. All the papers have been reviewed twice: first by external referees and then by the editors, who have also made the final editing of the manuscripts (with a few exceptions of papers whose final versions were not available in electronic form). The editors apologise for the inevitable misprints which will be found in this book.

Acknowledgements

The editors have the pleasure to acknowledge Professor A.N. Lagarkov of the Scientific Center for Applied Problems in Electrodynamics for provid­ing the platform for the workshop, and SCAPE personnel for technical assistance during the event. We very much appreciate the financial sup­port from the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, the French Chapter of the Electromagnetics Academy and the IEEE ED /MTT / AP Chapter of St. Pe­tersburg. Our gratitude also extends to the Electromagnetics Laboratory (Helsinki University of Technology, Finland) which published the Book of Abstracts, and to the Department of Electromagnetic Theory (Lund In­stitute of Technology, Sweden) where the final editing of the proceedings was made. Many persons provided valuable assistance. We should especially mention Dr. L. Arnaut for his careful editing of the invited review paper and Dr. A. Sochava and Mr. B. Stjernberg for their technical help. It has been a pleasure to work with the contributors to this volume, who were always very co-operative and patient during the several rounds of review process.

Moscow - St. Petersburg - Paris - Lund November 1996 Editors

INTRODUCTION

Structure of the Proceedings

The contents of this Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Work­shop on the electromagnetics of chiral, bi-isotropic, and bi-anisotropic me­dia is divided into six chapters.

The first chapter contains papers of review nature devoted to general and broad issues within the field of the workshop. It starts with a historical re­view paper by L.M. Barkovski and G.N. Borzdov. These authors represent the Belarussian school of scientists founded by Academician F.I. Fedorov. That famous person gave birth to many new ideas in the physics of complex media, and in particular, chiral (or gyrotropic) crystals. The next review paper, written by the Moscow scientists A.F. Konstantinova, A.Yu. Tro­nin, and B.V. Nabatov, is also related to activities of F.I. Fedorov, and it presents new developments in crystallo-optics which have their roots in Fe­dorov's ideas. Thirdly, following the traditions of previous specialist meet­ings, the book includes a literature survey with an extensive list of recent publications in the field. This review on complex media electromagnetics has been authored by S. Bolioli.

Chapter 2 contains theoretical papers of general and fundamental nature. Here, such issues of electromagnetic theory are treated as the consistency of constitutive relations for bi-anisotropic media, direct and inverse problems of reflection and transmission in bi-anisotropic slabs, and the classification of possible magnetoelectric effects in general reciprocal media.

The third chapter is devoted to various aspects of modelling complex com­posite materials as effective continuum media. The chapter starts with a general discussion of the physical concept of effective permeability in com­posite materials with non-magnetic inclusions (complex-shaped conductive particles, for example). Further, homogenisation principles for composites with bi-anisotropic inclusions are analysed as well as multilayered struc­tures and superlattices.

Chapter 4 treats classical and canonical electromagnetic problems in the presence of bi-anisotropic media. These include scattering and diffraction

xi

xii

from homogeneous, layered, and inhomogeneous bi-anisotropic structures. Also wave-guiding problems and surface waves that propagate along bound­aries of non-reciprocal bi-anisotropic samples are analysed.

Bi-anisotropic materials for microwave applications are composite media with complex-shaped inclusions. In Chapter 5 the reader finds papers which study various aspects of the electromagnetic response of such particles. Inclusions used in the design of artificial magnetics and chiral composites are considered. The topics also include analyses of planar arrays of helices and other complex inclusions which kind of structures bear relevance to engineering applications.

Finally, in Chapter 6, the latest experimental results of the performance of chiral materials are presented. The papers deal also with measurement principles and application aspects.

Comments on Mathematical Notations

Because of obvious historical reasons, scientists working in the Western countries and in the former Soviet Union countries often use different sys­tems of notations in their writings. For people working in the field of elec­tromagnetics of complex materials there is still another reason for under­standing and mastering different scientific languages: research in this field demands understanding of many related disciplines, such as electromagnet­ics, optics, physics of crystals, materials science, etc. It is natural that in the present volume the reader will find different notations, especially for vector and dyadic operators. Also, in some papers of physical nature, the authors find it preferable to use the Gaussian physical units instead of the SI system. Here we offer some comments on these issues.

First of all, it is inevitable that the character types and fonts that are used to denote vectors, tensors, matrices and dyadics vary from one paper to another. It would have required persuasion beyond reasonable amount from the editors' side to convince all the authors about the benefits of such uniformity in the book that every contribution would follow the notation the editors prefer.

Secondly, someone studying the literature of theoretical electromagnetics finds soon that there are at least three more or less widely accepted ways to denote operations between vectors and dyadics. To illustrate these systems we refer to Table 1 where products between vectors (denoted by bold-face characters a, b) are illustrated.

The system A is nearly universally adopted in the modern Western lit-

xiii

TABLE 1. Vector and dyadic algebra notations

II Operation I System A I System B I System C II

II Scalar multiplication a·b ab (a, b) II II Vector multiplication axb axb I [a, b] or [a b] II

II Dyadic multiplication I ab a·b I a®b II

erature on electromagnetics. In this volume, one finds these notations in papers by A. Sihvola, S. Tretyakov, A. Socha va, and in some others.

In papers written by F.1. Fedorov and his students notations according to the system B are often used. In these papers, dyadics are usually not distinguished in notation from scalars, and similarly, there is no distinction between scalar products of vectors and dyadics on one hand, and products of two numbers on the other. The reader is supposed to understand from the context what type of quantities the analysis deals with. Furthermore in the Fedorov school writings, the special notation a x is used for "tensor (or dyadic), dually conjugate to vector a." This means an antisymmetric dyadic and_translat~ to the notations adopted in the Western literature, it equals a x 1, where 1 is the unit dyadic. For exa~le, VXE (scalar product of the dyadic V X and the vector E) means V xI· E = V x E.

The system C is usual in old Soviet literature and in some Russian mathe­matical books.

In the papers of more mathematical nature that appear in. the present volume, authored by Minsk scientists L.M. Barkovski, G.N. Borzdov, and A.N. Borzdov, more complex dyadic operations are utilized. These include, in particular, exterior and interior products. In general, these authors follow system C for vector algebra notations.

The authors and editors have tried their best to add definitions into each paper for operations and quantities that are not obvious.