advances in breeding bean for drought tolerance and canning quality in kenya
DESCRIPTION
Presented by Paul Kimani, R.D. Narla, A. Warsame, B. Buxton, P.K. Waidhima, M. Njiru and J.W. Mwangi at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013TRANSCRIPT
Advances in Breeding bean for Drought tolerance and Canning
quality in Kenya
Paul Kimani1, R.D. Narla1, A. Warsame1, B. Buxton1, P. K. Waidhima2, M. Njiru2 and J.W. Mwangi1
1Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi
2 Trufoods LtdNairobi, Kenya
First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific ConferenceUnited Nations Conference Centre (UNCC-ECA)Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Contents• Drought tolerance
• Mesoamerican• Andean
• Mechanisms of drought tolerance• Shoot traits• Root traits
• Participatory selection for drought tolerance• Canning Quality• Partnership for Seed production and Dissemination • Conclusions and future directions• Acknowledgements
Rationale for Breeding Canning Beans Adapted to Biotic and Abiotic stresses
Current variety (Mex 142) more than 50 years old, susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses
Many farmers stopped growing the variety• Processing industry not able to meet demand
e.g. 300 t /year for Trufoods• Erratic supply and poor quality raw materials• Industry demanded better varieties• Demand for fast cooking or pre-cooked
products –high energy costs• Changing eating habits -wider range of
preferences with urbanization• Focus on 7 market classes for canning industry
• Fast cooking- for direct consumption• Pre-cooked products• Canned products
Process
445 linesAgronomic
potential- yield, diseases, vigour
growth habit
150 linesDrought
tolerance & farmer
preferences
Canning and
Nutritional quality
3
20-25 lines
Gene pools and Market Classes
Andean Mesoamerican
4
Red mottled
Red kidney
Speckled sugar
Navy Small Red
Pinto Carioca
Yellow
BEIGE
Green yellow
Tan
Structure of Breeding ProgramThree parallel Breeding Streams:Stream 1: Advanced lines of a genetically diverse lines
Objective: drought tolerance, yield potential and canning quality
447 Mesoamerican and Andean linesStream 2: Biofortified varieties combining high iron(>90 ppm)
and zinc (>35 ppm) multiple stress to biotic and biotic stresses Based on 47 new populations segregating for multiple traits
Stream 3: Marker assisted gamete selection for simultaneous selection for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, marketable grain types
Focus markers and diseases: anthracnose, angular leaf spot, root rots, common bacterial blight, bean common mosaic virus
5
Grain yield in kg ha-1 under drought stress
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Gra
in y
ield
in k
g h
a-1 u
nd
er
no
str
ess
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Mean=903.9LSD=148.3
Mean=753.2LDS=148.3
DSR11-05TIO CANELA
GLP585
GLPX92
MEX142
DMC11-24
DNB11-15
DNB11-07DMC11-10
DMC11-01
DSR11-19
DSR11-20
DSR11-13
DNB11-06
DSR11-24
DMC11-15
DMC11-08KATB1
New drought tolerant Mesoamerican lines
• New Drought tolerant Navy, Small Red and Mixed colour lines are better yielding than local and international checks in drought stressed and non-stressed conditions
Reduced stress yield (kg ha-1)
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Dro
ugh
t str
ess
yiel
d (k
g ha-
1)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
DRM 11-03DSS 11-04
DSS 11-17 DRK 11-05
DRM 11-17DRK 11-22
DPC 11-01DRK 11-19 DRK 11-18DRK 11-15DRK 11-10DSS 11-16DPC 11-03 DRK 11-16
DSS 11-01DRK 11-21DRK 11-23 DRM 11-15 DRM 11-13DRM 11-18
GLP 1004
GLP 2
GLP 24GLP 92
Kabete SuperKAT 56
KAT 69
Kenya Early
KRK
KSB
Kenya Umoja
Kenya Wonder
Miezi Mbili
New Rosococo
Super Rosococo
RS vs DS RS vs DS RS vs DS: 859.45 DRM 11-03
RS vs DS: 596.88 DSS 11-04
RS vs DS: 634.75 DSS 11-17
RS vs DS: 762.07 DRK 11-05
RS vs DS: 1164.05 DRM 11-17
RS vs DS: 650.35 DRK 11-22
RS vs DS: 662.31 DPC 11-01
RS vs DS: 724.7 DRK 11-19
RS vs DS: 924.26 DRK 11-18
RS vs DS: 813.77 DRK 11-15
RS vs DS: 834.15 DRK 11-10
RS vs DS: 776.36 DSS 11-16
RS vs DS: 493.05 DPC 11-03
RS vs DS: 928.26 DRK 11-16
RS vs DS: 608.4 DSS 11-01
RS vs DS: 665.36 DRK 11-21
RS vs DS: 736.92 DRK 11-23
RS vs DS: 835.07 DRM 11-15
RS vs DS: 1111.55 DRM 11-13
RS vs DS: 1026.05 DRM 11-18
RS vs DS: 622.88 GLP 1004
RS vs DS: 571.31 GLP 2
RS vs DS: 472.84 GLP 24
RS vs DS: 595.09 GLP 92
RS vs DS: 873.78 Kabete Super
RS vs DS: 489.17 KAT 56
RS vs DS: 783.44 KAT 69
RS vs DS: 583.29 Kenya Early
RS vs DS: 588.43 KRK
RS vs DS: 493.99 KSB
RS vs DS: 745 Kenya Umoja
RS vs DS: 581.43 Kenya Wonder
RS vs DS: 620.32 Miezi Mbili
RS vs DS: 909.38 New Rosococo
RS vs DS: 791.36 Super Rosococo
Plot 2 Upper specification
New drought tolerant Andean lines • New Drought
tolerant • Red mottled, • Red kidneys • Speckled sugar
lines are better yielding than local checks in drought stressed and non-stressed conditions at Kabete and Mwea
Plant traits Irrigated Rainfed (Stress)
Canopy biomass (kg/ha) 0.64*** 0.25**
Pod harvest index (%) 0.62*** 0.40***
Grain harvest index (%) 0.50*** 0.39***
Pod partitioning index (%) 0.57*** 0.89***
Pod wall biomass proportion
(%)
0.26** 0.19*
Stem biomass reduction (%) -0.18* 0.32**
Total chlorophyll content
(SPAD)
0.24** 0.18**
Mechanisms of Drought tolerance- Shoot traits
*, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001 probability levels respectively.
Mechanisms of Drought tolerance- Root traits
No Stress treatment Drought stressed plants
Tagging a young spread leaf for measurements A tagged young spread leaf for measurements
Framework for root studies at Kabete Field Station, January 2013
Measuring chlorophyll content on leaf using SPAD
Stressed PVS plots, Mwea
Irrigated PVS plots, Mwea
Participatory selection for drought tolerance• Mwea and Kabete for two
seasons• Gender disaggregated• Selection under stress and no
stress plots• Ribbon method for preferred
and non-preferred line
Key traits for farmers:• Yield• Drought tolerance• Earliness• Marketability• Fast cooking • Taste• Plant type• Non shattering• Foliage
PVS for drought tolerant lines conducted at Kabete in 2012
11
Preferred line Rejected line
Farmers select at Kabete Field Station, March 2012
Bean program staff explains objective and technique of selection
Refreshments
Selection for Multiple Disease Resistance
12
BCB 11-196, a small red showed high degree of resistance to anth, angular leafspot, BCMV and CBB at Kabete during the LR 2012-12-15(picture taken 10 July 2012). Note adjacent lines were devastated by the disease.
BCB 11-162 is highly disease resistant red kidney line with good vigour at Kabete, LR 2012
Photo: 10 July 2012 at 7.26 PM
BCB 11-400 is disease resistant red mottled line . Note adjacent lines were severely damaged by diseases at Kabet LR 2012
Photo : 10 July 2012 at 4.23 PM
BCB11-34 is a small white (navy canning bean ) which showed high degree of resistance to ALS, anth, BCMV and CBB at Kabete during the LR 2012. Note that neighbouring lines were destroyed by the disease.
Summary of Advanced lines with Multiple Disease resistance and high yield potential
Market Class Lines select for MDR Resistances
Red mottled 21 ALS, root rots, BCMV, anthracnose, CBB
Red kidney 23
Speckled sugar 17
Navy 24
Small Red 22
Pinto/carioca 19
Mixed colours 24
13
• Lines currently in AYT at Kabete, Thika, Meru, Nakuru and Tigoni
0H 3H 6H 9H 12H 16H0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
0.0
44.1
79.0
87.589.9
94.9
Fig 1. Water absorption by advanced navy bean canning bean lines over a 16 hour period.
BCB11-10BCB11-108BCB11-14BCB11-30BCB11-33BCB11-34BCB11-35BCB11-355BCB11-40BCB11-47BCB11-476BCB11-48BCB11-49BCB11-52BCB11-55BCB11-58BCB11-62BCB11-69BCB11-75BCB11-80BCB11-87BCB11-9BCB11-94BCB11-98Mex142
Hours of soaking
Perc
ent w
ater
upt
ake
BCB11-35
Mexican 142
BCB11-48
BCB11-182
BCB11-184
BCB11-191
BCB11-192
BCB11-193
BCB11-194
BCB11-195
BCB11-197
BCB11-199
BCB11-202
BCB11-245
BCB11-280
BCB11-323
BCB11-331
BCB11-344
BCB11-362
BCB11-366
BCB11-399
BCB11-401
BCB11-437
BCB11-443
BCB11-517
Mex142
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
92.8
108.1
75.0
86.1
91.8
111.8
65.0
25.5
56.6
50.046.0
105.2 104.7
80.7
93.9
99.7 101.3105.2
107.5 105.5 106.6102.2
91.6
Fig 5. Water absorption of advanced small red lines after soaking for 16 hours.
Genotype
Perc
ent w
ater
abs
orpti
on
0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Fig 10. Water absorption trends of advanced red kidney bean lines soaked over 16 hours
BCB11-158BCB11-159BCB11-162BCB11-163BCB11-166BCB11-168BCB11-171BCB11-173BCB11-174BCB11-175BCB11-176BCB11-285BCB11-325BCB11-327BCB11-337BCB11-342BCB11-468BCB11-492BCB11-500BCB11-503BCB11-509BCB11-522Mex142
Mexi 142
0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
0.0
39.7
72.7
82.786.1
89.7
Fig 12. Water uptake patterns of advanced red mottled lines over 16 hours
BCB11-130BCB11-132BCB11-133BCB11-135BCB11-142BCB11-143BCB11-144BCB11-145BCB11-290BCB11-314BCB11-324BCB11-334BCB11-345BCB11-347BCB11-400BCB11-413BCB11-433BCB11-445BCB11-464BCB11-470BCB11-523Mex142
Genotype
Perc
ent w
ater
upt
ake
Mex 142
BCB 11-132
0H 3 H 6 H 9 H 12 H 16H0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.0
46.6
82.787.5
90.0 91.9
Fig 14. Water absorption patterns of advanced speckled sugar lines soaked for 16 hours.
BCB11-204BCB11-209BCB11-217BCB11-269BCB11-282BCB11-303BCB11-336BCB11-377BCB11-380BCB11-386BCB11-390BCB11-393BCB11-414BCB11-495BCB11-498BCB11-501BCB11-507BCB11-530Mex142
Genotype
Perc
ent w
ater
abs
orpti
on
BCB 11-217
Mex 142
Certified Seed Production: Technology licensing with Simlaw Seed Ltd concluded
Season Category of Seed Quantity (kg) Remarks
LR 2011 Nucleus 350 Stage I, II
Breeder 4,129 Isiolo, Naivasha, Kabete
Basic 4,562
Total 9,041
SR 2011 Nucleus 800 Stage I, II and III
Breeder 8,000 Used by Simlaw Ltd as pre-basic and planting certified seed
Basic 12,667
Total 21,467
LR 2012 Nucleus 1.2 ha Kabete (stages I,II andIII)
Breeder 7 ha Kabete (SEMI)
Basic 73 ha Diverse areas (see semi-annul report)
Certified 100 Simlaw Production Dept
19
Capacity Building
• Training seed producers• Scientists and technologists on assessment of
canning quality• Seed entrepreneurs and managers• Graduate students- breeding & Biotech, FST, Agron,
Pathology• Infrastructure- repair of canning plant, irrigation
facilites• Marker assisted selection- real time PCR
20
Pilot food processing Plant-CAVS Blanching Seaming
Retort Cooling systemRecorder
Steam generation and regulation
8 May 2012
Future Directions
• Complete lab canning testing• Industrial canning- grain production• NPT• Fe-Zn analysis• Root studies• Graduate students- complete work• Bio-innovate conference• Publications
22
ConclusionsNew dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent
• New dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent further expansion of beans in the can (2,3).
• The new advanced drought tolerant dry bean varieties posses the physical suitability for the canning process.
• Water uptake, percent volume increase and cookability after soaking are critical characteristics of dry beans destined for the canning industry.
• All genotypes took up at least 90% water and qualify for canning purposes, with line in six market classes picking up water and cooking faster than the control.
• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and short cooking time.
• These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.
• witConclusions• New dry bean varieties meant for canning should possess good canning qualities while ensuring uniform and complete water uptake in order to prevent further expansion of
beans in the can (2,3). The eight new advanced drought tolerant dry bean varieties posses the physical suitability for the canning process. Water uptake, percent volume increase and cookability after soaking are critical characteristics of dry beans destined for the canning industry. All genotypes took up at least 90% water and qualify for canning purposes, with six of them picking up water and cooking faster than the control.
• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and short cooking time. These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.
• h six of them picking up water and cooking faster than the control.• The varieties compared well, some even better, with the control navy bean variety, the Mexican 142 which is imported and is popular for its taste and
short cooking time. These new varieties can be grown locally thus have a potential in promoting local farmers economically.23
Acknowledgements• Government of Kenya• UON• BioInnovate/SIDA• Bean Program Technical staff• TRUFOODS LTD• Ministry of Agriculture• Farmer Groups• Graduate students PVS for drought tolerant canning beans in Mwea
THANK YOU