advancements in video transmission through wireless ...tolerance to interference. these features...

1

Advancements in video transmission through

wireless communication.

SRIDHAR RAJA D1, B.KALAISELVI2, ABINETHRI R3 T.VIJAYAN4 1, 2, 3,4Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation

BIST, BIHER, BHARATH UNIVERSITY, Chennai – 73.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT:The legacy multicasting over IEEE

802.11-based WLANs has two well-known problems—poor reliability and low-rate transmission. In the

literature, various WLAN multicast protocols have

been proposed in order to overcome these

problems.IEEE 802.11n is a fastest network and link frame losses is comparatively very low .the proposed

work aims to develop cross layer approach adapt the

physical layer enhancement wireless link. In video transmission latency (link delay) is important factor

compare to frame loss ,so some trade off need for

efficient performance in video transmission ,in this

proposed model the BER(bit error rate) performance is monitor in every link, it has to be store in a node

data bank from the database node can able to find out

the optimum path for link establishment and battery model also construct based on this two factors ,a

MAC layer overhead is designed ,over head can be

,Finally the entire system is evaluated through

simulation and test bed evaluation. The simulation results show that BER performance is good. Index terms: cross layer approach, 802.11n, Video transmission, throughput , end to end delay.

I.INTRODUCTION

access services available to wired-network users. In this scenario, the IEEE 802.11 standards represent a significant milestone in the provisioning of network

connectivity for mobile users. However, the 802.11 medium access control strategy and physical variability of the transmission medium leads to limitations in terms of bandwidth, latency, information loss, and mobility[10-15]. Moreover, the deployment of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over IEEE 802.11 networks is constrained by the low reliability of the channel, node mobility and long Round Trip Times (RTTs).

Limitations of IEEE802.11

Although the IEEE 802.11 standards p r o v i d e mobile broadband access to the Internet, it suffers significant performance limitations. This section provides an overview of these drawbacks, both from the theoretical as well as from the implementation point-of-view[16-21]. The performance of the IEEE 802.11 standards depend on both throughput and delay considerations when the CSMA/CA (with the RTS/CTS mechanism) is employed. Actually, t h e main goal of the proposed mechanisms is the provision of both high throughput on the wireless channel and low delay in packet delivery. The most relevant issues are

Bandwidth, Latency, Channel losses, Mobility IEEE 802.11n STANDARD

Wireless networks are becoming increasingly popular in tele- communications, especially for the provisioning of mobile access to wired

network services. As a consequence[1-9],

efforts have been devoted to the provisioning of reliable data delivery for a wide variety o f applications over different wireless infrastructures. In wireless network, re ga rd le s s of the location, users can

Wireless mesh networks became increasingly

interesting in academia and industry because they can easily be built with low infrastructure costs despite a huge coverage. Therefore, they are particularly attractive for providing fast and cost-efficient coverage for hard-to-wire areas. Further areas of application include disaster scenarios[[22-26], wireless

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 3135-3145ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu

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machine-to-machine communication[[27-30], and wireless video surveillance. The IEEE 802.11n standard is the first IEEE 802.11 amendment to introduce a physical layer based on Multiple-Input

and Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission scheme, providing data rates up to 600Mbit/s and increased tolerance to interference. These features make IEEE

802.11n a promising technology for building carrier grade wireless mesh networks. The high data rates provided by the IEEE 802.11n physical layer can only

be harnessed at upper layers if medium access is efficient. Therefore, IEEE 802.11n introduces frame aggregation. Using frame aggregation, multiple

subframes can be transmitted in sequence with the overhead for medium access arising only once[31-35]. One option allows each subframe transmitted in an

aggregated frame to be guarded by an own Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum, i.e. the IEEE 802.11n Medium Access Control (MAC) at the receiver can extract individual subframes even if parts

of the aggregated frame are erroneous due to lossy channel conditions. Upon reception of an aggregated frame, the receiver can send a BlockAck control

frame to acknowledge all correctly received subframes[36-41].

MIMO is a technology that uses multiple antennas to coherently resolve more information than possible using a single antenna. One way it provides

this is through Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM), which spatially multiplexes multiple independent data streams, transferred simultaneously within one spectral channel of bandwidth. MIMO SDM can significantly increase data throughput as the number of resolved spatial data streams is increased. Each spatial stream requires a discrete antenna at both the transmitter and the receiver. In addition, MIMO technology requires a separate radio-frequency chain

and analog-to-digital converter for each MIMO antenna, making it more expensive to implement than non-MIMO systems[42-45].

Channels operating with a width of 40 MHz are another feature incorporated into 802.11n; this doubles the channel width from 20 MHz in previous 802.11 PHYs to transmit data, and provides twice the PHY data rate available over a single 20 MHz channel. It can be enabled in the 5 GHz mode, or within the 2.4 GHz if there is knowledge that it will not interfere with any other 802.11 or non-802.11 (such as Bluetooth) system using the same frequencies.

MIMO architecture, together with wider-bandwidth channels, offers increased physical transfer rate over 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz). IEEE 802.11 MAC-The MAC architecture is based on the logical coordination functions that determine who and when to access the wireless medium at any

time. It supports fragmentation and

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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encryption and acts as an interface between the logical link control (LLC) sublayer and the PHY layer. Frame aggregation- PHY level data rate

improvements do not increase user level throughput beyond a point because of 802.11 protocol overheads, like the contention process, interface spacing, PHY level headers (Preamble + PLCP) and acknowledgment frames. The main medium access control (MAC) feature that provides a performance improvement is aggregation. Two types of aggregation are defined: Aggregation of MAC service data units (MSDUs) at the top of the MAC (referred to as MSDU aggregation or A-MSDU)

Aggregation of MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) at the bottom of the MAC (referred to as MPDU aggregation or A-MPDU)

Fig 1 Two-level aggregation in IEEE 802.11n

In IEEE 802.11n MAC, the aggregation mechanism is designed as two-level aggregation scheme. Two types of aggregation frame are defined: aggregate MAC protocol service unit (A-MSDU) and aggregate MAC protocol data unit (A-MPDU). The aggregation mechanism can function with A-MPDU, A-MSDU, or using both of them to form two-level aggregation. A-MSDU is composed with multiple MSDUs and is created when MSDUs are received by the MAC layer. For ease in the de-aggregation process, the size of MSDU, including its own subframe header and padding, must be a multiple of 4 bytes. Two parameters are used for forming A- MSDUs: the maximum length of an A-MSDU, 3839 or 7935 bytes by default, and the maximum waiting time before creating an A-MSDU. These MSDUs must be in the same traffic flow (same TID) w i t h the same destination and source. Broadcasting and multicasting packets are excluded.


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II.PROPOSED CROSS-LAYER APPROACH As mentioned previously, the traditional way of designing a wireless LAN or cellular network

architecture has been to identify each processor module and then assign them roles or requirements. Since each processor module has been treated separately, this approach has in many ways caused the research communities to split into different groups, where each group focus their resources on solving "their" problem the best possible way. What other research communities are doing is not really

important, as long as the job is done. This is of course a bit ex-aggregated, but none the less illustrates the problem in an efficient manner. Cross layer model as shown in figure 2, optimize wireless network in a efficient manner. To fully optimize wireless broadband networks, both the challenges from the physical medium and the QoS-demands from the applications have to be taken into account. Rate, power and coding at the physical layer can be adapted to meet the requirements of the applications given the current channel and network conditions. Knowledge has to be shared between (all) layers to obtain the highest possible adaptivity. This paper proposes a novel MAC-level multicast protocol for IEEE 802.11n, named Reliable and

Efficient Multicast Protocol (REMP). To enhance the

reliability and efficiency of multicast services in IEEE

802.11n WLANs, REMP enables selective

retransmissions for erroneous multicast frames and

efficient adjustments of the modulation and coding

scheme (MCS). In addition, we propose an extension

of REMP, named scalable REMP (S-REMP), for

efficient delivery of scalable video over IEEE

802.11n WLANs. In S-REMP, different MCSs are

assigned to different layers of scalable video to guarantee the minimal video quality to all users while

providing a higher video quality to users exhibiting

better channel conditions.

Fig 2 Cross Layer Model In order to improve the reliability of

multicast transmissions in WLANs, various ARQ mechanisms have been proposed

[4] ,They can be

classified into individual ARQ for each

multicast receiver, unicast-like ARQ, and negative acknowledgment- based (NAK-based) ARQ. Due to i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s , the NAK-based ARQ mechanism is the most widely adopted to various 802.11 multicast protocols. In addition, for using the highest possible data rate enabling the provisioning of reliable multicast transmissions, several rate adaptation mechanisms have been proposed. In those mechanisms, the data rate i s determined by either local a c k n o wl e d g m e n t information at t h e s e n d e r or e xp lic i t f e e d b a c k s from receivers.

RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT MULTICAST PROTOCOL

In this section, we describe operations of REMP under a single basic service set (BSS) scenario which is composed of an 802.11n AP and multiple 802.11n stations. In REMP, there is no interaction among adjacent APs (e.g., time synchronization or exchange of control frames). If multiple APs coexist in the same channel, they share the wireless medium according to CSMA/CA with exponential back off just like in the distributed coordination function (DCF) mode of the legacy 802.11 MAC. Fig.3 Control frame fo r ma t s i n REMP. (a) MFR. (b) MCA. (c) MTA. (d) MBA.

REMP basically a d o p t s the leader-based approach, that is, an AP maintains a list of receivers for each multicast group2 and selects one leader p e r multicast group. For a multicast group management, the AP maintains Group Table that has six fields. Group address field a n d L e a d e r address ( LA) field denote the MAC addresses of the multicast group and leader, respectively. Address list field contains addresses of multicast receivers, and SNR list field contains the corresponding SNR v a l u e s of multicast r e c e i v e r s . Time- stamp field stores the time of the last transmission for the


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multicast group. Tdelay field stores t h e recent w a i t i n g time for channel access. The initial values of Timestamp field and Tdelay field are zero and CWmin =2 tSlotT ime, respectively, where CWmin is the size of minimum congestion window size and tSlotTime is the time length of one slot time.

III.SIMULATION DETAILS AND RESULTS CROSS LAYER

Parameter set

Table 1 Parameter set

APP H264 Video(MPEG)

PHY 802.11n

MAC 802.11n

Routing Protocol AODV

No of nodes 10

Table show the parameter, which is used in a design, app is a applications and the physical layer and MAC layer of 5.1.2 802.11n.

Fig shows the 2D picture for the

simulation project, here nine devices, one access point are used, device 2 is act as a server which sent the data to the other host devices, CBR is connection signal which can give the correct detail about the data.

Next section we looking about the

performance of the simulation scenario ,they are throughput ,end to end delay, receiving data and sending data, here enclosed the PSNR and corresponding MOS values.

Figure 4 shows 2D scenario used in Qualnet. This

scenario is examined with three cases. Case one is non cooperative, case two is cooperative and case three is cooperative with Beam forming. To enable the Beam forming an antenna azimuth file is linked to configuration file.

Fig 4 2D Scenario

IV.PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Throughput

Throughput is the measure of number of bits received at application layer per second. Simulation results show that throughput is increased by cooperative model and it can be further increased by Beamforming

Fig 5 Throughput . End to End delay

End to End delay is the time difference between start and end time of data transmission. So as throughput increases End to End delay decreases. Fig 6 shows that End to End delay results which proves the above statement

Fig 6 End to End Delay


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Overhead Measure Table 2 Overhead set

Load Over head 1 24 2 52 3 73 4 125 5 242

Overhead is measured by adding the load data and it

take cumulative values, when the over head is increases the data transmission is very low and throughput is reduced, it increase wastage of network recourses the table 2 show the measured overhead value, the value is increasing with the load. Overhead calculated in MAC layer. The fig 7 show the result graph the red line indicates the overhead value and the blue line indicates the number of load.

Value

300

200

Overhea

d

Number of

100 Load

0 Overhead

Values

1 2 3 4 5

load

Fig 7 Graph for overhead measurement

PSNR (Peak Signal Noise Ratio)

PSNR is one of the most widespread objective metrics to assess the application-level QoS of video transmissions. The following equation shows the definition of the PSNR between the luminance component Y of source image S and destination image D: Where Vpeak = 2k-1 and k = number of bits per pixel (luminance component). PSNR measures the error between a reconstructed image and the original one. Prior to transmission, one may then compute a reference PSNR value sequence on the reconstruction of the encoded video as compared to the original raw video. After transmission, the PSNR is computed at the receiver for the reconstructed video of the possibly corrupted video sequence received. The

individual PSNR values at the source or receiver do not mean much, but the difference between the quality of the encoded video at the source and the received one can be used as an objective QoS metric to assess the transmission impact on video quality at the application level.

40

Without

30 Qos

d B

Enhancem

i n

ent

20 P S N R

With Qos

10 Enhancem

0 ent

1 41

81

121

161

201

241

281

321

361

Frames

Fig 8 Graph for PSNR

Fig 8 shows the PSNR status of the sending

video, here the blue line indicate the signal without

Qos enhancement, so the PSNR value is very low in

the graph. Then the red line indicate the signal with

Qos enhancement, so the PSNR value is high it give

the quality transmission.

MOS (Mean Opinion Score) MOS is a subjective metric to measure

digital video quality at the application level. This metric of the human quality impression is usually given on a scale that ranges from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). In this framework, the PSNR of every single frame can be approximated to the MOS scale using the mapping shown as follows

Table 3 MOS Scale PSNR(db) MOS Status >37 5 Best 31 -36 4 Good 26-30 3 Fair 20-25 2 Poor <20 1 Worst

6

5 Without

MOS

4 Qos

3 Enhanceme

2 nt

1 With Qos

0 Enhanceme

1 59

117

175

233

291

3 4 9

nt

Frames

Fig 9 Graph for MOS


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Fig 9 shows the MOS status of the sending

video, here the blue line indicate the signal without Qos enhancement, so the MOS value is good in the graph. Then the red line indicate the signal with Qos enhancement, MOS is worst.

V.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

Cross layer model for a IEEE 802.11 has been designed and implemented. The video frames are divided as three frames and transmitted the result of this is given previous chapter. We have shown that physical layer and MAC layer cross over can be achieved high throughput with less overhead. This will be very useful for video conference and rescue applications where small network devices are implemented. In the current work a cross layer approach for IEEE802.11n network has been designed and simulated. This cross layer approach can be extended for network layer with the physical layer to reduce the time delay between a image frames. Cross layer between network layer and Application layer can enhance the video quality much further. Here inter packet delay has to be considered as bottle neck parameter.

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advancements in video transmission through wireless ...tolerance to interference. these features...

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