advanced transmission technologies - w2agz pes-aei atlanta... · 2012-03-26 · paul m. grant...
TRANSCRIPT
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Advanced Transmission Technologies
Paul M. GrantW2AGZ Technologies
Visiting Scholar, Applied Physics, StanfordEPRI Science Fellow (retired)
IBM Research Staff Member Emeritushttp://www.w2agz.com
http://www.w2agz.com/pes07.htm
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Advanced TransmissionTechnologies
• Power Electronics– EE 101– Applications to FACTS, HVDC and Custom
Power• Superconductivity in Power Applications
– Background Physics– Transformers, FCLs, Rotating Machinery
• The SuperGrid Vision– Nuclear + Hydrogen + Superconductivity
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
“Valence Band”
“Conduction Band”
“Band Gap” Energy
“Semiconductor”
Physics of Electricity
e-
e+
Protium 1H
“Metal”EF
((( (((
(((
(((
• •e-e-
e+
V = I R(I,T)
“Ohm’s Law” P = I2R
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Path of Least Resistance
A microcosm of the American Grid
II1 I2V R1 R2
If R1 > R2 , Then I2 > I1 (Kirchoff’s Law)
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Those MagneticMoments
I
B ≈ I/r
Ampere’s Law
r
Maxwell’s Equations
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Genius of Nicola Tesla: Alternating Current
The Polyphase ac System: Invented by Nicola Tesla to enable his concept of synchronous motors and generators, now used throughout the electrified world.
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
ac and dc“The Story”
• Edison vs. Tesla
• ac won because ac can be transmitted with lower losses at high voltages, reducing I2R dissipation
• dc is difficult to transform from a low voltage to a high voltage and back
• But maybe Edison won in the long run
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Cables & Lines
Capacitive current Inductive energy
Conductor resistance
∼VIC
VI
L
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Mechanical/ElectricalAnalogies
V = IR (Ohm’s Law)F = fvP = VI = I2R = V2/RP = Fv
Inductance (L)Inertia (Mass, m)Capacitance (C) (~ 1/k)Compliance (k)Resistance (R)Friction (f)Current (A)Velocity (v)Voltage (V)Force/Pressure (F, P)
ElectricalMechanical
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Physics of Power Flow
• dc transmission limited by V and R
• ac transmission limited by V and R and also the energy stored and released by associated electric (C) and magnetic (L) fields– Capacitive reactance limits length of underground
cables to 20 – 30 miles– Inductive reactance and radiation limits length of
overhead lines to λ/4 = 775 miles at 60 Hz
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Uno Lamm @ ASEAAnode Porcelains & Mercury Cathode Tank
High Voltage dc
“Thyratrons”
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Thyristors, etc.
Thyristor-like discretes are the “pentiums” of all HVDC, FACTS and custom power applications
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Application: BTB in Japan
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
North American HVDC
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Financials$750 M ($400 M “VC”, $350 M “Futures”)
• Loan Payment (4%, 40 yrs, 750 M$) = 35 M$/yr• Labor, Overhead, Maintenance = 5 M$/yr• Tariff = 0.5 ¢/kWh• Profit (NOI) @ 50% Capacity = 4 M$/yr• Profit (NOI) @ Full Capacity = 48 M$/yr
Specifications2-1000 MW HVDC Bipolar Circuits
• Circuit 1: 130 miles, Greene County → Bronx County• Circuit 2: 140 miles, Albany County → New York County• Each Circuit: +/- 500 kV, 1000 A Bipolar (2 cables ea.)
Why didn’t it go forward?
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Sayerville, NJ → Levittown LI, NY
- 600 MW (+/- 250 kV, 1200 A)- 65 miles (105 km)- $400 M- 2007
Pirelli (Prysmian)Energy Cables
$190 M
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
NERC Interconnects
Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Projected 2008 Congested Paths in the Eastern
Interconnection
Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Western Interconnection
Source: DOE 2006 National Electric Transmission Study
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Real-Life Power Flows
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Chaos on the Grid
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Power Out ager“We are sickand tired ofthem, and they had better change!”
Chicago MayorRichard Daley onthe August 1999
Blackout
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Opportunity
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
WAMS
ABB
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Do It!
• Buzz Words– GridWise– Intelligrid– Self-Healing Grid– Brilliant Grid– GridWorks
• It’s not rocket science!• It’s good old Negative Feedback (Black, 1927)
– Just like you have in your Bose headphones– Simply get rid of the noise
• Why not just do it?
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Fathers of Cryogenics
Dewar Kammerlingh-Onnes
CH4 112 KO 90N2 77Ne 27H2 20He 4.2
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Models of Electrical Conductivity
The First Idea:R
T
Just Goesto Zero!
((( (((
(((
(((
• •e-e-
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Most Popular:R
T
Freezes Out!e-
Models of Electrical Conductivity
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Models of Electrical Conductivity
Reality:R
T
Limited byImpurities!
•e-
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Thus the mercury at 4.2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity
H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)
1911A Big Surprise!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Magnetic Properties
0
-1/4π
χ
T
H offH on
Expected (Lenz’ Law)
0
-1/4π
χ
T
H onH on
Weird ! (Meissner Effect)
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Physics of Superconductivity
+ +
+ +•e-
•e-
Electrons Pair Off!
)/1exp( 14.1 λθ −= DCT
BCS Equation
(Niobium) K 5.9,28.0
,K 275
=∴==
C
D
Tλθ
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Important Numbersin Superconductivity
Transition Temperature, TC Way below 300 K
Critical Current Density, JC 10-2 - 106 A/cm2
Critical Magnetic Field, HC 10-4 - 10 T
NB! All these numbers depend on eachother.
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
TC vs. Year:1911 - 1980
Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Tem
pera
ture
(K)
Hg
Pb
NbN V3Si
Nb3Sn
Nb3Ge
Cubic Metals
4.2 K LHeRequired!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA MRI & “Big Physics”
TevatronFermi National Laboratory
Magnetic Resonance ImagingPhilips
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
MagLevYamanashi Test Line
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
SMESSuperconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
From Supply
To Load
From Supply
To Load
From Supply
To Load
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
ivj
“SQUID”
I
B
Ampere’s Law
“SQUID”
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
MagnetoTomaGraphy
Ischemic Heart - Early Stages
Healthy Heart
MagnetoCardioGraphy
www.cardiomag.com
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
MagnetoTomaGraphy
MagnetoEncephloGraphy
MRI + MEG
Speech Center Pathologies
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
1986Another Big Surprise!
Bednorz and MuellerIBM Zuerich, 1986
Onset TC = 40 K !
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
1987“The Prize!”
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
TC vs. Year:1911 - 1999
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000
50
100
150
200Te
mpe
ratu
re, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
Hig
h-T C
164 K
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
DipoleForce
FLorentz
J
H
Type II Superconductor in the Mixed State
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
HC2
1/4π
Type II Superconductivity
IrreversibilityLine
Mixed
NormalHC2
Mag
netic
Fie
ld
TCTemperature
Mixed
HC2
Meissner
HC1
Normal
HC1
-M
Not Perfect Conductor!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
No More Ohm’s Law
Typical E vs J Power Law
0.0E+00
5.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.5E-05
2.0E-05
0 25000 50000 75000
J (A/cm^2)
E (V
/cm
) E = aJn
n = 15
T = 77 KHTS Gen 1
E = 1 μV/cm
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
ac Hysteresis
1/4π
HC1H
-M
HC2
H
M
H
M
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
ASC Wire Forming Process
Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor
A. Extrusion
B. Wire DrawC. Rolling
1. PowderPreparation
Billet Packing& Sealing
Deformation& Processing
Oxidation -Heat Treat
2.
3.
4.
Wire is the Power Engineering commodity
HTS OPIT/Ag TapeGeneration I
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Wire-to-Cable
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Coated ConductorsGeneration II Wire
• BiaxiallyOriented Y-123
• Out of Japan, LANL, ORNL
• DOE/Industry Alliance to Commercialize
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Motors
• 25,000 hp• Small, Light (1/5
Conventional)• High Power Density• Quiet• Robust
http://www.amsuper.com/navy.htm
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Transformers
Waukesha, IGC, ORNL, DOE
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
HTS Cables: They’re Here!
12,400 Volts
1,250 Amps
3 Phase
Southwire Cable PlantCarrolton, Ga.
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Albany Cable
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
AEP Bixby Cable
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
LIPA Cable
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
AMSC TVA SuperVAR
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
HTSC Utility Market
10 More Years!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
AMSC D-VAR
• “Orthogonal” to SMES…stores reactive power in an ordinary coil
• Great for intermittent generation…like wind
What does the “S” in AMSC now stand for?
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
3M ACCR Conductor
Al-Zr Alloy Strands
Al-O Ceramic Fibers ~ 0.073” D
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Sagometer
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The 21st Century Energy Challenge
Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.
Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.
…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
“Boundary Conditions”
• Givens– Energy Efficiency– Recycle Everything
• Off-the-Table: Eco-invasive Power Generation– All Fossils (CO2 –forced climate change)
• Carbon Sequestration– Baseline Renewables
• Massive “Farms” – Wind, Solar, Biomass• On-the-Table
– Nuclear Fission Baseline Generation– Underground Energy Transmission Corridors– Solar Roofs– Urban/Agro Biomass
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Vision Concept• Nuclear Power can
generate both electricity and hydrogen – “Hydricity”
• Hydricity can be distributed in underground pipelines like natural gas
• The infrastructure can take the form of a SuperGrid
• …or aSuperCity
SupermarketSchool Home
Family Car
DNA-to-order.com
Nuclearplant
H2
H2
HTSC/MgB2
SupermarketSchool Home
Family Car
DNA-to-order.com
Nuclearplant
H2
H2
HTSC/MgB2
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The HydricitySuperCable
Dual Delivery of Hydrogen and Electric Power
Flowing liquid hydrogen or cold H2 gas under pressure delivers power and also serves as the refrigerant to …
Enable the transmission of large amounts of electric power losslessly using superconductors
Thermal InsulationElectrical Insulation
I I Enclosed in underground tunnel or trench
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
SuperCable Monopole
HV Insulation
“Super-Insulation”
Superconductor
Flowing Hydrogen
DO
DH2
tsc
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Relative Power Flows
PSC = 2|V|JASC, where
PSC = Electric power flowV = Voltage to neutral (ground)J = Supercurrent densityASC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus
Electricity
PH2 = 2(QρvA)H2, where
PH2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H2 oxidation energy (2.46 eV per mol H2)ρ = H2 Density v = H2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H2 cryotube
Hydrogen
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
0.12525,000100,000+/- 50001000
Annular Wall Thickness
(cm)
Critical Current Density (A/cm2)
Current (A)Voltage (V)Power (MW)
Electricity
3183.8110500
“Equivalent”Current Density
(A/cm2)
H2 Flow Rate (m/sec)
Inner Pipe Diameter, DH2
(cm)
Power (MW)
Hydrogen (LH2, 20 K)
Electricity (1000 MW) & Hydrogen (500 MW)
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Hydrogen Economy
• You have to make it, just like electricity• Electricity can make H2, and H2 can make electricity
(2H2O 2H2 + O2)• You have to make a lot of it• You can make it cold, - 419 F (21 K)
P.M. Grant, “Hydrogen lifts off…with a heavy load,” Nature 424, 129 (2003)
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The HydricityEconomy
– Personal Transportation– Storage of Electricity– Industrial
Thermal/Chemical Processing
– Residential/Commercial Heating
Hydrogen for:
Electricity for:
- Just about everything else!
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation
“You have to make a lot of it”
400 GWAdditional Electric Generation PlantCapacity for Hydrogen Vehicles
80 % (nominal)Conversion/drive chain Efficiency
80 % (very aggressive)Fuel Cell Efficiency(Onboard Hydrogen-to-Electricity)
80 % (aggressive)Water Electrolysis Efficiency(Source Electricity-to-Hydrogen)
25 %Effective Otto Cycle Efficiency(Useful conversion to drive chain)
8.6 Billion barrels/dayDaily consumption of gasoline and diesel by US cars & Trucks
Factoids & Assumptions
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation:
Generation by Renewable Electricity
50% DenmarkDeath Valley + Mojave
20,000Solar
3% USAState of Nevada
271,915Biomass
New York State130,000WindEquivalentArea (km2)Technology
Land Area Required to Supply by Renewables
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Diablo Canyon & Wind Power “Equivalent”
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Nuclear PowerCalifornia Coast Power
Wind FarmEquivalent
5 Miles
Diablo Canyon2200 MWPower Plant
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
Published in
SCIENTIFICAMERICAN
July, 2006
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Paul M. GrantAdvanced Transmission Technologies
Plain Talk about the Electric Power System
23-25 January 2007Oglethorpe Power, Atlanta, GA
The Energy SuperGrid
Where there is no vision,the people perish…
Proverbs 29:18 (1000 BCE)