advanced resonators for axion searches · special thanks to: 8/29/2017 university of washington reu...
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Advanced Resonators for AxionSearches
Tia MartineauUMass Dartmouth
University of Washington REU
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 1
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Overview
• What is dark matter?
– The axion
• Resonators as low mass axion haloscopes
• “Pizza Cavity” resonator prototypes
– Model 1
– Model 2
• Future work/Conclusions
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 2
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The Axion
• Well-motivated cold dark matter candidate
– Theorized to solve strong CP problem, characteristics match that of CDM candidates
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 3
[1]Dark Matter and Background Light - J.M. Overduin & P.S. Wesson
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A bit of cosmology
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 4
CDM (cold dark matter) is slow compared to the speed of light
Axions were created abundantly during Big Bang
Low mass axions prevented other decay modes, so the universe would be filled with cold Bose–Einstein condensate of primordial axions. Hence, axions explain the dark matter problem
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Overview
• What is dark matter?
– The axion
• Resonators as low mass axion haloscopes
• “Pizza Cavity” resonator prototypes
– Model 1
– Model 2
• Conclusions/Future work
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 5
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Axion Haloscopes and Resonators
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 6
Axions will convert to photons in a strong inhomogeneous magnetic
field B(x)Axion Haloscopes are typically closed microwave resonators
Axions moving through magnetic field will convert when EM resonance in cavity is tuned to frequency of the photons produced. Axions detected as excess power at this frequency
Ben T. McAllister et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 161804
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ADMX
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 7
Field Cancellation Coil
SQUID Amplifier Package
Dilution Refrigerator
Antennas
8 Tesla Solenoid Magnet
Microwave Cavity
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Motivation
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 8
ADMX Projected Sensitivity up to date Jan 12 2017 source: Gray Rybka
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Overview
• What is dark matter?
– The axion
• Resonators as low mass axion haloscopes
• “Pizza Cavity” resonator prototypes
– Model 1
– Model 2
• Future work/Conclusions
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 9
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Motivation
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 10
ADMX Projected Sensitivity up to date Jan 12 2017 source: Gray Rybka
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The use of dielectrics
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 11
Allow for higher frequency searches
Can use one tunable cavity instead of multiple smaller cavities
Manipulate waveforms so we can look at other TM modes
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“Pizza Cavity” Simulation
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 12
Quasi-TM510 modeFrequency ~9.86 GHzQ-value ~2-3,000
R. Cervantes, cavity simulations, University of Washington (2017)
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Potential Tuning Mechanisms
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 13
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Potential Tuning Mechanisms
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 14
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Model 1
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 15
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Model 1
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 16
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Empty Model 1 cavity reflection result
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 17
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A mess
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 18
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Model 2
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 19
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Model 2
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 20
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Model 2 Transmission Data
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 21
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Model 2 – Tracking Modes
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 22
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Overview
• What is dark matter?
– The axion
• Resonators as low mass axion haloscopes
• “Pizza Cavity” resonator prototype
– Model 1
– Model 2
• Future work/Conclusions
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 23
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Future work:
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 24
Look into other more complex modes: whispering galleries with
more exotic materials
Focus on cavity optimization, Q value, etc.
Confirm tuning methods are workable
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We still don’t have a catchy name..
PRNCESS - Pizza ResoNant Cavity Experiment using SapphireS
POP TART - PeriOdically-Placed Teflon Axion/Aluminum ResonaTor
DARTH VADER - Dark matter Axion Resonating Tube Haloscope with Vacuum And DiElectric R?
DARK - Dark matter Axion Resonating Kavity??
GRAY (Rybka) - GHz Range Axion cavitY
PENTAGRAM – Periodic rEsoNaTor for Acquiring GHz-Range Axionic Matter
ALAKAZAM - ALuminum Axion Cavity, AZimuthally A Mess
PANDeMiC - Pizza AxioN Dark Matter deteCtor
PARADOX - PizzA Resonator cAvity DetectOr Xperiment
PROTOCOl - Pizza ResOnaTOr Cavity detectOr
DANC Experiment - Dielectric AxioN Cavity Experiment
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 25
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Conclusions
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 26
Dielectrics are beneficial in achieving high-frequencies
Similar R&D projects proven necessary to scan larger areas for axion
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Funding provided in part by:
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 27
High Energy Physics DE-SC0011665 & DE-SC0010280 & DE-AC52-07NA27344
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Special thanks to:
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 28
Dr. Gray Rybka, for (putting up with me all summer long and for) being the best mentor a girl could have,
Raphael Cervantes, for being an awesome office mate,
All of ADMX, for providing me an incredibly warm and welcoming environment to be a part of,
Jenny Smith, for being an amazing friend, and
Nick Du, because he asked to be in my acknowledgements.
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8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 29
Backup Slides
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Form Factor (E B)
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 30
Will couple to the axion, form factor (E B) is positive
Will NOT couple to the axion, form factor is 0 due to cancellations
G. Carosi – ADMX, UCLA Dark Matter Symposium (2016)
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Dielectrics and form factor
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 31
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Q Factor of Resonators
• The Q factor (quality factor) of a resonator is a measure of the strength of the damping of its oscillations, or for the relative linewidth.
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 32
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Model 1 (top)
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 33
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Basic geometric solution for slice size
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 34
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Method for solving for resonant frequencies
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 35
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Size comparison
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 36
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Axion Haloscopes (cont’d)
8/29/2017 University of Washington REU Presentation 37
Multiplying the cross section by the axionflux of the Milky Way dark matter halo, one obtains rate of detection
P. Sikivie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 1415 – Published 17 October 1983