F. Z. Peng: Slide 1August 15, 2005

Advanced Power Electronics For Automotive and Utility Applications

Fang Z. PengDept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Michigan State UniversityPhone: 517-336-4687, Fax: 517-353-1980

Email: fzpeng@egr.msu.edu

F. Z. Peng: Slide 2August 15, 2005

Contents

• Chapter 1: Introduction of Power Electronics

• Chapter 2: Power Converter Basic Circuits and Operating Principles

• Chapter 3: Control of Power Converters

• Chapter 4: Power Converter System Control, Analysis, and Design

• Chapter 5: Circuit Models and Simulation

• Chapter 6: Power electronic systems and applications

• Chapter 7: Automotive Applications: HEV and FC HEV SystemConfigurations and Their Power Electronic Circuits

• Chapter 8: Utility Applications: DG grid interconnection, Statcom, active filter, UPFC, and FACTS devices

F. Z. Peng: Slide 3August 15, 2005

Chapter 1

Introduction of Power Electronics

• What is Power Electronics?• Power Conversion and Basic Principle• Switching Power Devices in General• Diode, Thyristor and Power Transistor• Power MOSFET and IGBT• GTO and MCT• Power IC

F. Z. Peng: Slide 4August 15, 2005

What is Power Electronics?Power Electronics is power conversion and control from one form of power (energy) source to a desired form by using electronic means. Example: An electric vehicle drive must convert dc input to ac output that has variable voltage and variable frequency.

Power Electronics

Circuitac

Motordc

input(battery)

acoutput

Controltheory, analog&digital (DSP), etc

Power electronics is power processing circuits and control

F. Z. Peng: Slide 5August 15, 2005

What is Power Electronics? Cont.

Power Processor(PE Circuits)

Raw power inDesired power out(V, I, P, F)

To loads:MotorUtility lineComputerEquipmentProcessControl

BatteryFuel CellUtilitySolarWindCapacitor/InductorDc or ac

F. Z. Peng: Slide 6August 15, 2005

Multi-disciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

Power Electronics

Circuittheory Systems &

Control theory

Comm. & Signalprocessing

ElectronicsDSP, FPGA

ElectromagneticsEMI

Power systems

Electricmachine

Simulation &computing

Solid-statephysics

DSP Control Board

F. Z. Peng: Slide 7August 15, 2005

Principle of Power Control Using Switch

Vd

RV

RL

iL

Vd/RL

iL

0t

Vd

S

DF

LFRL

vDF

Vd

vDF

t

TON TOFF T

t

Vd/RL

iL

• Current Control Using Variable Resistor

• Current Control Using Switching Device

F. Z. Peng: Slide 8August 15, 2005

Category of Power Conversion

• AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

• AC-AC Converter (Power Controller, Cycloconverter, Matrix converter)

• DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

• DC-DC Converter (DC Chopper - Buck/Boost/Buck-Boost Converter)

F. Z. Peng: Slide 9August 15, 2005

Principle of AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

v1v2

v1

S1, S4

S2, S3

v2

ONOFF

Average t

t

t

t

V1 - AC SourceV2 - DC Load Waveforms of AC-DC Converter

F. Z. Peng: Slide 10August 15, 2005

Principle of AC-AC Converter

(AC Power Controller)

S

Loadv1 v2

V1 - AC SourceV2 - AC LoadS - AC Switch

v1

S

v2

ON

OFF t

tResistor Load

t

Waveforms of AC Power Adjuster

F. Z. Peng: Slide 11August 15, 2005

Principle of AC-AC Converter

(Cycloconverter or Frequency Changer)

V1 - AC SourceV2 - AC LoadS - AC Switch

Waveforms of Cycloconverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

v1v2

v1

S1, S4

S2, S3

v2

ONOFF

Fundamental t

t

t

t

F. Z. Peng: Slide 12August 15, 2005

Principle of DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

Voltage-Source Inverter Waveforms of Inverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

vdcvac

vdc

S1, S4

S2, S3

vac

ONOFF

Fundamental t

t

t

t

tvac

(PWM)

F. Z. Peng: Slide 13August 15, 2005

Why Switching?

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iL

iB

iC vCE+ -

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iLr

Vr R

rdc

L+⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

2

Power Loss:

Power Consumption: Vr R

Rdc

LL+

⎛

⎝⎜

⎞

⎠⎟

2

Vdc

LightBulbRL

iLS

Vdc

Ileak

iC

Vdc/RL

Vsat

t

POFF

Ic

PON

t

PSW

PLoss=vCE iC

F. Z. Peng: Slide 14August 15, 2005

Switching DevicesCurrent Uncontrollable On -

ControllableOn and OffControllable

Uni-Direction

+ v -

iDiode

i +

-v

iGThyristor

Transistor

MOSFET*

GTO

IGBT

SIT, SITh, MCT,MTO, etc.

Bi-Direction Triac Module

* Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

?

F. Z. Peng: Slide 15August 15, 2005

Diode and Rectifier

+ v -

i

v

i

vac

vac

vO

Load

iL

vO

ωtπ 2π

iL

F. Z. Peng: Slide 16August 15, 2005

Thyristor and Phase-Controlled Rectifier

i +

-v

iG

v

i

IG1=0IG2IG3

IG3>IG2>IG1

vac

vac

vO

Load

iL

vO iL

π 2π ωtα

F. Z. Peng: Slide 17August 15, 2005

Power Transistor and Inverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

vdcvac

tvac

(PWM)

RG

RG0VGE1

VGE0

IGBT

Gate Drive Circuit of IGBT

F. Z. Peng: Slide 18August 15, 2005

Safe Operating Area and Snubber Circuit

VCEIC

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

VCE

ICSafe Operating Area

WithoutSnubber

WithSnubber

InitialState

FinalState

Turn-off Waveform

SOA and Turn-off Trajectory

RCDSnubberCircuit

RCSnubberCircuit

Traditional Snubber Circuits

F. Z. Peng: Slide 19August 15, 2005

IGBT Technology

0.10 1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

1st Gen.('85)2nd Gen.('89)

3rd Gen.('94)further curve

tf [us]

Satu

ratio

n V

olta

ge V

CE [V

]

F. Z. Peng: Slide 20August 15, 2005

Progress of Large VA Rated GTO

'65 '95'90'85'80'75'700

3.0

2.0

1.0

Year

Tur

n-of

f Cur

rent

[kA

]

'00

4.0

6.0

400V/5A 600V/200A

2.5kV/600A2.5kV/1kA

2.5kV/2kA

4.5kV/2.5kA

4.5kV/2.7kA

5kV/2.5kA6kV/2.5kA

6kV/3kA4.5kV/3kA

5kV/4kA

6kV/6kA

F. Z. Peng: Slide 21August 15, 2005

High-Voltage Power IC

• 220V/1A one-chip 3-phase inverter IC

• Smart power switching device module /Intelligent Power Module (IPM)

• Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)

• etc.

F. Z. Peng: Slide 22August 15, 2005

What is Power Electronics? My Definition

• Power electronics is mega-processor for power (energy)

Voltage-Source Inverter

Waveforms of Inverter

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

Vdcvac

iacIdc

Vdc

S1, S4

S2, S3

vac

ON: 1OFF:0

Fundamental t

t

t

t

tvac

(PWM)

01

1

0

vac = (S1−S3)Vdc

Idc = (S1−S3)iac

Where S1, S3 = 0, 1switching function

F. Z. Peng: Slide 23August 15, 2005

Modeling of Power Electronics

vac = (S1−S3)Vdc

Idc = (S1−S3)iac

Where S1, S3 = 0, 1switching function

Inverter Model/Equations:vac = (S1−S3)Vdc

Idc = (S1−S3)iac

Load Equations:iac = f(vac)

DC Link Equations:Vdc = 1/Cd dIdc/dt

Challenges: non-linearity, no expression

Load

S1

S2 S4

S3

Vdcvac

iacIdc

F. Z. Peng: Slide 24August 15, 2005

Analysis and Simulation of Power Electronics- Pspice and Saber

Variable R1µ ~ 1Meg Ω

Pspice:• Convergence

problem• Time consuming• Bad accuracy• Difficult to analyze• Difficult to design

idc

iaibic

Vdc=350V

Va

Vb

Vc

VLa

VLbVLc

3mH

4Ω

Va_ref

Vb_ref

Vc_ref

Vcarrier

0

1

Sa

Sb

Sc

Sa

Va = SaVdc, Vb = SbVdc, Vc = ScVdcSa Sb Sc

F. Z. Peng: Slide 25August 15, 2005

iaibic

Va

Vb

Vc

VLa

VLbVLc

3mH

4Ω

Va_ref

Vb_ref

Vc_ref

Vcarrier

0

Vdc

VdcSa

VdcSa

VdcSb

VdcSc

Analysis and Simulation of Power Electronics- Switching Function Technique

Switching Function:• Always converge• Fast• Good accuracy• Easy analysis• Easy design

Sa,b,c = 0, 1switching functionto model allinverter/convertercircuits