advanced nuclear energy r&d: needs, status, observations · 2018-11-06 · nuclear science...
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Advanced Nuclear Energy R&D: Needs, Status, Observations
William D. Magwood, IV Director-General
Nuclear Energy Agency
Strategic Working Group on Japan’s Fast Reactor Activities
4 July 2017
資料1
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
The NEA: 31 Countries Seeking Excellence in Nuclear Safety, Technology, and Policy
•31 member countries + key partners (e.g., China)
•7 standing committees and 75 working parties and expert groups
•The NEA Data Bank - providing nuclear data, code, and verification services
•21 international joint projects (e.g., the Halden Reactor Project in Norway)
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Nuclear Science Committee
NSC
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 3
NEA Standing Committees
The NEA's committees bring together top governmental officials and technical specialists from NEA member countries and strategic partners to solve difficult problems, establish best practices and to promote international collaboration.
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
21 Major Joint Projects (Involving countries from within and beyond NEA membership)
• Nuclear safety research and experimental data (e.g., thermal-hydraulics, fuel behaviour, severe accidents).
• Nuclear safety databases (e.g., fire, common-cause failures).
• Nuclear science (e.g., thermodynamics of advanced fuels).
• Radioactive waste management (e.g., thermochemical database).
• Radiological protection (e.g., occupational exposure).
• Halden Reactor Project (fuels and materials, human factors research, etc.)
Major NEA Separately Funded Activities
NEA Serviced Organisations
• Generation IV International Forum (GIF) with the goal to improve sustainability (including effective fuel utilisation and minimisation of waste), economics, safety and reliability, proliferation resistance and physical protection.
• Multinational Design Evaluation Programme (MDEP) initiative by national safety authorities to leverage their resources and knowledge for new reactor design reviews.
• International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (IFNEC) forum for international discussion on wide array of nuclear topics involving both developed and emerging economies.
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
IEA 2°C Scenario: Nuclear is Required to Provide the Largest Contribution to Global Electricity in 2050
Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2014
Source: IEA
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
2015 NEA/IEA Technology Roadmap
• Provides an overview of global nuclear energy today.
• Identifies key technological milestones and innovations that can support significant growth in nuclear energy.
• Identifies potential barriers to expanded nuclear development.
• Provides recommendations to policy-makers on how to reach milestones & address barriers.
• Case studies developed with experts to support recommendations.
Contents and Approaches
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
2015 NEA/IEA Technology Roadmap
• Distortions and failures in electricity markets that impact financial competitiveness of baseload plants
• Persistent questions about long-term operation of current plants and constructability of Gen III/Gen III+ plants
• Unanswered questions about technology, cost, and regulatory issues regarding SMRs, Gen IV reactors, and other advanced technologies
• In some countries, public acceptance concerns about safety in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident
• Continuing international concerns about non-proliferation associated with expanded use of civilian nuclear power
• Ongoing challenges in many countries regarding long-term high level waste storage and disposal
What Are the Barriers to Large Global Expansion?
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
2015 NEA/IEA Technology Roadmap
• Distortions and failures in electricity markets that impact financial competitiveness of baseload plants
• Persistent questions about long-term operation of current plants and constructability of Gen III/Gen III+ plants
• Unanswered questions about technology, cost, and regulatory issues regarding SMRs, Gen IV reactors, and other advanced technologies
• In some countries, public acceptance concerns about safety in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident
• Continuing international concerns about non-proliferation associated with expanded use of civilian nuclear power
• Ongoing challenges in many countries regarding long-term high level waste storage and disposal
What Are the Major Barriers?
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2015 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Nuclear Waste and Nonproliferation: A Review of the Facts
• When civilian nuclear power was developed in the 1950s, recycling of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) was an integral aspect of the vison.
• While not ideal, plutonium from civilian SNF can be extracted for weapons purposes.
• The increased use of civilian plants does not necessarily increase proliferation risks.
• Disposal of SNF in geologic repositories is practical and technically implementable.
• But direct disposal of SNF does not eliminate all potential proliferation concerns.
• Closure of the fuel cycle with advance technologies would burn nearly all fissile material in SNF – assuring it is not misused and not able to enter the environment.
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Direct Disposal of Spent Fuel: Benefits and Barriers
Potential Benefits
•Strong science and
technology base.
•Clearly able to isolate
radiological materials for
many thousands of years.
•Can accept any nuclear
waste materials in many
forms.
•Can be implemented in
many locations.
•Pro
Barriers and Issues
•Siting is a significant political
challenge in most countries
•Loses about 95 percent of
the energy value of fuel
•Must assure isolation of
long-lived species up about 1
million years
•Leaves Pu-239 intact and
increasingly accessible as
fission products decay
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Current Reprocessing Technology: Benefits and Barriers
Potential Benefits
•Reduces HLW Volume
•Reduces actinide content of
HLW
•Waste is easily stored and
managed (vitrified logs)
•Enables use of 25 to 30%
more energy than once-
through fuel cycle
•Enhances energy security
•Pro
Barriers and Issues
•Concerns about separated
plutonium
•Could encourage global
expansion of reprocessing
•Concerns about
environmental impacts
•Does not significantly reduce
repository requirements
•Cost
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Advanced Recycling Technology: Partitioning and Transmutation
•In contrast to current reprocessing technology, advanced P&T can:
– dramatically alter long-term HLW disposition by reducing radiotoxicity and heat load in addition to volume
– reduce the monitoring period of final repositories to timescales within human experience
– simplify long-term safety issues associated with final disposition (elimination of most actinides and potentially some long-lived fission products)
– create pathways for secure and easily monitored use of nuclear materials
– Multi-recycle of transuranics can lead to very high utilization of energy content of uranium fuel – providing for an estimated 1000 year energy resource.
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Advanced Recycling Technology: Benefits and Barriers
Enhanced Benefits
•Reduces HLW Volume and
toxicity—complete change in
disposal requirements
•Enables use of 90% or more
of energy contained in fuel
resources
•Potentially more proliferation
resistant than direct disposal
•Pro
Issues to be Addressed
•Still requires further R&D
and commercial-scale
demonstration
•Non-proliferation community
remains largely opposed to
any recycling
•Cost, commercialization,
implementation – all
unproven
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 14
NEA joint projects
in the nuclear
science area
under development:
Thermodynamic
Characterization Of Fuel
debris and Fission
products based on
scenario analysis of
severe accident
progression at Fukushima
Daiichi NPP (TCOFF)
NEA Education and Skills
& Technology (NEST)
Framework
NEA Nuclear Science Activities
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
NEA Nuclear Science Committee: Continuing to Explore Advanced Fuel Cycles
NEA Expert Groups:
The Scientific Aspects of
Advanced Fuel Cycles
•Minor Actinide Separation
•Fuel fabrication
•Minor Actinide burning in LWRs and
advanced reactors
•Different options for transmutation:
homogeneous, heterogeneous
•Recycling
•Waste management
•Transition scenarios
•Pro
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Reactor Technology: Generations I to IV
Nearly All of Today’s
Operating Nuclear Plants
Most New Construction Today
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Canada
(2001)
China
(2006)
France
(2001)
Japan
(2001)
Korea
(2001)
Russia
(2006)
RSA
(2001)
Swiss
(2002)
USA
(2001)
EU
(2003)
SFR ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
VHTR ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
LFR* ● ● ● ●
SCWR ● ● ● ● ●
GFR ● ● ●
MSR* ● ● ● ● ●
(date indicates signature of GIF Charter)
Australia (2016)
Australia signed the Charter on 22 June 2016, and plans
to sign the GIF Framework Agreement and become active
in VHTR and MSR. Argentina (2001)
Brazil (2001)
UK (2001)
Currently inactive
GIF members
*All
activities,
except LFR
and MSR
(under a
MoU), are
carried out
under a
system
arrange-
ment.
GIF Member Activities
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Advanced Fast Reactor Development Activities
Program Description Country Status Comments
Advanced Lead Fast
REactor Demonstrator
(ALFRED)
Small lead-cooled fast
reactor with closed fuel
cycle.
Italy, Romania, Czech
Republic
Approved for construction in
Romania. Planned
construction by 2030
BREST-300 OD Small lead-cooled fast
reactor with closed fuel
cycle.
Russia Construction planned to
begin by early 2018,
operation by 2024
Nitride fuel
BN-1200 Commercial SFR Russia Design underway,
construction decision
pending; operation possible
in mid-to-late 2020s
MOX fuel reactor, following
on successful deployment
of BN-800 reactor, which is
currently operating.
Advanced Sodium
Technological Reactor for
Industrial Demonstration
(ASTRID)
600 MW SFR demonstrator France Construction decision
expected in 2019; operation
possible around 2030
TerraPower Traveling Wave
Reactor (TWR)
600 MWe demonstration
reactor
US company planning
construction in cooperation
with Chinese organizations
Construction decision
pending; operation possible
in mid-2020s
Applying advanced fuel
scheme to provide once-
through fuel cycle.
ALLEGRO 2400 MWth helium cooled
fast reactor, Rankine cycle
electric generation
Slovakia, Czech Republic,
Hungary, Poland
France’s CEA has provided
support.
Various research and
design activities underway.
Operation has been
generally planned for mid
2020s
U/Pu fuel. Plans include
operation with both MOX
and ceramic fuel cores.
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
NEA Advanced Reactor/Fuel Cycle Activities
NUCLEAR
DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION
Generation IV International Forum*
Expert Group on Advanced Reactor
Systems and Future Market Needs
NUCLEAR
SAFETY TECHNOLOGY
AND REGULATION
DIVISION
Ad hoc Group on the Safety of Advanced
Reactors
NUCLEAR
SCIENCE
DIVISION
Expert Group on Improvement of Integral Experiments Data for
Minor Actinide Management
Thermodynamics of Advanced Fuels
International Data Base*
Working Party on Scientific Issues of Reactor Systems
Working Party on Scientific Issues of the
Fuel Cycle
* Separately funded activities.
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Nuclear Innovation 2050: Identifying Key Nuclear R&D Needs
and Innovation Pathways
• What technologies will be needed in 10 years? 30 years? 50 years?
• What R&D is needed to make these technologies available?
• How do we regain the ability to push innovation into application?
• Is multilateral cooperation part of the solution?
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Nuclear Innovation 2050: Identifying Key Nuclear R&D Needs
and Innovation Pathways
Basic Goals
• Develop a broad, common agenda for nuclear technology innovation to contribute to the sustainability of nuclear energy in the short/medium (2030) and long term (2050)
• Identify and find solutions to barriers or delays to innovation
• Identify infrastructure requirements and share global R&D assets
• Establish plans of action to enable deployment of technology innovations
• Consider multilateral approaches to obtain early regulatory insights without compromising regulatory independence
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
SHORT TERM MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM
Ageing Management and Long Term Operation
Decommissioning Technologies
Advanced Manufacturing and Construction
Waste Management & Disposal
Nuclear Process Heat/Cogeneration (550/1000 C)
(Gen IV) Adv Mat /Fuels /Components
Hybrid Systems
Advanced Recycling
Severe Accident Knowledge and Management
ATF
R&D Infrastructures and Demos
NI2050 Targets for Innovation
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Passive Safety
ENABLERS: Life Cycle Management/Modelling and Simulation/Robotics and I&C
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
NI2050 Work Currently Underway Target Area Leaders Groups Engaged
Accident Tolerant Fuels K. Pasamehmetoglu, INL NSC (EGATFL, others),
CSNI (WGFS)
Severe Accident Knowledge
and Management
G. Bruna/D Jacquemain, IRSN CSNI (SAREF, WGAMA)
ETSON, NUGENIA
Passive Safety Systems G. Bruna/JM Evrard, IRSN CSNI (WGAMA)
ETSON
LTO Gen II 80 Years: Ageing
Management
A. Al Mazouzi, EDF CSNI (WIAGE)
NUGENIA
Advanced Fuels and
Materials
N. Chauvin (Fuels), CEA
L. Malerba (Materials),
SCKCEN
NSC (WPFC - WPMM), EERA
JPNM, GIF
Advanced Components H. Kamide, JAEA GIF, CSNI/CNRA (GSAR)
Fuel Cycle
Chemistry/Recycling
H. Ait Abderrahim, SCKCEN NSC (WPFC)
Heat Production and
Cogeneration
D. Hittner, NC2I NGNP, JAEA
Modelling and Simulation T. Valentine, ORNL NSC (WPMM)
Measurements and I&C TBD ANIMMA
Infrastructures and
Demonstrations
All NSC, CSNI
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
NI2050 Advisory Panel Participants
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Belgium
Eric VAN WALLE, SCK-CEN
Hamid AIT ABDERRAHIM, SCK-CEN
Jean-paul MINON, ONDRAF
Canada
Kathryn MCCARTHY, CNL
Gina STRATI, CNL
People’s Republic of China
Huidong XU, Embassy of China in France
Spain
Enrique Miguel GONZALEZ-ROMERO, CIEMAT
Finland
Harri TUOMISTO, FORTUM
France
Franck CARRE, CEA (VICE CHAIR)
Pierre-Yves CORDIER, CEA
Sylvestre PIVET, CEA
Fanny BAZILE, CEA
Giovanni BRUNA, IRSN
Noel CAMARCAT, EDF
Abderrahim AL MAZOUZI, EDF
Italy
Giuseppe ZOLLINO, SOGIN
Japan
Hideki KAMIDE, JAEA (VICE CHAIR)
Shigeaki OKAJIMA, JAEA
Kiyoshi ONO, JAEA
Korea
Ik JEONG, KAERI
Hark Rho KIM, KAERI
Poland
Grzegorz WROCHNA, NCBJ
Russian Federation
Anzhelika KHAPERSKAYA, ROSATOM
Sergey KUZMICHEV, ROSATOM
United Kingdom
Fiona RAYMENT, NNL (CHAIR)
United States
John HERCZEG, DOE
Kemal PASAMEHMETOGLU, INL (VICE CHAIR)
International Organisations
Said ABOUSAHL, EC
Roger GARBIL, EC
Henri PELIN, WNA
King LEE, WNA
Stefano MONTI, IAEA
© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Current Nuclear Power has Reached a Difficult Juncture:
− Financial challenges caused by dysfunctional electricity markets and historically low fossil fuel prices
− Public concerns about nuclear safety in some countries in the aftermath of 3/11
− Increasing cost and regulatory requirements
− Strains in the industrial supply chain
− Emergence of non-traditional NSSS suppliers with strong government backing
Thoughts and Observations: The Global Situation
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Advanced Research Programs are Struggling in Many Countries:
− Funding levels are shrinking
− Research infrastructure is aging and contracting
− Expert scientists and engineers are retiring and fewer young people are available to replace them
− Political will and interest to fund large nuclear technology activities is difficult to sustain over the life of programs
Thoughts and Observations: The Global Situation
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
AEC Chair Glenn Seaborg and NASA
Administrator James Webb – July 1961
The Vision Thing: Our Biggest Technology Challenge
• Early 1950s United States: AEC and NASA started with little; limited infrastructure, limited proven industrial support.
• Over about 15 years – both experienced tremendous growth and both made incredible technological progress.
• 1970s – both initiated bold steps into the future that proved difficult and costly
• 1980s-1990s – public support and interest waned and resources reduced.
• Today – little significant progress being made and direction is unclear.
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In the two decades leading up to 3/11, the Japanese Program was One of the Most Diverse and Ambitious of all Nuclear Technology Programs, with:
− Strong support from national leadership
− Stable planning and funding over many years
− Many highly trained scientists and engineers
− Excellent infrastructure
− Excellent international cooperation
− Excellent non-proliferation and safeguards practices
Thoughts and Observations: The Case of Japan
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
This is the Right Time to Reflect on the Next Steps, noting:
− Japan imports about 95% of its primary energy
− Japan relies on oil for 40% of primary energy, 80% of which comes from the Middle East
− Variable renewables are growing (currently about 7% of electric generation today, up from 1% in 2010) and are expected to increase to 20% by the mid-2020s
− Japan plans to reduce CO2 emissions to 26% below 2013 levels (~18% below 1990 levels) by 2030
Thoughts and Observations: The Case of Japan
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Japan must do what is best for Japan, but should:
− Consider the issues and uncertainties regarding the cost, reliability, and stability of electricity generated by non-baseload capacity
− Recognise that once lost, nuclear research capabilities are very difficult to restore
− Recognise that electrification of energy use is very likely to grow considerably
− Consider long-term competitiveness and the large investments in nuclear energy infrastructure and research made by fast-developing economies
Thoughts and Observations: The Case of Japan
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And be Aware of Japan’s Unique Role Internationally:
− As a strong and respected voice in international nuclear technology fora such as the NEA
− As a key partner for many countries and multilateral efforts such as GIF
− As a leading source of many technology and manufactured components for nuclear facilities around the world
− As a uniquely powerful voice in the arena of nuclear weapons non-proliferation
Thoughts and Observations: The Case of Japan
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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*
Regaining public trust after 3/11 will take many years of safe and successful operation, but it can happen – as we saw in the US after the TMI accident
Concerns about energy security and reliability may grow substantially in the coming years
Advanced Nuclear technology is not a goal, it is a possible path to a better future
Japan’s voice and leadership in nuclear technology can help shape the future
Closing Thoughts
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Thank you for your attention
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