advanced level history 2009

8/14/2019 Advanced Level History 2009

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Economy, economic policies, material culture

1) Hungarian economy in the 14th-16th centuriesa) Charles Roberts economic policies (1310-1342)

i) regained royal lands, new baronsii) economic development increasing incomes(1)reforms ofNekcsei Demeteriii) mining

(1)gold, silver, salt(2)urbura- mining fee

(a) 1/3rdwas given to the landlords landlords had interest in mining(3)minting money royal monopoly

(a) precious metals must have been given to the king and they got money in returnwhich contained less precious metal income for the king

(b) debasing currency, therefore it became stable(c) profit of the chamber

(i) substituted by manor (gate) tax (1336)every manor paid it (18 denar/year)(d) thirtieth custom (tricesma) 1/30th of the product had to be paid when you enter the

country

(e) salt monopoly(f) special tributes (not significant)

b) Sigismund of Luxemburgs economic policies (1387-1437)(1)economic development

(a) distribution of royal lands(2)the number of cities increased(3)unification of measures(4)struggle with the Ottomans cost a lot money

(a) manor army(b) border castlesbuffer states

(5)pawned cities for Poland to get moneyc) Mathias Corvinus economic policies (1458-1490)

i) increased taxes(1)population increased

ii) 1467: manor tax was transformed as hearth tax (tax of the treasury)iii) thirtieth tariff was changed to crown tax

(1)these changes were in order to end indemnityiv) single plot nobles were also taxedv) special tributes(rendkvli hadiad)vi) total income: around 750 000 golden forints + aids and personal incomes

d) Jagello Age (1490-1526)i) Wladislas (Ulszl) II (1490-1516)had to protect the country on his own costii) Ladiuslaus (Lajos) IIiii) royal power was falling apart

(1)barons had restrictions to the king(2)reduction of taxes- less income (ca. 200 000 golden forints)

e) Habsburg Age (1526- )i) Hungarian Chancellary

(1)responsible for economy


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2) The Great Discoveries and its economic consequencesa) 14th century- economic development stoppedb) 15th century- development restarted

i) effect on long-distance tradingc) Reasons: precious metals were needed; Mediterranean Seas importance decreased after the

Fall of Constantinople (1453)shift to the Atlantic Ocean; luxury items were importedi) search for gold

d) Equipments:i) ships (new types: caracco, caravel)ii) navigation: compass, sextant, astrolabeiii) Henry, the navigator- Navigation school in Portugaliv) 1474 Toscanellis map assumed that the Earth is a sphere

(1)Christopher Colombus used this mape) 1471- Portuguese sailors crossed the Equatorf) 1487- Bartolommeo Diaz (Portuguese) reached the Cape of Good-hopeg) 12th of October 1492- Christopher Colombus reached America (San Salvador)- originally he

wanted to reach Indiahe thought he was in the West Indiesi) supported by the Spanish royal familyii) brought back animals, plants, precious metals and peopleiii) Colombus went to America 4 times

(1)explored Haiti, Dominica, Venezuela, Panamaiv) Amerigo Vespucci (1501-1504) realised what Colombus considered India wasnt Indiav) Portuguese-Spanish dispute in America

(1)1494: Agreement of Tordasillas (mediator: pope)(a) division of America

(i)

West- Spain(ii)East- Portugal

(2)1529: Treaty of Zaragoza(a) extension of the Agreement of Tordasillas

h) 1498: Vasco de Gama reached Indiai) his route was used until 1869 (Suez Canal was opened)ii) trading colonies: Goa, Calicut

(1)huge profit (700-800%)i) 1519-22: Magellans attempt o go around the Earth

i) he died in the Philippines in a skirmish but one of his ships finished the journeyj) Consequences:

i) Colonisation(1)America

(a) precious metals, good climate for plantations, tribes on the level of Ancient Egypt(i) Hernando Cortes defeated the Aztec Empire in 1519

1. 1535: establishment of Viceroyalty of New-Spain(ii)Alvarado crushed the Mayas (Yucatan peninsula) in 1523(iii)Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire (Andes) in 1532

1. establishment of the Peruvian Viceroyalty(iv)they were enslaved(v)African people were brought to America as labour as well

(b) Asia


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(i) Portuguese were the most dominant- set up trading ports in India, China,Indonesia, Japan

ii) establishment ofWorld Trade(1)huge amount of precious metals arrived to Europe

(a) inflation(b) prices were increasing

(2)new trading centres: Lisbon, Amsterdam, London, la Rochelle, Nantes(a) Levantine trade lost its importance(b) Hanseatic trade remained significant in mediating Eastern and Western Europe

(i) European division of labouriii) from America to Europe: gold, sugar, tobaccoiv) from Europe: ready productsv) from Africa to America: slavesvi) new plants (potato, tomato, corn)

3) Effects of the Industrial Revolution on the natural and built environmenta) First Industrial Revolution

i) centre: Great Britainii) 16th-17th centuryiii) capitalism emergediv) at first agriculture developed

(1)labourers worked on landv) developments: fertilisers, crop rotation, machines, purification by breeding, unification of

lands- enclosure

vi) people who lost their job due to mechanisation went to towns and became labourers infactories

vii)textile industry developed, inventions(1)John KeyFlying Shuttle(2)James HargreavesSpinning Jenny

viii) water wheel, steam force were used(1)coal mining(2)steam engine

ix) transportation(1)1807: Fultonsteam boat(2)1825: Stephensonlocomotive(3)first route: Stockton- Darlington(4)first permanent route: Liverpool- London 1830

x) Generally: agriculture light industry heavy industryxi) Demographics: demographic boom

(1)less deaths, less births(2)migration

xii)Urbanisation(1)slow development

(a) at first bad hygiene and irrigation(b) by 1850: 50% of the population lived in towns

(2)migration to Americaxiii) Environment

(1) Pollution due to the use of coal(2)destruction of nature- mines, factories


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(3)Black Areas: Birmingham, Manchesterb) Second Industrial Revolution

i) centre: USAii) second half of the 19th centuryiii) based on heavy industry and scientific achievements

(1)electricity, chemistry, machinesiv) huge capitalsv) larger factoriesvi) steelvii)Industry

(1)use of crude oil(a) internal combustion engines (Otto, Daimler, Benz)(b) transportation developed(c) cars, planes

(i) 1903 Wright brothers(2)electricity

(a) light- Edison(b) energy transportation(c) electric engines(d) Bellphone(e) Marconiwireless telegram

(3)mass production(4)increasing consumption

viii) free competitionix) monopoliesmerging companies which aims to control the market

(1)loose connection to national market

x) banks sponsoredfinance capitalbank money and industrial money mergedxi) industrial trust: complete merging of companiesxii)cartel: discussion of pricesxiii) concern: same leaders in different branches of industryxiv)movement of capitalsxv)Demographics:

(1)number of births decreased(2)increasing number of workers(3)demographic boom reached Russia(4)Central and Eastern Europeans immigrated(5)middle class increased

xvi)Eastern Europe(1)the 2 industrial revolution arrived in the same time

(a) quick social changes- jammed society(i) both traditional and new layers were part of the society (landlords-

entrepreneur, peasants- labourers)

xvii) migration to cities(1)in developed places more than 50% lived in towns(2)cinema, light, cars, mass entertainment, giant companies, water supply, electricity,

garbage collection

(3)city centre: trading(4)around the centre: factories and living districts


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xviii) Corporations(1)company which gives out shares of stocks

(a) shareholders4) World Economy in the 1920s and 1930s

a) 1920-1924: Post-war Slumpi) recessions revolutions (rise of Mussolini)ii) unemploymentiii) indebted to the USAiv) inflation/ hyperinflationv) Rapallo Treaty (1922)

(1)signed by Germany and the USSR(2)West didnt want German-Soviet alliance Dawes Plan

vi) Ruhr Crisis (1923)(1)Germany couldnt pay the reparation, thus France occupied the Ruhr region

vii)Dawes Plan (1924)(1)loans to Germany reconstruction of her economy paid the reparation to France,UK and Belgium they could pay their loans to the USA(2)economic development started

b) 1924-1929: Recoveryi) 1925: Locarno Pact

(1)borders were guaranteed(2)lower preparations for Germany

ii) investments to Germanyiii) Fulfilment Policy (Germany)iv) Stresemann- Briand Pactv)

Briand- Kellogg Pact (1928)(1)war cant be used to settle conflicts

vi) Germanyjoined the League of Nations in 1926vii) generally: reconciliation

c) 1929-1933: Great Depressioni) before it, everything flourished in the US

(1)laissez faire(2)higher wages(3)ordinary people had shares

ii) overproduction in the US(1)export

iii) capital invested in Europe and South Americaiv) Black Thursday- Wall Street Crash

(1)everybody wanted to sell, no one wanted to buy(a) panic(b) deflation

v) cut social services, cut expenditurevi) in 1932: 24% unemployment rate in the USvii)increasing crime ratioviii) Keynes (British economist): wanted state interventionix) New Deal (1932): President Roosevelt

(1)only responsible banks could survive(a) bank consolidation


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(2)creating jobs(a) non-profit making companies(b) helping unemployed people(c) end of Prohibition (Szesztilalom)(d) inflation

(3)improved welfarex) Hitlers rise to power

(1)used up the crisis(2)Germany was too much dependent on foreign capital

d) Hitlers Dictatorship/Revision/Appeasementi) League of Nations was weakthe US didnt joinii) 1932: Disarmament Conference in Geneva

(1)not successful(2)economic considerations

(a) it is expensive to maintain a huge armyiii) 1934: German rearmamentwas against the Versailles Treaty

(1)League of Nations couldnt intervene(2)conscription(3)Germany left the League of Nations(4)Italy, the UK, France against German ambitions

(a) British- Herman Naval Act(i) Mussolini felt betrayedBerlin-Rome Axis(ii)alliance with Hitler against the West

1. didnt object Anschluss (He used to)(5)by 1939 German economy became weak due to remilitarisation

(a)

inflationiv) 1935: Saar Plebiscite

(1)in favour of Germany5) Stalins economic policies

a) 1918-22: Civil wari) Lenin: war communismbankruptcy

(1)supply to win the war(2)nationalisation(3)peasants starved

(a) result: NEP (New Economic Policy)(i) capitalism was limitedly allowed(ii)peasants could sell their surplus(iii)

b) 1924: Lenin diedi) Power Struggle until 1928

(1)important opponents: Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharinii) he kept NEP (New Economic Policy) until 1928

(1)Bukharin supported NEPStalin used it up against him(2)wanted communism in the Soviet Union only

iii) from 1928: Planned economy(1)Five Year Plans (first between 1928-1933)

(a) planned economy(2)forced collectivisation


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(3)forced industrialisation(4)grain shortage, production fell

(a)peasants didnt want to give their grain to the state which caused starvation(b) grain was sold in Europe

(5)from grain export, they financed industrialisation(6)State controlled the economy, not the market

iv) famine in Ukraine (Holodomor)v) Industry developedincomes from light industry was used

(1)Hydro-electric dam on River DneprDnieproprostoi(2)Magnitogorsk(3)Moscow Metro

vi) there were no consumers good6) Hungarian economy between the Two World Wars

a) before the World WarDualist Monarchyno tariffsb) Krolyi Mihly Chrysanthemum revolution

i) idea of land distributionfailedc) Soviet Republiccouldnt better the situationd) after the Peace Treaty of Trianon

(1)shrink in territory(a) supply problems

(2)reduced army(3)reparation payment(4)War Guilt Close

ii) Teleki Pl (1920-21)(1)Nagyatdi- Szabs Land reform

(a)

not very successfultoo small plots for peasants(2)dismissed because he hadnt been confident enough against Charles IViii) Bethlen Istvn (1921-31)

(1)counter-revolutionary government(2)era ofeconomic consolidation

(a) conservative(3)established the Party of Unitymade governing easier with weak opposition(4)developed industry

(a) substituted import(b) supported new enterpriseslight industry mainly

(5)inflationary policyprinted more moneycrown lost its value(a) replaced with peng in 1927

(6)1922: Hungary entered the League of Nations(7)1924: Hungary got loanslong term, 7% interest rate

(a) end of isolation(b) improved production(c) modernisation of agriculture(d) tourism(e) electricity and transportation

(8)1927: health insurance for industrial workers(9)by 1929: the economy had been restored but it depended on foreign capital(10) Great Depression caused the end of development(11) Bethlen resigned in 1931


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iv) Krolyi Gyula 1931-1932(1)tightened the beltno result

v) Gmbs Gyula 1932-36(1)National Work Plan: wanted to strengthen the government, social security, economic

development, restriction of capital, reduction of unemployment, extension of suffrage,

corporate, revision, cheaper administration, harmony between production andconsumption, land distribution, secret ballot (95 points at all)

(a) not very well-planned, contradictions(2)wanted to increase his powerhe died in 1936 but he would have been made to resign

vi) Darnyi Klmn 1936-1938: Rearmament Program of Gyr (1938)(1 billion pengs)vii)Imrdy Bla 1938-39

Population, settlement, lifestyle

1) Development of towns in Medieval Hungarya) in West 11th 12th centuriesb) emerged later than in Western Europe (era of Sigismund)

i) protection against nobilityc) reasons:

i) use of moneyii) surplus grainiii) population increase

d) before Sigismundnot many townsi) people did not settle yetproblem for Lszl and Klmnii) lack of moneyiii) less guildsiv) after the Mongol Invasion: Bla IV stared town development

(1)protectionv) some development in the time of Charles Robert

(1)stable currencyvi) only religious and royal centres

e) types: royal towns, market townsi) royal free towns: belonged to the king, paid tax to the kingii) market towns: no walls, agrarian tasks, belonged to nobles or churchiii) they could send their representatives to the kingiv) some cities had walls

(1)in order to defend it from external attacks (Ottomans, Pechenegs)v) unified measuresstandard was Budas unitsvi) right to jurisdictionvii)no one could be arrested without trialviii) taxation to the kingix) traders could move freelyx) dwellers of royal towns can be judged by their own judges

f) Privileges of Fehrvr(confirmed by Bla IV, issued by: Istvn III (1162-72)i) exemption of tariffsii) free election of 1 judge and 12 juriesiii)

right to establish municipal courtiv) right to choose priests


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g) Privileges of Saxoniansi) granted by Istvn V (1271), confirmed by Charles Robertii) election of judges and priestsiii) right to exploit minesiv) fishing and hunting rightsv) tax immunity

(1)in return they had to grant 50 soldiersh) General features of a town

i) guilds: association of people of the same profession, it was formed to protect their interest(1)regulated trading(2)merchant must have been part of it(3)standardising measuresfair trade

ii) elected magistrates(1)worked in town halls

iii) full members of guilds had the right to electiv) Advantages: protection, guilds, more goods are available, cultural and educational

possibilities, economic development

v) Disadvantages: crowded: illnesses, fire, dirt, garbage, crime, stinking, walls limited thesize of the town

2) Demographic changes in Hungary in the 18th centurya) after Turkish occupation the country was ruinedb) loss ofhuman lives

i) wars, epidemicsii) worst in 1711

(1)epidemics (plague, dysentery, pox, cholera)(2)

protection: quarantine, disinfection

c) fields diminishedd) after 1711: population increased up to 10 million

i) settled people(1)organised: Swabs

(a) catholic Germans who settled in Hungary in the 18th century(b) no tax for them(c) got devices and shelter

(2)natural: Poles, Ruthinians, Romanianse) 1711: population 3 million (1.6 million, 53% Hungarian)f) 1790: population 8 million (3 million, 37.7% Hungarian)

i) Swabs, Ruthinians, Wallachians, Bohemians, Poles, Serbians, Slovaks, Gypsies, Jews(1)incomplete societies

(a) no nobility(b) leaders were priests or urban intellectuals

g) Slovaksi) in Upper Hungaryii) serfs, craftsmen mainlyiii) few noblesconsidered themselves Hungariansiv) Lutherans, Catholics

h) Ruthiniansi) lived in Ruthiniaii) serfs, shepherds


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iii) Greek Orthodoxi) Wallachians

i) majority in Transylvania in the 18th centuryii) Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic/ United Churchiii) shepherds, merchants

j) Serbiansi) in southMilitary Frontier Territoryii) independent from Hungaryiii) serfs, tradersiv) Greek Orthodox

(1)privileges from Leopold I(a) they could elect their religious leaders

v) national identityk) Germans

i) Swabs: settled in the 18th century(1)peasants, Catholics(2)urban middleclass

(a) in towns, intellectuals, tradersii) Saxons:: settled in the Middle Ages

(1)Northern Hungary, Transylvania(2)Lutherans

l) Jewsi) present since the rpd-dynasty

(1)18th century: Jews migrated from Galicia(2)butchers

m)Gypsiesi) Indian originii) itinerants lifestyleiii) small minorityiv) didnt accept the lawsv) didnt settlevi) smiths, tub makers

3) Nationalities and ethnic groups in the age of Dualisma) 1867-1918

i) from the compromise until the end of the First World Warb) 1868: Nationality Law

i) by Etvs Jzsef minister of religion and educationii) Hungarians wanted a Hungarian nation stateiii) nationalities didnt get collective rights

(1)got individual rights(a) granted the right to use their own language(b) in places where they had more than 20% representation, they could use their

language in offices, had lower and middle education on their language

(c) school system for nationalities (Hungarian language was compulsory though)(d) unions could be made, but couldnt act against the Hungarian political nation

(2)nationalities werent satisfied with thatc) 1868: Croatian-Hungarian compromise

i) Croatia was acknowledged as semi-independent


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(1)autonomy(2)Croatia had diet and government

(a) leader: ban(3)authority over education, state administration, judicial power(4)question of Fiume

(a) part of Hungary(b) official language: Italian(c) Croatia wanted it

d) Ratio of Hungarians increased up to 54.5%/i) demographic boom

(1)in 3 decades increase by 1/3rdii) migration to other countries (f. ex: USA)

(1)rather by nationalitiesiii) people moved to cities (mainly to Budapest)

(1)assimilation where nationalities were not in one blociv) government had influence only on higher layers and intellectualsv) gradually Hungarian language became compulsory everywhere and prevented nationalities

to set up their universities

(1)passive resistance(2)wanted a federative monarchy(3)intention to(4)join to their mother countries (Serbia, Romania)

e) 1907: Lex Apponyii) after 4 years of elementary education everyone must have been able to communicate in

Hungarian

f)

Jewish emancipation 1895i) they became equalii) they assimilatediii) traders, industryiv) anti-Semitism

(1)in Europe it was harsher(2)in lower layers(3)government was against anti-Semitism

(a) lawsuit of Tiszaeszlr 18824) Everyday life in the Kdr-era5) Demographic changes in the 20th century

Individuals, community, society

1) Medieval universities and monastic ordersa) monasticism

i) hermits- hiding in caves to be alone 3rd-4th centuriesii) at first at the Near East later moved to West established monasteriesiii) first monastic order: Benedictine Order, 529, Monte Casino

(1)motto: Ora et Labora! (Pray and Work!)iv) regula: list of rulesv)

Catholic orders(1)Franciscan Order


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(a) by St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)(i) got wounded in a Crusade(ii)religious experience in 1209(iii)started rebuilding churches

1. formed a community which was living in poverty (Grey friars)a. teaching, preaching, healing

(iv)asked for the blessing of the pope (Innocent III)1. got license and they made their regula

(2)Dominican order(a) founder: St. Dominic (Spanish)(b) Blackfriars(c) wanted to fight against Albigens order(d) established in 1214(e) inquisition: dealt with suppressing heresy

(i) after 1232 they were responsible for the inquisition(3)Cistersians

(a) founder: St. Bernard of Clairwaux(i) agriculture, education, engineering

(4)Carthusians(a) founder: St. Bruno of Cologne

(i) monks took an oath to stay silent(b) never ate meat

(5)Orthodox order(a) Basilita order

(i) founder Basilios, the Great(ii)

only Orthodox order

(iii)poverty, purity,(6)Heretic movements

(a) reaction to the power of church(i) contradiction between teaching and acting

(b) Chatarists(i) 12th century, Southern France

1. spiritual-good, material-bad(c) Waldenses

(i) 12th century(ii)founder: Peter Waldo

1. rich merchant2. divided his belongings among the poor3. he said you must be poor to be a good Christian

a. preached about itb. wanted the church to renounce

4. he was persecuted(d) Albigenses

(i) from town Albi(e) Bogumils

(i) originally from Bulgaria, then in Bosnia1. totally against the church2. persecuted


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1. they were nobles and they lost their title if their land was granted to anobleend of tax imunity

(2)Golden Bull (1222)(a) Barons: granted counties, accumulation of offices, right of resistance(b) Servients: exemption from taxation, cannot be arrested without trial, no one can

stay on their lands without permission, right to the last will, only the king and thepalatine can judge upon them, it is not compulsory to go to war abroad

(c) Castle Serfs: they cant be deprived of their freedom(d) Others: no debasing currency, tithe could be paid in nature

(3)Church got extra rights by the Golden Bull (1231)(a)jurisdictional right(b) right of resistance to the archbishop of Esztergom

e) 14th centuryi) rpd dynasty died out

(1)temporarily some landlords became extremely powerfulii) 2 layers

(1)nobles: tax immunity, obliged to hold arms,(2)serfs: got land from the landlord, services to church and state in return

iii) Laws of 1351 by Louis I(1)Entail system

(a) escheat(2)renewed Golden Bullgranted rights for the nobility

(a) same for all nobles(3)(4)

3) Political career of rulers from the rpd- dynastya) Stephen I (the Saint) 997-1038

i) until 1000: dukeii) from 1000: king

(1)crown from: Pope Sylvester IIiii) struggleswith Koppny (997), Gyula of Transylvania (1003), Ajtonyiv) new system

(1)introduced primogeniture instead of seniorate(2)churchwanted Hungary to be a Christian country

(a) Archbishopric of Esztergom and Kalocsa(b) Bishoprics: Veszprm, Pcs, Csand, Gyr, Eger, Gyulafehrvr, Vc, Vrad(c) centre: Esztergom

A magyar trsadalom vltozsai

XI. szzad XIII. szzad eleje XIII. szzad vge XIV. szzad

Elkelk Nemesek Brk Brk

Vitzek Serviensek Nemesek Nemesek

Vrjobbgyok VrjobbgyokKialakul polgrsg

Kzrendek

Jobbgyok Jobbgyok


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(d) a lot lands were donated to the church(e) laws supported the church

(i) 10 villages had to built 1 church(ii)people had to attend church on Sundays(iii)tithe paid to church

(3)state(a) System ofChapter(Kptalan)

(i) canonsworked in chapters1. their leader: provost

(ii)function: notary1. official documents about property

(b) Counties(i) functions: administration, military, economy, jurisdiction

1. leader: bailiff/land-steward2. head of the county system: palatine

(c) source ofpower: royal landholdings with royal castles in the centre(d) incomes: tariffs on salt, horse, oxen, silver trade, tolls, income from minting

money,

(4)foreign policies(a) wife. Gizella (daughter of a Bavarian prince)(b) good relations with the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Bulgarian Kingdom and

Venice

(c) one conflict only: 1030 Conrad II attacked Hungary (HRE)no success(5)laws:

Protection of Christianity- free practice of Christianity (everybody had to go to

church on Sundays)

Protection of property (both royal and private)

Punishment after crimes (eg.: murder)-very strict

Protection of freedom-free people were divided: nobles (supported Istvn),valiants (middle class, less wealthy), paupers + hospices (guests coming from

abroad, settled and working on others lands) The other group was theservants

Other laws

(a) With his laws he aimed at the elimination of tribal customs, maintainingChristianity, and ensuring the circumstances for the development of a strong

feudal state.b) Peter Orseolo (1038-41, 1044-46)

i) wanted to carry on the work of Stephen I but with foreign people (Germans, Italians)ii) he became the vassal of Henry III

c) Aba Smuel (1041-44)i) he was surrounded by lower ranked Hungariansii) opposition of upper classiii) Battle ofMnf(1044) Aba Smuel lost

(1)Peter came back with the help ofHenry III(2)chaos: uprising of Vatapagan uprising

(a) murder of Bishop Gellrtd) Andrew I (1046-1060)

i) Henry III attacked Hungary(1)Andrew called his brother Bla for help, in return he got 1/3rd of the country


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dukedomouter part of the country(2)they won at the Battle of Vrtes (1051)scourged land tactics(3)1052battle of Pozsonylegend of Zotmund (Bvr Kund)

e) Bla I (1060-1063)i) attacked his brothergained the throneii) Solomon escaped (son of Andrew)iii) in 1063 Solomon attacked with German help

(1)accident at Dms the throne canopy collapsedkilled Blaf) Solomon I (1063-1074)

i) gained the throne with German helpii) peace of Gyr peace with Gza and Lszl (sons of Bla)

(1)they got the dukedom of their fatheriii) defeated Pechenegs in 1068 at Kerlsiv) rivalry for the throneLszl and Gza won

g) Gza I (1074-1077): establishment of the monastery in Garamszentbenedekh) Lszl I (1077-1095), the Saint

i) he died as king(1)

very religious, strict(2)in 1083 King Stephen I, Prince Imre and Bishop Gellrt were canonised

(3)fights with Solomonclosed in Visegrd in 1081(a) died in exile in 1083

(4)1091: occupied Croatia because their ruling family died out in 1087(a) lmos became the leader of Croatia son of Gza(b) established the bishopric of Zagreb in 1091(c) became part of the dutchy

(i) def: system in Hungary. King has a duke who is his appointed heir, and hecould practice ruling and defend the country

(5)laws: he had 3 lawbooks(a) protection of property(b) stopping migrationstriders(c) ordeals

i) Coloman, the Booklover (1095-1116)i) could read and writepeculiar thing in his timeii) among the most intelligent rulers of his time

(1)struggles with lmos(a) appointed him as duke

(2)1105: crowned Stephen IIduke(a) lmos revolted again defeated

(i) he was blinded as well as his son, Bla(b) cancellation of dukedom

(3)1096: first crusade(a) Peter the hermit didnt get permission to cross Hungary

(i) Coloman defeated him(b) the 2nd army could cross Hungary

iii) Foreign affairs(1)interfered to domestic issues in Galicia(2)occupied Trau, Zra, Spalato

(a) personal union with Croatia(b) Croatia became part of Hungary (1102-1918)

iv) laws(1)5 codices: protection of private property, against striders, banned pagan traditions

j) Stephen II (1116-1131)i) unlucky with military affairs, lost Dalmatiaii) campaigns in Dalmatiahe lost

k) Bla II, the Blind (1131-1141)


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i) his wife (Ilona) summoned an assembly to AradColoman supporters were killed (68)ii) usurper to the throne: Boris

(1)he was defeatediii) retook Dalmatia and conquered Dalmatia

l) Gza II (1141- 1162)i) he also defeated Borisii) 6 campaigns to Galicia

m)Stephen III (1162-1172)i) usurpers: Lszl (1162-63), Stephen IV (1163)ii) problems with Byzantium

(1)Manuel (1143-1180): last heyday of the Byzantine Empire(a) interfered Hungarian affairs

iii) lost Szermsgn) Bla III (1172-1196)

i) captive in Byzantium, later heir to Manuel, but finally he didnt become emperorii) incomes: money exchange, salt, customs, regales

(1)hospess: role in developing economy(a)

people from abroadiii) foreign policy

(1)2 periods(a) 1173-1180

(i) loyal to Manuel, and to the Pope(ii)fought against the Turks to help Manuel

(b) 1180-1196(i) power of Byzantium declined(ii)Bla retook Dalmatia, Szermsg, Nndorfehrvr(iii)1187: 3rd Crusade

1. he didnt join, but took an oath to launch a crusade latera. it never happened

(c) conquered Galicia: appointed Andrew there, who lost itiv) increased the role of writingo) Imre I (1196-1204)

i) son of Bla, Andrew inherited the oath to organise a Crusadeii) hospesses

(1)German speaking territories (Saxons)(2)Italians

iii) Andrew fought against Imreiv) Imre had a son Lszl III (1204-1205)little kid only

(1)no rolep) Lszl III (1204-1205)

i) kid kingno role in politicsii) died in 1206he was ca. 6 years old

q) Andrew II (1205-1235)i) many campaigns with no significant result

(1)cost a lot moneyroyal lands were donated to barons(a) weakened the royal army(b) he had to rely on barons banderii

ii) 1211: tried to settle the Teutonic Order in Transylvania(1)led them out in 1225 because they wanted independence

iii) 1217: crusade(1)weakened the royal power further(2)no result(3)wanted to conquer the Latin Empire

iv) consequences: increased taxes, regales, profit of the chamber (debasing currency)v) new office: Lord Chief Treasurer (trnokmester)


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(1)Apodfia Dnes(a) dealt with economy

vi) 1222: Golden Bull(1)Barons

(a) prohibited granting counties, accumulation of offices, granting land toforeigners

(b) right of resistance(2)Servients

(a) exemption from taxation(b) cant be arrested without judgement(c) no one can stay on their land without permission(d) right of last will(e) only the king and the palatine can judge upon them(f) they have to participate only in war of protection

(i) if they go abroad to war, the king pays for it(3)Castle serfs

(a) cant be deprived of their freedom(4)

Others(a) debasing currency was prohibited(b) tithe can be paid both in nature and money

(5)didnt observe it(6)Renewed in 1231: church got jurisdictional right

(a) right of resistance to the Archbishop of Esztergom(7)1233: renewed again

r) Bla IV (1235-1270)i) wanted to restore royal poweras it was in the time of Bla III

(1)stopped granting lands(2)retook lands(3)opposition

ii) settled Cumans(1)deepened the tensions between barons and the kingiii) Mongol Invasion 1241-42

(1)battle ofMuhi(a) lost(b) many leaders of the country were killed, but the king survived

(i) escaped to West (Austria)1. he was humiliatedhe moved to Trau, Dalmatia

(c) rock fortresses resisted(2)robbed, collected taxes(3)1242- Mongols left(4)results: loss of human lives

(a) immigration(i) Cumans came back(ii)Poles, Czechs, Romanians

iv) after the Invasion(1)new policies(2)donation of lands, but barons had to built fortresses and maintain soldiers(3)town development(4)peace with Galicia and Poland(5)continuous lands (Csk, Kszegi, Kn families)(6)familitarity: Hungarian form of feudalism, looser form in the sense, there are the lord

and the familiar. Familiar doesnt get land from the lord. If he gets land, it is from theking.

(a) not hereditoryv) struggles with his son Stephen V


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(1)1265: battle of IsaszegBla lostvi) laws of 1267: servients became nobles

(1)nobles could complain to the kingvii)new system: noble counties

(1)sheriffs: elected by nobles(2)basic unit of Hungarian administration

s) Istvn V (1270-1272)i) marriage contract with the Anjou family in 1272

(1)after the rpd dynasty died out, they had right to the thronet) Lszl IV, the Cuman (1272-1290)

i) internal fights(1)Kszegi-Gutkeled vs Csk(2)church had an attempt to make stability but failed

ii) 1277: assembly of Rkos(1)king became adult

iii) 1278: battle of Drnkrut(1)victory over Ottokar Pemysl

iv)

Cumans rebelled(1)battle of Lake Hd in 1282u) Andrew III (1290-1301)

i) weak- barons controlled himii) disputed descentiii) anarchy continuediv) 1298: codebook gave more right to noblesv) with his death, the rpd dynasty died out

4) Characteristics of Hungarian Jews between 1867-1945a) from the 18th century many Jews moved to Hungary from Galicia and Moravia

i) they couldnt have lands, couldnt move to cities, and there were otherrestrictions as wellii) Joseph IIs Religious decree gave them a bit more freedomiii) in the Reform age, they wanted to create single political nations

(1)assimilationiv) 28th July 1849: Jewish emancipation law was accepted

b) 1867: Austrian-Hungarian compromisei) Jews became equalii) 1895: Jewish religion became equaliii) Jews supported trade and economy and they assimilated quickly

(1)due to their good situation more Jews moved to Hungary from Galicia(a) became writers, doctors, lawyers

c) from 1920: Horthy became the regentHorthy-erai) anti-communists, anti-liberalism, conservatism, revisionismii) anti-Semitic feelings: Jews were associated with communists and liberalsiii) 1920: Numerus Clausus

(1)limited the percent of nationalities and Jews at school(a) they were arranged according to the percentage in the total population

iv) improving relations with Germany(1)Germany helped Hungarian revision

(a) in return the First Anti-Semitic Law was issued in 1938(i) based on religion and the ones who were baptised after 1919(ii)limited the number of Jews in the press, healthcare, engineering industry

(20%)(b) Second Anti-Semitic Law in 1939


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(i) racial differentiation1. if 1 parent or 2 grandparents were Jewish2. excluded from state administration and public offices3. on other fields their number was decreased to 6% from 20%4. limitation of suffrage

(c) Third Anti-Semitic Law in 1941(i) banned marriage and any relationship between a Jew and a non-Jew

d) Holocausti) not only the deportation and extermination of the Jewish race (Endlsung), but the

humiliation of Jews beforehand

(1)in Hungary it started with Numerus Clausus(a) verbal pogrom: speeches to anger people against Jews(b) physical attacks: ghettos, confiscations

(i) thats why the Hungarian government, police and people supporteddeportations of Jews

ii) 19 March 1944: Operation Margareta(1)Germany occupied Hungary

(a) extermination of Jews(i) from East to West

1. in Budapest, it was suspended on the 6th of Julya. economic leaders were Jewsb. he was threatened to be sentenced as war criminalc. protest of the pope and Swedish Kingd. Soviet attack

(b) deportation by trains to Auschwitz - Birkenau(i)

organised by Vitz Endre Lszl, Vitz Baki Lszl(2)16 October 1944: Horthy resigned

(a) Szlasi Ferencs reign(i) Arrow-cross Party

1. ghettos in Budapest2. transported Jews by foot to Germany3. mass executions at the Danube4. some people tried to save Jews: Raoul Wallenberg, Carl Lutz, Angelo

Rotta

(b) he was made to resing in March 1945(i) executed(ii)end of Holocaust

(c) Casualties: 550-560 000 Jews were killedModern democracies

1) Roots of modern democracies in the 18th centurya) enlightenment

i) tolerance, development, freedom, logic, ratio, encyclopaediasii) Montesquieu

(1)division of power: executive, legislative, judicial (The spirit of Laws)(2)

to avoid tyranny(3)elections with census (education or money)


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(4)geographic determinism: society depends on geography(a) large countries: absolutism(b) small and middle sized countries: dont need absolutism

iii) Rousseau:(1)peoples sovereignty

(a) no elected representatives but everybody represents himself(b) no division of powers(c) wanted to abolish social and wealth differences

iv) deism: God created the Earth but does not intervene(1)against church because it mislead people

v) fisiocratism by Quensay and Turgot(1)free competition (laissez faire)(2)economy works if nothing controls it

vi) Adam Smith: importance of trading and industry(1)self interest at work

b) French revolutioni) 5th May 1789: Estates general was summoned

(1)clergy (1st estate), nobility (2nd estate), rest (3rd estate)(a) (1 vote/estate

(2)the 3rd estate wanted National Assembly(a) 1 vote/person(b) Sieys, Lafayette, Mirebau supported it

ii) 20th June 1789: Estate General was closed(1)Tennis Court Oath

(a) they are not dissolved until they get constitution(i)

formed National Assembly of Constitution (1789-91)

iii) due to the capture of the Bastilles (14th July) and the Great Fear on the 4 th of Augustfeudalism was abolished and the Declaration of the Rights of Man was made (26

th

August)

(1)people became equal(2)freedom of speech, press, religion(3)equal right to have public office(4)liberty can be lost only after a trial

(a) not for womeniv) Olympe de Gouges- wrote the Declaration of Rights for Women

(1)National Assembly didnt accept itv) 1791: Constitution

(1)limited royal power(a) no veto, no proclamation of laws

(2)division of powersvi) Constitutional Monarchy (1791-92)vii)National Convention (1792-95)

(1)terror2) The Compromise and its alternatives

a) before: reprisal, Bach-era, Schmerling Provisoriumi) lost Italian provincesii) 1860: October Diploma

(1)reinstated the diet


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(2)system similar before 1848(a) no right to vote about tax, recruitment

iii) 1861: February Patent(1)wanted centralised but constitutional state

(a) not acceptedb) acceptable for both Hungarians and Austrians

i) Austria wanted unityii) Hungary wanted independenceiii) both were frightened by Russian and German strenghtening

c) necessary for stabilityi) made by conservatives

d) 1865: Easter articleof Deki) Hungary is willing to resign some 48 privileges if she gets constitution

e) Schmerling was firedend ofSchmerling Provisoriumf) Franz Joseph summoned the diet

i) Dek Party(Dek)ii) Old Conservatives (Apponyi Gyrgy)iii) Left Centre(Tisza Klmn)iv) 48 Party(Madarsz Jzsef)

g) 1866: Austria lost at Knigratzi) Hungarians didnt revolt

(1)April Laws were reinstated(2)count Andrssy Gyula was appointed as Prime Minister (February 1867)(3)Franz Joseph was crowned on the 8th of June in 1867

ii) Dualism: dual centred constitutional monarchy(1)

common ruler and 3 common ministries(a) military, foreign ministries and the finances in connection with them

(2)government responsible to the diet(3)also an economic compromise, revised in 10 years (at start 70-30% ratio for Austria)(4)common currency(5)common army(6)unified measures

iii) 1868: Croatian-Hungarian compromise(1)Croatian demands

(a) personal union with Hungary(b) Murakz, Fiume(c) independence

(i) rejected by Hungarians(2)instead

(a) Croatians became a political nation(b) leader: ban, appointed by the king(c) independent education, jurisdiction, administration(d) official language: Croatian(e) sabortheir assembly

(i) sent 42 representatives to the Hungarian diet(3)no full satisfaction in Croatia

h) Alternatives:i) by Kossuth


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(1)1851 Constitution of Kytahia(a) alliance of local governments(b) support to nationalities

(2)1862: Danube Confederation(a) unification of Hungarians, Slavs, Romanians

(i) confederationii) Balcescu: Romanian unity

(1)rejectediii) Czech-Austrian-Hungarian trialism

(1)rejected the compromise between Hungarians and Austrians(a) wanted trialism(b) inventer: Palacky

(2)Franz Joseph supported the idea, but Austrian and Hungarian bourgeoise didntsupport the idea

iv) Polish-Austrian-Hungarian trialism(1)failed because Russia opposed it

v) Croatian-Austrian-Hungarian trialism(1)centres: Zagreb, Budapest, Vienna(2)Illirism: Croatians wanted to unite Southern Slav peoples

(a) rejected3) Main institutions of the EU, and its decision making mechanisms

a) European parliamenti) members elected in every 5th year

(1)first elected in 1979ii) President: Jerzy Buzekiii)

parties:(1)European Peoples Party (EPP)(2)Socialists & Democrats (S&D)(3)Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE)(4)The GreensEurope Free Alliance (G-EFA)(5)European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR)(6)European United Left- Nordic Green Left (EUL-NGL)(7)Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD)(8)Non-inscrits

b) European Commissioni) executive of the European Unionii) one commissioner per state

(1)one of them is the President(a) initiator of policy, commands large bureaucracy

c) Council of Ministersi) decision making institution of the EUii) one minister per stateiii) topic is important

(1)if agriculture is discussed: agriculture ministers meetiv) president is rotated in every 6th month

d) European Court of Justicei) member states decided upon the judges togetherii) ensures equal application of EU laws on the member states


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e) European Central Banki) responsible for the monetary policy covering the countries within the Eurozoneii) headquarter: Frankfurt

4) Recent Hungarian democracya) state: system of institutions that exercise public powerb) Constitutional Principles of 1989

i) Separation of bodies:(1)legislative body: Parliament, President of the Republic(2)executive body: Government(3)judiciary body: Constitutional Court, Courts

ii) Sovereigntyof people = peoples will:(1)stated in the Constitution(2)direct exercise of power(3) indirect exercise of power

iii) Rule of fixed, promulgated laws:(1)in accordance with International Law(2)legal security(3)Constitution (by Constituent AssemblyParliament)(4)Laws (by Parliament)(5)Decrees (by Government)

(a) Local decrees = Resolutions (by self-governments /public services, localeducation, cultural and medical institutions hold/local municipalities

iv) Equality before law(1)no discrimination(2)equal representation

c)

Constitution of the Hungarian Republici) state form: republic (3rd republic)ii) all power descend from the people

(1)sovereignty of people exercised directly or indirectlyiii) basic human rights are listediv) protection of citizensv) control over economy

(1)declaration of market economy(2)equal protection of private and public property(3)right to enterprise(4)free economic competition

vi) didnt alter the communist constitution, but it was modified by amendmentsd) Civil Duties

i) paying the taxesii) defence of homelandiii) compulsory education (until the age 18)iv) respecting and keeping the laws

e) Institutionsi) legislative body: Parliament: making laws, accepting international agreements,

supervising the government (accepting the government programs, decision about the

distrust towards the government), elect the President of the Republic for 5 years (limited

presidential republic), President: call elections and plebiscite, declaring laws, veto against

laws, posting (officially appointing) PM and judges, decisions about military actions;


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declaring war and peace and emergence, 386 MPs (representatives): immunity,

irresponsibility, initiating laws, making proposals to Parliament, participating in making

resolutions, local self-governments are also legislative bodies

ii) executive body: Government: main body of the administration / executive branch, PrimeMinister and Ministers elected by them, governmental functions (determining state tasks

and supervising their execution,, supervising the administration (administrative bodies andself-governments), responsible for the Parliament, Government can be dismissed only

constructive no-confidence provision (voted by more than half of the MPs)

iii)judicial: Constitutional Court: 11 members elected for 9 years to supervise theconstitutionality of laws

(1)Supreme Court(Legfelsbb Brsg)(2)High Courts of Justice(tltblk)(3)Court of Budapest and Courts of counties(Fvrosi Brsg s megyei brsgok)(4)local courts and Courts of Labour(helyi s munkagyi brsgok)(5)High Court of Appeal(Fellebbviteli Brsg)(6)Ombudsmen (parliamentary commissioners = orszggylsi biztosok): official

persons subordinated to the Parliament; elected by the 2/3 majority of the Parliament

for 6 years; have immunity; initiate measures in the cases of violating constitutional

rights (everyone can appeal to the Ombudsman in these cases), Ombudsman for

human rights; Ombudsman for data protection; Ombudsman for the rights of national

and ethnical minorities

The Hungarian electoral system

- Suffrage:

- universal: every adult citizen (over 18 years) can vote

- equal: every elector has 1 vote and every vote is equivalent

- no suffrage: legal incapability, prohibited from voting by legal judgement, condemned toprison, being in mental hospital

- active suffrage: who can elect

- passive suffrage: who can be elected (same conditions as for active suffrage + permanent

residence in Hungary)

- self-governmental elections: suffrage for non-citizen immigrants living in Hungary, too

- Ballot:

- direct: electors are voting directly for the representative peoples sovereignty- secret: locked ballot-box, polling-booth (szavazflke)

universal, equal, direct, secret voting

- Procedure of elections:

- registration of electors (people with valid suffrage)

- notice for people about the registration

Mixed electoral system:

- pre-election note of support collected by political parties min 750 signatures individualcandidate in that constituency

176 mandates from individual constituencies: 1st round: if absolute majority (50% of votes+ 1) if not 2

ndround: if relative majority (got the most votes among the candidates)

- a party having candidate in of the individual constituencies territorial list of the party(in individual constituencies /can get 176 of the 386 mandates/ independent candidates can

participate but only parties can stand list)


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- people have 2 votes: for one of their constituencys independent candidates and for aterritorial list

- 7 territorial list of a party national (country-) list of the party 152 mandates from parties lists (parties having min 5% of votes) in proportion with thegained votes

+ 58 mandates from fragmented votes: votes cast for candidates not getting into Parliament for parties getting into Parliament

Plebiscite:

if 200 thousands people initiated it national plebiscite must be held (ordered by theParliament) decisive for the Parliamentif 1/3 of the MPs, the government or 100 thousands people initiated it facultative plebiscite not necessarily decisivesuccessful plebiscite: if more than 50% of those who votes o r of people with suffrage gavethe same answer

local plebiscites can be facultative or compulsory (can be decisive or only opinion-expressing)

Nov. 1898, 4-yes plebiscite successful1990, plebiscite about the method of the election of President invalid (only14% of peoplevoted)

Nov. 1997, plebiscite about the NATO-membership successfulPopular initiation:

- to make the Parliament discussing some matters, questions

- min 50 thousands people signing a popular initiation Parliament must discuss the raisedquestion

Self-governments- compulsory tasks:

- to provide drinkable water

- to provide kindergarten and elementary school education

- basic health care and basic social provision

- public lighting

- to run the local public roads and public cemetery

- to guarantee the rights of national and ethnical minorities

- optional tasks:

- settlement planning / improvement

- environmental protection

- local public transportation

- sewage system and canalisation

Institutions, working

- autonomy of decision making; financial autonomy; organisational autonomy; right of

petition

- body of self-governmental representatives: most important decisions resolutions(hatrozat), decrees (rendelet)- mayor (polgrmester); self-governmental committees (bizottsgok); notary (jegyz)- representatives of self-governments by electors

- territorial division: (village, city, municipality, capital city, districts; counties + minority self-governments)


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Social market-economy- seeks a middle path between socialism and capitalism (a mixed economy)

- high rate ofeconomic growth, low inflation, low levels ofunemployment

- good working conditions, public welfare and public services by using state intervention.

- development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability- highly competitive social market economy

- aiming at full employment and social progress

- high level of protection and improvement of the quality of environment

- promoting scientific and technological advance

Political institutions, ideas, ideologies

1) Ancient state structures (Athens, Sparta, Romeprincipate)a) Athens

i) only Athenian citizens had political rights(1)

both of their parents were born in Athens

(2)aristocracy(3)merchants, craftsmen, peasantshad right to vote from the 5th century(4)other groups:

(a) slaves: owned by master, could be freed(b) metics (aliens): no political rights, no land, lived in the neighbourhood of Athens

ii) Kingdomaristocratic republicAthenian democracyiii) System ofAthenian democracy

(1)Power ofAssembly: passed laws, elected officials, debated issues(2)Power of the Council of 500 (boule): chosen by drawing lots, carried out the decisions

of Assembly, proposed laws, members paid for the office

(3)Power ofJury: judicial power(4)Power of the 9 Archons: from the Assembly the members are elected(5)Power ofAreopagos: assembly of former archons, its power had been reduced(6)Power ofStrategos: 10/year, elected, best known: Pericles

b) Sparta(1)citizens: descended from the Dorian invaders(2)perioeci (neighbour): free, no citizenship(3)helots: bottom of the society

ii) 2 ceremonial kings - military leader, religious leaderiii) ephors (overseers) (5): elected by the assembly, controlled the government for 1 year,

huge power (f. ex: prohibition of use of silver and gold)

iv) Assembly: elected by citizens, they have to be 30 years old at leastv) Council of Elders (Gerusia) (28): proposed laws

c) Roman Principatei) stated by Octavianus in 27BCii) hidden sole power

(1)power based on the army(2)had many republican officesruled by them

(a) consul: head of the executive power(b) popular tribune: he became invincible, had veto right(c) censor: he appointed his supporters senators(d) pontifex maximus: religious leader
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_interventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism


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(e) supported the traditions of the old Republic(f) new office: praetorian guard (body guard)

(i) to avoid the uprisings of military leadersiii) he became Augustus (son of God) and princeps (first citizen)

2) Establishments of Feudal states and their characteristics in Medieval Europea) estate: a group of feudal society formed by individuals of the same privileges, same economic

position and interests who stand up collectively for their interests

(1)they cooperated in local governments and in the estates assemblyii) France: clergy, nobility, 3rd estateiii) England: lords (high nobility and high priests), nobles, citizensiv) 13th century in West, 15th century in East

b) establishment of feudal monarchies where the power of the king decreased because heshared power with the feudal assembly. This is called feudal dualism.

i) establishment of feudal states(1)changes: agricultural revolution (breast harness, open field system, iron-shared

heavy plough, harrow) in the 11th

-12th

century(2)increasing population

(a) surplustrade emerged(b) use ofcurrency

(3)towns evolved(4)peasants could pay taxes in cash, right to move, hereditary lands, they belong to the

landlord

(5)cities gained more independencethey paid tax to the kingc) feudal system became the state administration

i) royal power was as great as the sum of the power of the vassals(1)

problems: rulers couldnt rely on only their vassals(2)feudal connections were international(a) for example the English king had lands in France

(3)due to the more incomes kings could develop their own administration(a) role of writing increased(b) mercenaries

(i) gradually substitutes banderia(4)local oligarchs opposed the increasing royal power

(a) alliances(5)THESE CAUSED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FEUDAL STATE

d) Feudal statei) division of power between the king and the assembly

(1)the balance was always changing(2)king is the head of the system(3)the ratio of power holders increased to 5-7%

ii) king could make alliances with estates to reduce the power of another estatee) France: one estate had one voteFrench Estates General

1st

estate 2nd

estate 3rd

estate

representatives of the clergy representatives of nobility representatives of common


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people

i) Carolingians died out(1)Capetians followed them between 987 and 1328(2)France was disintegrated

(a) Capetians gradually reunited her(3)Philip Augustus II (1180-1223)

(a) took away the lands of the English king on France (1202: John, the Lackland)(b) defeated Albigenses in Southern France(c) base of power: lower layers, church(d) bourgeoise governed

(4)Louis IX (1226-1270)(a) minted money

(i) didnt allow local minting(b) royal courts(c) mercenaries

(5)Philip IV (the Fair) (1285-1314)(a) turned against the church(b) 1302: summoned the estates general

(i) supported the king1. gained Lille in the Flanders2. pope was defeated

a. Avignon Captivity (1309-1377)3. Knights Templar was suppressed

f) Englandi) 1066: William, the Conqueror defeated the Anglo-Saxons at Hastings(1)establishment of a feudal state

(2)suppressed the Anglo-Saxons(3)oath to the king

ii) Henry I (1100-1135) established the Exchequer(1)financial department(2)jurisdictiontravelling judges

iii) Henry II (1154-1189)(1)establishment of a strong army(2)expanded jurisdictionover churchConstitution of Clarendon in 1164

(a) he could judge upon secular dignities(b) Thomas Beckett (Archbishop of Canterbury) turned against him

(i) he was killediv) 13th century: knights and city dwellers became more influentialrole in politicsv) 1215: Magna Charta Libertatum

(1)Lords forced the king to issue it(2)right of resistance to the Lords(3)the king couldnt raise the taxes only with the consent of the council(4)knights couldnt be arrested without trial

vi) 1264: Simon de Monfords uprisingbecause the magna Charta wasnt obeyed (1)he summoned an assembly in 1265

(a) lords, nobility, bourgeoise(b) 1295: Edward I summoned the ParliamentModel parliament


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KING

English parliament

Upper house (from Tudor Era) by

birth

Lower House (from Tudor era) by

election

Upper Clergy (king

appointed)

Lords (king

appointed)

Representatives of

the county (2-2)

Representatives of

towns (2-2)

g) Hungaryi) feudal state evolved laterii) second part of the 13th centurylocal landlords became very powerfuliii) attempts to balance their power

(1)1277: assembly of Rkos(a) made Lszl IV restore order(2)1298: Andrew III summoned an assembly(a) nobles gained more power

iv) 14-15th century(1)use of currency, trade(2)noble counties became more important than royal counties(3)development oftowns started(4)1351: Louis Lawsequality within an estate

v) Sigismund of Luxemburg(1)Western ruler

(a) supported the establishment of feudal estates(b) supported cities to take part in politics

(i) 1405:assembly where the representatives of the towns were invited as wellvi) 1439: first feudal assembly with 4 estates

(1)Against Albert of Habsburg who didnt keep his promisesvii)1439-1458: baron leagues were strugglingviii) Matthias Corvinus

(1)at first he had to be accepted by the assembly but later he started centralising(2)from 1482: he turns back to the assembly in order to accept John Corvin as heir

ix) Jagell-age(1)feudal anarchy(2)power in the hands of barons(3)Tripartitum by Werbczy in 1514

(a) common law(4)from 1526: feudal dualism within the Habsburg Empire

x) Hungarian diet(1)bicameral

(a) upper house: upper nobility, barons, upper clergy, main dignities(i) by invitation

(b) lower house: lower clergy, country representatives, representatives of royal freetowns

(i) representation3) Humanism and renaissance


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a) rich people supported artistsMaecenasi) showed their power

b) Humanism (14th-15th centuries)i) people have to enjoy their life

(1)they couldnt before, because it was said that they have hard lives to have a joyful lifeafter their death

ii) human centrediii) turn to ancient Rome and Hellasiv) in Hungary during the reign of Matthias Corvinusv) Dante: Divine Comedy, Boccaccio: Decameron

c) Renaissancei) revision of Antic culture

(1)affected all fields of life(2)use of coloumns again(3)do not reject God

ii) oil paintings, anatomy, realisticiii) palacesiv) polyhistors - experts of many fields of arts and sciencesv) Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, Michelangelo: Statue of David, Bramante: St. Peters

Basilica

4) Enlightened absolutism and its Hungarian representativesa) monarchs made reforms to boost economy in West

i) f. ex: Louis XIV appointed Turgot(1)taxed nobility, loosened the restrictions of trade

(a) due to the pressure of nobility he failedii)

in East monarch needed reforms to keep their countries importance(1)economic reforms

(a) no internal tariff zones, supported industry and education, taxation of nobility(b) no political change(c) usually monarch had no support from the society

(i) they were inspired by enlightened scholars(ii)ruler is the servant of the country, reduction of church influence(iii)absolutistic rule

(2)present in: Portugal, some parts of Italia, Denmark, Russia, Prussia, Habsburg Empireb) Hungarian representatives:

i) Maria Theresa (1740-1780)(1)became empress due to the Pragmatic Sanction

(a) Austrian War of Succession (1740-48) - Prussia, France, Bavaria vs Austria(i) lost Silesiaraw materials

(b) Seven Years War (1756-63)(i) tried to gain back Silesia - no success(ii)Hungary supportednoble insurrection

(2)measures favouring Hungary: awards to Hungarian nobles (St. Stephen Order), theHoly Right hand was brought back to Hungary, Military Academy

(3)Decrees: permanent army very expensive, wanted cheaper state, in Bohemia andAustria nobility was taxed,

(4)1751: the Hungarian diet refused the taxation of nobility(5)1754: System of Dual Tariffs


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(a) custom decree(b) developed agriculture

(6)1767: Urbura: decree which maximised the services of serfs(a) 1 day plough corve(b) 2 days manual corve

(7)1777: Ratio Educationis: educational decree(a) state control over education to educate loyal citizens(b) modernisation(c) syllabus

ii) Joseph II (1780-90)(1)had many reform requests before his succession

(a) travelled a lot in the Empire(b) wasnt crowned as King of Hungarydidnt respect the rights of the estates(c) wanted an unified empire with high living standards(d) 6000 decrees in 10 years

(i) impossible to follow them(2)1781: Religious Decree: more religious freedom

(a) except Jews(b) abandoned Carolina Resolutio(c) everyone could take state office

(3)1782: abolished monastic orders, except the ones which dealt with education orhealth care

(a) abolished orders: Pauline Order, Carthusians, Camaldusians(b) remaining orders: Cistercians Benedictines, Franciscans(c) from the extra money he increased the wages of perish priests

(4)1784: Language Decree: German became the official language of the Empire(a) scandal in Hungary

(i) national identitynationalism(5)Peasant uprising in Transylvania in 1784 by Horea and Closca Serf decree in 1785

(a) serfs could move and study an occupation(6)abolished noble counties10 administrative districts (1785)

(a) leaders became royal intendant)(7)census and registration of lands (1784, 1786)

(a) prepared to tax nobles(i) scandal

(8)Council of Governor General moved to Buda in 17845) Theories of the 19th century

a) Liberalismi) source: enlightenmentii) civil liberties are the most important rightsiii) free competition on the marketiv) their ideal form of state is democracy with public representationv) they dont want the state to interfere to the life of citizensvi) tolerancevii)by the second half of the 19th century they could reach their goalsviii) John Stuart Millix) base: upper bourgeoise, merchants

b) Nationalism


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i) ideology about the national feelingnation is the link between peopleii) protects their language, culture, history, literature, music and traditions

(1)symbols: flag, coat of armsiii) in the 19th century their goal was to form nation-statesiv) first emerged in the French Revolutionv) revolutions due to nationalism: Spain (1820), Portugal (1821), Italy (1821), Greece

(1821-29), France (1830), Poland (1831), revolutions of 1848

vi) branches(1)Panslavism (unification of Slavs), Pangermanism (unification of Germans),

Irredentism (unification of all territories where a given people lives)

vii)colonisationviii) in multinational empires (Austro-Hungarian Monarchy) nationalism caused tensions

c) Conservativismi) origins: latin conservareii) first used by Chateubriand in 1819iii) emerged after the French Revolution

(1)didnt accept the loosening morale, anti-religious progresses, terror, quick changesiv) goals: keeping the order and old values (family, religion) and institutionsv) wants to maintain hierarchy in the society

(1)people are not equal because we can distinguish them by their physical and mentalcapabilities

vi) not very tolerant(1)conserve social hierarchy

vii)Holy Alliance (1815): Alexander I (Russia), Frederick William III (Prussia), Francis I(Austria)

viii)

branches(1)Anglo-Saxon: reforms(2)Continental: against revolution, and changes

ix) in Britain: Tory party(1)traditions, hierarchy, protection of local products

x) Edmund Burke, Clemens Metternichd) Socialism

i) these movement wanted to soothe the negative effects of the industrial revolution(1)bad living conditions, wages, working hours

ii) Utopian Socialist(1)wanted to better the living conditions of the people

(a) restriction of competition, private property(b) increased the role of state

(2)Saint Simonclosed communities(a) no selfishness

(i) went bankrupt(3)Robert Owen

(a) factory in Scotland(i)profit wasnt important (ii)failed

iii) Marxism(1)greatest influence among the socialist movement

(a) Carl Marx and Friedrich Engels


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(2)1848. Communist Manifesto(a) described history as the series of class struggles

(i) source of tensions: private property1. private property made the society divide to classes2. exploited-exploiter

(ii)Ancient Community Slavery Feudalism Capitalism Socialism Proletariat DictatorshipCommunism (no need for state)

(3)by the end of the century in West(a) workers movements, Workers Parties, trade unions(b) living conditions improved, higher wages

(i) revision of socialism: no revolution but democratic socialism(4)Internationals: international cooperation of Socialist parties

(a) 1st International in 1864 in London(b) 2nd International in 1889 in Paris

(i) 1904: congress of Amsterdam: dispute over radical Marxism and revision1. centrists: between the 2 groups2. radicals won

(5)in Russia(a) tsardom : bad living conditions(b) Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

e) Anarchismi) wanted to get rid of the stateii) terror, conspiraciesiii) in France, Russia, Spainiv) leaders: Bakutin, Propotkin

f)

Christian Socialismi) Papal power diminishedii) Leo XIII

(1)merged science with the church(a) Rerum Novarum 1891

(i) start of Christian Socialism(ii)emphasised the charity task of the church

(2)France, Austriag) Emancipation

i) after the Industrial Revolutionii) less children died

(1)more free time for women(a) started to work in textile factory or as secretaries

iii) mass education (for women also)iv) urbanisation resulted the diminishing importance of old valuesv) Suffragettes: wanted equal rights

(1)1893: New Zealand gave equal rights first(2)in Europe they succeeded after WWI(3)Emily Davison, Mrs. Pankhurst

h) Ideologiesi) Darwinism

(1)natural selectiononly the stronger can survive(2)life is struggle for existence


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(3)natural laws can be applied for societysocial Darwinismii) Positivism

(1)August Conte(a) the consequence of developing science and technology is improving living

conditions

iii) Irrationalism(1)Schopenhauer

(a) people are controlled by irrational forces(b) boredom, needs and pain are the elements of life(c) solution: suicide but females prevent it

iv) Nietzsche(1)old values cant be applied anymore

(a) God died(b) morality of crowd(c) bermensch theory

(i) only the superior an can get out of the morality of Crowdv) Freud

(1)psychoanalysis realised that many people suffer from mental problems (childhoodproblems, sexual desires)

(a) therapy-talking(b) bringing old memories to surfacesubconscious(c) Oedipus complex: fear of fatherrelations with mother

6) Views of Szchenyi and Kossuth, their programs for civil changesa) between 1812-1825: no dietb) 1830-1848: Age of reforms

i)

how to reform the country?ii) issues: taxation, tolls, society, Hungarian language

c) Szchenyi Istvni) father Szchnyi Ferenc (Hungarian National Museum), mother: Festetich Jlianna (her

brother Ferenc established Georgiconeconomic school)ii) Western-Hungarian baron familyiii) military careeriv) travelled a lot in Western Europe with Wesselnyi

(1)England had the greatest impact on him(a) urged civil changes

v) 1827: Casino - Pestvi) 183 0: Hitel

(1)noble privileges are outdated(a) aviticity

(2)corve is not efficient(3)slow development without confrontation with Austria

(a) aristocrats should lead the countryvii)1831: Vilg

(1)economic arguments(2)voluntary free redemption of serfdom

viii) 1833: Stdium(1)people without title could buy land

ix) steam boats


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x) river regulationsxi) transportationxii)Lnchd 1839-49xiii) Ein Blick 1859

(1)criticised the systemd) Kossuth Lajos

i) mid-nobleii) Diet Reportsiii) Pesti Hrlap

(1)wrote down his opinion(2)he was sacked because he was too radical

iv) wanted to abolish feudalism(1)unification of interests

v) Vdegylet 1844vi) supported maritime trade and civil Hungaryvii)April Lawsviii) Leader of National Commitee of Defense (OHB)ix) from 1849: emigrationx) 1867: Cassandra letter

(1)disagreed with Dekxi) lost his citizenship due to Naturalisation Law (Honostsi trvny)Szchenyi Istvn Kossuth Lajos

calm, deliberate character emotional

books form of arguing articles

diet level of politics public

liberal aristocrats base liberal nobility, intellectuals

cooperation, soft autonomy relations with Austriagreater autonomy, opposing

with Austria

slowly, discussing it with the

Royal Courtspeed of reforms quick

voluntary redemption of

serfdomserfs

compulsory redemption of

serfdom with state

compensation

tolerant nationalitiesone political nation,

assimilation of nationalities

7) Nazi and Bolshevik ideologiesa) Nazism = national socialist movement

i) Nazi ideology: Mein Campfii) against social crisis, radical party


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iii) Hitlers 25 point program: nation-state, improving living conditions, end of classstruggles, anti-capitalistic, anti-communism, self-determination

(1)later it was modifiedgave up anti-capitalismiv) great role ofpropagandav) racial theories, being part of a society, no individuals, anti-Semitism

(1)Nurnberg Laws 1935(a) Jews were proclaimed inferior(b) lost their citizenship(c) prohibited interracial marriages

(2)Final Solution(Endlsung) extermination of Jewsvi) burnt books which was foreign from Nazi ideologyvii)propagandaGoebbelsviii) LebensbrannGermans need larger living spaceix) gigantic constructionsAlbert Speer

(1)mainly in Berlinb) Bolshevism

i) base: Marxism(1)1848: Communist Manifesto(2)revolutiondictatorship of proletariatend of state

ii) bad condition of workersiii) Socialist wanted world revolution which starts in a developed country

(1)class struggles(2)end ofprivate property, end of the state itself(3)want a humane society

iv) criticised because contradictory elements(1)

many assumptions

v) communist parties evolved from the radical part of Social Democratic partiesvi) evolved in Russia/USSR

(1)Lenin(a) didnt follow Marxism word by word(b) representative of the working class(c) wanted state without conflict(d) promoted world revolution(e) permanent revolution

(2)Stalin(a) industrialisation(b) planned economy5 Year Plans(c) collectivisation (Colhoz, Sovhoz)(d) personal cult

International conflicts and co-operations

1) Foreign policies of Sigismund of Luxemburga) the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (1433-37), Bohemia (1419-37) and Hungary (1387-

1437)

b) fights against the Ottoman Empirei) at first he was successful

(1)plundering, he thought it would scare them(2)occupied Wallachia


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(a) Voivode Mircea was appointedii) 1396: battle ofNicopolis

(1)international army against the Turks(a) Ottomans won(b) Sigismund almost died(c) end of chivalric military

iii) set up border castles and buffer states (Wallachia, Serbia, Bosnia)c) Hussite War

i) 1419: Wenceslaus IV died (ruled between 1378-1419)ii) Sigismund wanted to invade Bohemia

(1)German supporters(2)Czech were divided

(a) nobles (calixtines) could accept him with conditions(b) the rest (taborites) couldnt

(3)1420: Jan ika defeated himiii) 4 points of Prague

(1)communion in both side(2)free preaching of Hussite priests(3)poverty of church(4)if a member of the church had a major sin, he could be arrested

iv) 1433: church and calixtines made an agreement(1)Provision of Prague

v) 1434: Battle of Lipony(1)taborites lost(2)Sigismund was accepted

(a)

after his death nobility strengthenedd) Schism

i) 1378: end ofAvignon captivity(1)a counter-pope was elected in Avignon

ii) council ofPisa: a 3rd pope was electediii) synod of Konstanz (1414-1418)

(1)elected Martin V(a) end of schism

(2)synod above the pope2) Fights against the ottomans in the 14th-15th centuries

a) Louis, the Greati) first Hungarian king who fought against them

(1)defeated them(2)set up the system of Banates (Szrny, Bosnia)

b) Sigismund of Luxemburgi) at first he was successful

(1)plundering, he thought it would scare them(2)occupied Wallachia

(a) Voivode Mircea was appointedii) 1396: battle ofNicopolis

(1)international army against the Turks(a) Ottomans won(b) Sigismund almost died


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(c) end of chivalric militaryiii) 1428: battle of Galambc

(1)Turkish victory(2)narrow escape for Sigismund

iv) set up border castles and buffer states (Wallachia, Serbia, Bosnia)c) Wladislas of Jagello

i) 1442: battle of Gyulafehrvr(1)victory, Hunyadi Lszl emerged

ii) 1443: Long Campaign(1)wanted to reach Edirne(2)could reach Sofia only(3)Ottomans were beaten several times(4)1444: peace of Edirne

(a) Serbia was taken backiii) 10thNovember 1444: battle of Vrna

(1)Wladislas died, and lostd) Lszl V

i) 1446-52 Hunyadi Jnos regent instead of Lszl Vii) 1448: Battle of Rigmez (Cosovo)

(1)lost battleiii) 1456: Battle of Nndorfehrvr

(1)Dugovics Titus(2)almost lost battle, Turkish ruler: Mehmed II

e) Mathias Corvinusi) 1463: Serbian campaign - occupied Jajcaii)

1474: Turkish raid to Vrad(1)counter attack in 1476: Szabcs was taken

iii) 1479: battle of Kenyrmez(1)Istvn Bthori(2)victory

iv) 1483: armistice between Hungary and Ottoman Empire for 5 years(1)renewed later

3) End of Ottoman occupation in Hungarya) 1683: siege of Vienna by the Turks

i) unsuccessful due to the new defensive systemii) Kara Mustafa attacked with 120-150 000 troopsiii) relief troops by Jan Sobieski

b) establishment of the Holy Alliance in order to drive out Ottomans from Hungary in 1684c) 1683: battle ofPrkny

i) Habsburg victoryEsztergom was takenii) Innocent XI

(1)financial support(2)made Louis XIV have truce with Leopold I

iii) 1686: Buda was taken by Charles of Lorraine and Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria(1)defended by Ali Abdurahman(2)development at sieges: better canons, digging frontiers

iv) 1687: battle ofNagyharsny(1)2ndbattle of Mohcs Habsburg victory


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(i) he escaped and fled to Poland(ii)an embassy (led by Esze Tams) was sent to him

1. wanted another uprisinga. he accepted itb. on the banner Cum deo pro patria et libertate

(iii)Spanish war of succession drove away the Habsburgs attention1. Proclamation of Brezn in 1703

a. nobles and ignobles cooperatedb. Louis XIV sent money to support

(4)uprising started in Northern Hungary(a) Krolyi Sndor joined the uprising

(i) he used to fight with Austrians(b) Vetsi Ptens in 1703

(i) peasants should work together with nobles and offered tax immunity topeasants if they joined him

(c) autumn 1703: Eastern Hungary was taken(i) Kuruc army was mainly cavalry

(d) battle of Hchstadt was won by Habsburgs against the French(i) turn of the tide

1. Louis XIV gradually reduced the Hungarian support(ii)Hungarians fought for better terms(iii)Habsburgs could send more troops to Hungary

1. better technology2. Hungary had outdated military equipment

(e) in 1704 Rkoczi became the Prince of Transylvania(f)

in 1705 on the diet of Szcsny he became the ruling prince of Hungary(i) form of state: confederation

1. ruling prince2. senate (24 members)3. Chancellors Office

a. documentation4. Economic Council

a. support for army(g) 1705 Leopold I diedsuccessor: Joseph I

(i) bad commander(ii)Transylvania was taken and Kuruc could defend the country until 1708

(h) diet ofnod(i) equal share of taxation

(i) Habsburgs were deposed(i) invited a Prussian princeFrederick of Bandenburg

(j) autumn 1707Transylvania was lost(k) 1708: battle of Trencsny: Habsburg victory(l) 1710: battle of Romhny

(i) Transdanubian region was lost(m)Rkoczi negotiations with RussiaKrolyi Sndor became the supreme army

commander

(n) 1711: peace of Szatmr(i) amnesty


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(ii)loyalty to the emperor(iii)no independent Hungarian army(iv)no absolutism(v)diet(vi)freedom of religion(vii) accepted Tripartitum(viii) cancelled the Commission of New Acquisition

(o) Rkoczi went exileb) International events

i) 1703: France and Kuruc occupied Vienna(1)later this alliance faded

ii) Rkoczi wanted international attention(1)Latin Newspaper: Mercurius Verdicus(2)negotiations with Swedes, Danes, Russians, Prussians, Turks and the Pope

(a) no material assistance5) European revolutions of 1848 and the Hungarian freedom fight

a) Spring of Nationsi) through Europe

(1)due to nationalism and liberalism(2)reason: bad production of foods, industrial crisis

(a) bad living conditions(3)differences at who led the revolution and what the problems were in different nations

ii) Great Britain(1)workers demonstration

(a) petition of Chartistsdemonstration was dissolved(i)

Workers had representationno revolutioniii) France

(1)industrial revolutionliving conditions hadnt started to improve yet(2)free competitionbad for the poor ones(3)Louis Philippe, wealthy aristocrats mid and small bourgeoise

(a) mid and small bourgeoise wanted the extension of suffrage(i) it wasnt accepted and a revolution broke out

1. 22nd of February the government was defeated and Louis Philippefled to England

2. 24th February: Proclamation of the Republica. right to vote, right to workb. national workshopsprovided extra workplacesc. bourgeoise and workers took part in governing

3. Electionsa. peasant superiority in terms of demographics but royalists and

republicans were in the Assembly

b. no workers representationc. closed national workshops

i. uprising in June 1848(ii)Constitutiongreat power to the President

1. elected by citizensa. December 1848elected Louis Bonaparte

i. cousin of Napoleon


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ii. supported by rural voters and armyiv) Italy

(1)wanted constitution and Italian unity(a) leader of the unification became the Sardinian-Piedmont Kingdom

(2)to get rid of Habsburg rule(3)1820s: Mazzinis movementsradical(4)March 1848: uprising against the Habsburgs in Northern Italy

(a) General Radeczky defeated the Kingdom of Piedmont(i) Battle ofCustozza July 1848

(5)February 1849chased away the Pope(a) proclamation of the republic(b) Piedmont attacked again

(i) she was defeated again - battle of Navarra in March 1849(6)Revolution ofVenice

(a) put down by the Austrians(7)Revolution ofRome

(a) put down by Louis Bonapartev) German revolution

(1)liberal citizens started it(a) wanted constitution, rights to people in small and middle sized German

dukedoms

(b) scared of radical movements(i) citizens got seats in the assemblies

1. they were removed quickly(2)May 1848: Assembly of Constitution of Frankfurt

(a)

only German dukes had power(b) Habsburgs and Prussians didnt acknowledged it(c) dissolved in June 1849

(3)Prussians put down the revolution in Berlinvi) Revolutions in the Habsburg Empire

(1)13 March: revolution in Vienna by students, workers, citizens(a) deposed Chancellor Clemens Metternich(b) new Austrian government

(i) serf liberation on behalf of the emperor1. popularity for Ferdinand V2. radical movements students refused the constitution and demonstrated

again

a. the Royal Court escaped to Innsbruck3. Assembly of Constitution

a. representatives of the provinces of the Empire were summonedi. Hungary didnt attend

b. Federationi. Bohemians supported itii. more independence for the provinces

c. Confederationi. Austrians wanted itii. strong central government

(c) Hungarians, Italians, Bohemians wanted independence


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(i) Austrians cooperated (conservativesradicals)(ii)they could handle the crisis

1. victories in Italy2. put down the uprising in Prague and Vienna by Windischgrtz3. ordered Jelai attack Hungary

a. he was defeatedi. Royal Court escaped to Olmtzii. revolution in Vienna 6th of October put down on the 31st of

October

(iii)Ferdinand V was deposedNew Emperor became Franz Joseph I1. new constitutionConstitution of Olmtz until 1851

vii)Hungarian revolution and freedom fight(1)Diet of 1847-1848

(a) Kossuthrepresentative of Pest county(i) leading figure of the opposition(ii)criticised the administration(iii)made an agreement with conservatives

1. it was accepted by the lower housea. compulsory redemption of serfdomb. equal share of taxationc. establishment of a government which is responsible to the dietd. civil rightse. popular representationf. constitution for the Hereditary Provinces

(b) the news about the revolution of Paris arrived on the 3rd of March(i)

on the 4

th

of March the bill was accepted by the Lower House1. Upper House hadnt yet

(ii)13th of marchViennese revolution1. Upper House accepted Kossuths Billthey were scared

(iii)on the 15th of March he went to Vienna to the emperor to have the bill signed1. he refused to sign it2. Palatine Istvn mediated between the two sides

a. it was accepted17th of MarchBatthny Lajos was appointed asPrime Ministerfirst responsible governmenti. Prime MinisterBatthny Lajosii. Minister of FinanceKossuth Lajosiii. Minister of Traffic and Public WorkSzchenyi Istvniv. Minister of JusticeDek Ferencv. Minister of Home Affairs- Szemere Bertalanvi. Minister of Industry and AgricultureKlauzl Gborvii.Minister of EducationEtvs Jzsefviii.Minister of MilitaryMszros Lzrix. Minister around the person of the King - Esterhzy Pl

(c) revolution of Pest on the 15th of March(i)by Young Hungarians(ii)Caf Pilvax Printer of Landerer printed the 12 points and the

Nemzeti Dal censors were removed at the National Museum theyread out these documents Council of Pest went to Buda talked


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(i) in December Grgey became the commander in chief instead of Mga(i) avoided battles in order to train troops(ii)factories of Buda-Pest were dismantled and moved to Debrecen and

Nagyvrad(j) 2nd December: Ferdinand V was deposed Franz Joseph became the new

emperor (until 1916)(k) 4thJanuary 1849: Windischgrtz entered to Buda-Pest

(i) Grgey went to Northmilitary manoeuvre1. drove away Windischgrtz from December2. many officers left the army3. 5th JanProclamation of Vcoath to him

a. lawful fightb. army was getting stronger

4. crossed the Strait of Branyiszk (5th of February 1849)a. victoryb. went to Debrecen

5. Grgey was deposed Dembinskia. Polish veteranb. couldnt speak Hungarian problems with officers

6. 26-27th February: battle of Kpolnaa. Windischgrtz defeated Dembinski

i. officers were dissatisfied with himii. Windischgrtz sent a message to Olmtz that the Hungarians

were broken he was very wrongiii. Grgey became the commander again

7.

Spring Campaigncrushed Austriaa. 2nd April: Hatvanb. 4thApril: Tpibicskec. 6th April: Isaszegd. 8th April: Peste. 10thApril: Vcf. 19thApril: Nagysallg. 22ndApril: Komrom

i. all won by Hungaryii. Windischgrtz was deposed

(l) 2 ideas in Hungarian poliics(i) Moderatesby Batthny

1. April Laws2. negotiations

(ii)Radicals by Kossuth1. independence

(iii)14th April 1849: disenthronement of Habsburgs1. in the Great Church of Debrecen2. Kossuth became the regent

a. army took an oath to the regentb. West didnt support Hungaryc. nobility supported Kossuth

3. New Governmentsecond responsible government of Hungary


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a. Prime Minister, Minister of Home AffairsSzemere Bertalanb. Minister of Foreign AffairsBatthny Kzmrc. Minister of JusticeVukovics Sebd. Minister of TransportationCsnyi Lszle. Minister of Religion and Education- Horvth Mihlyf. Minister of FinanceDuschek Ferencg. Minister of MilitaryMszros Lzr

(m)1st May: Austria asked for Russian intervention(i) 9th May: Russia launched her army

1. reason: violation of the Pragmatic Sanction2. Holly Alliance

(n) nationalities realised that they were tools for Austria(i) June 1849Romanians started to negotiate - Balcescu

1. 14th JulyReconciliation of Hungarians and Romaniansa. collective rights were given

2. 16th Julyagreement with Serbiansa. SzegedNationality Law28th July

i. no autonomy for them, but everything else(o) Transylvania

(i) Imperial army led by Puchneropposed the Hungarian government1. attacked Hungarians from South2. armed Wallachian peasants

(ii)17th Novemberreached Kolozsvr(iii)Sackler uprising defended Debrecen from the attack(iv)29th November: Jzef Bem was appointed as commander in Transylvania

1.

military veteranPolish uprising(v)by March 1849 led out Austrians and Russians from Transylvania1. became hinterland

(p) End of the Freedom fight(i) PaskhievichRussian general200 000 troops

1. crushed Bem in Transylvaniaa. 29th Julybattle of Segesvr

(ii)Kossuth-Grgey tension1. Grgey Komrom Planblock at Komrom2.

advanced level history 2009

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