advanced computer networks lecturer: e ee eng. ahmed hemaid e-mail : [email protected] office: i...
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Advanced Computer Networks
Lecturer: Eng . Ahmed Eng . Ahmed HemaidHemaidE-mail : [email protected]: I 114
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Describe how a hierarchical network supports the voice, video and data needs of a small and medium-sized business.
Match the appropriate Cisco switch to each layer in the hierarchical network design model.
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When building a LAN that satisfies the needs of a small or medium-sized business, your plan is more likely to be successful if a hierarchical design model is used.
Divided into discrete layers. Each layer has a specific purpose. Becomes modular – maintenance, performance.
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Interfaces with end devices. Routers, switches, bridges, wireless access
points. Provides a means of connecting and controlling which
devices are allowed to communicate on the network.
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Aggregates (funnels) Access Layer traffic. Controls traffic flow with security or routing
policies. Defines broadcast domains. Routing of VLANs (Virtual LANs).
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Must be capable of quickly forwarding large amounts of data.
Smaller networks – collapsed model (Core and Distribution).
High speed backbone of the network. Must be highly available and redundant. The core area can also connect to Internet resources.
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Logical Layout
PhysicalLayout
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ScalabilityRedundancyPerformanceSecurityManageabilityMaintainability
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Hierarchical Networks can be expanded easily.Hierarchical Networks can be expanded easily.
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Redundancy at the core and distribution layers ensure availability.Redundancy at the core and distribution layers ensure availability.
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Link aggregation and high performance high performance distribution and core layer switches provide near-wire speed at all layers.
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Port security at the access layer and policies at the distribution layer make the network more secure.Port security at the access layer and policies at the distribution layer make the network more secure.
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Consistency among switches at each layer makes management more simple.
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ConfigurationsConfigurations
FunctionalityFunctionality
Additional SwitchAdditional Switch
Rapid RecoveryRapid Recovery
Easier TroubleshootingEasier Troubleshooting
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The modular design allows a network to scale easily without becoming over-complicated or burdensome.
The modular design allows a network to scale easily without becoming over-complicated or burdensome.
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Just because a network is hierarchical, it doesn’t mean it’s well designed.Network Diameter:
The number of devices that a packet has to cross before it reaches its destination.
Bandwidth Aggregation:After the bandwidth requirements of the
network are known, links between specific switches can be aggregated or combined to provide higher bandwidth.
Redundancy:The practice of providing multiple paths to
a destination or multiple instances of a device.
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Network Diameter: For PC1 to
communicatewith PC3, thedata musttraverse 6intermediateswitches.
In this case, the network diameter is 6. Each switch introduces some latency. In a hierarchical network, network diameter
is always going to be a predictable number of hops between the source and destination devices.
Chapter 5
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BandwidthAggregation:
Linkaggregationallows multipleswitch portlinks to becombined soas to achieve higher throughput between switches.
The determining factor is using link aggregation is the requirements of the user applications.
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Redundancy : Is one part of
creating a highly availablea highly available network network.
Multiple links between switches or multiple devices.
It can get expensive and most likely will not be done on the access layer because of the cost and variety of devices.
It is feasible at the distribution and core layers.
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A Converged Network is one where voice and video communications have been combined on a single data network.Legacy Equipment:
Until now, mainly feasible on large enterprise networks.
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Advanced Technology:More popular to medium and small sized businesses.Can be a difficult decision considering current investments in technology.Benefit:Benefit:
Only one network to manage..
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New Options:You can now tie voice and video communications directly into an employee's personal computer system. Software integrated on a PC eliminates an expensive handset. Add a webcam and video conference.
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.Matching Switches to Matching Switches to Specific LAN FunctionsSpecific LAN Functions
User Community AnalysisUser Community Analysis
Data Stores and Data Servers AnalysisData Stores and Data Servers Analysis
Topology DiagramsTopology Diagrams
Switch Features
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.Traffic Flow Analysis:The process of
measuring thebandwidth usageon a network andanalyzing the data.
Performance tuning.Capacity planning.Hardware improvement decisions.
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.User Community Analysis: The process of identifying various groupings
of users and their impact on network performance.
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.Data Stores and Data Servers Analysis:When analyzing traffic on a network,
consider the location of the data stores and data servers.
Consider both client-server and server-server traffic.
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.Topology Diagram:Topology Diagram:A graphical representation of a network
infrastructure.Switch connections with port numbers.Aggregated ports and redundant paths.Identify configuration by switch name.Could contain user information.
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SWITCH FEATURESSWITCH FEATURES
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.Switch Form Factors:When selecting a switch, you need to decide
between Fixed configuration or modular configuration. Stackable or non-stackable.
The switch form factor (physical size) is important depending upon where the switch will be installed.
Wiring closet with limited space. Computer room with free standing racks. Shelf in a central area.
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SWITCH FEATURESSWITCH FEATURES
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.Fixed Configuration Switches:Fixed in their configuration.You cannot add features or options to the
switch beyond those that originally came with the switch.
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SWITCH FEATURESSWITCH FEATURES
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.Modular Switches: Offer more flexibility. Typically come with different sized chassis
that allow for the installation of different numbers of modular line cards.
The line cards actually contain the ports.
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SWITCH FEATURESSWITCH FEATURES
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.Stackable Switches:Interconnected using a special backplane
cable that provides high-bandwidth throughput between the switches (Cisco StackWise).
The stacked switches effectively operate as a single, larger switch.
Desirable when fault tolerance and bandwidth availability are critical and a modular switch is too costly to implement.
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. When selecting a switch for the access, distribution, or core layer, consider the ability of the switch to support:Port Density. Forwarding Rate. Bandwidth Aggregation Requirements.
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.Port Density:Port density is the number of ports available
on a single switch.
24 Port
48 Port
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.Forwarding Rate:Defines the processing capabilities of a
switch by rating how much data the switch can process per second.
If the switch forwarding rate is too low, it cannot accommodate full wire-speed communication across all of its switch ports.
A 48 port Gigabit switch is capable of switching 48 Gigabits of traffic.
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.Forwarding Rate: Access layer switches typically do not need
to operate at full wire speed because they are physically limited by their uplinks to the distribution layer.
Allows the use of: Less expensive, lower performing switches at
the access layer. More expensive, higher performing switches at
the distribution and core layers, where the forwarding rate makes a bigger difference.
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.Link Aggregation:Link Aggregation: As part of bandwidth aggregation, you
should determine if there are enough ports on a switch to aggregate to support the required bandwidth.
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.Power over Ethernet (PoE): Allows the switch to deliver power to a
device over the existing Ethernet cabling.
Adds considerable cost to the switch.Adds considerable cost to the switch.
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.Layer 3 Functionality: Switches typically operate at Layer 2 of the
OSI Model.
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SWITCH FEATURES – SWITCH FEATURES – HIERARCHICAL HIERARCHICAL NETWORKNETWORK
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.
FastEthernet/GigabitPoE
Link Aggregation
Quality of Service (QoS)Quality of Service (QoS)
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SWITCH FEATURES – SWITCH FEATURES – HIERARCHICAL HIERARCHICAL NETWORKNETWORK
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.
Layer 3 Support
High Forwarding RateHigh Forwarding Rate
Gigabit/10 GigabitGigabit/10 GigabitRedundant ComponentsRedundant Components
Link AggregationLink Aggregation
Quality of Service (QoS)Quality of Service (QoS)
Security PoliciesSecurity Policies
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SWITCH FEATURES – SWITCH FEATURES – HIERARCHICAL HIERARCHICAL NETWORKNETWORK
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.
Layer 3 Support
Very High Forwarding RateVery High Forwarding Rate
Gigabit/10 GigabitGigabit/10 Gigabit
Redundant ComponentsRedundant Components
Link Aggregation
Quality of Service (QoS)Quality of Service (QoS)
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. Cisco has seven switch product lines. Each product line offers different characteristics and features, allowing you to find the right switch to meet the functional requirements of your network. Catalyst Express 500 Catalyst 2960 Catalyst 3560 Catalyst 3750 Catalyst 4500 Catalyst 4900 Catalyst 6500
Please refer to the text or online curriculum for details on each model.Please refer to the text or online curriculum for details on each model.
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. AccessAccess DistributionDistribution CoreCore
Bandwidth (Link) Aggregation
FastEthernet/Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet/10 Gigabit Ethernet
High Forwarding Rate
Layer 3 Support
Port Security
Power Over Ethernet (PoE)
Quality of Service (QoS)
Redundant Components
Security Policies/Access Control Lists
Very High Forwarding Rate
VLANs
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