advanced building technology
TRANSCRIPT
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Task 01
Scenario 1
Tourism company X has proposed ten storey hotel building in Negombo
which consists of a living area, dining area, kitchen ,stores, staff rest room
and common bath room and toilet block, washing area ground floor and
twenty rooms with attached bath room in each upper floor. Air conditioning
will be provided to dining and living area in ground floor and all rooms in
upper floor. It has been decided to provide hot water to all room other than
cold water. Authority supplied main water supply is available but main
sewer lines are not available. Extend of landing sufficient to provide internal
roads, parking and other facilities. Company X has awarded the contract to
consultant company Y for the necessary investigations and designing thebuilding according to their requirements.
Task 1.1
Describe the method of cold and hot water supply systems of the building.
Evaluate all factors which are to be considered when designing cold and hot
water supply system for this hotel building by considering the given information.
Assess the requirement of cold and hot water supply for each floor the building
and design the suitable system for ten storey hotel building along with detail
sketches. (P2.1)
Water supply
Water supply system receives water from sources such as lakes, rivers, reservoirs, wells or sea
through desalination. Water is pumped from the source and then it is sent to the treatment plant
for purification. After purifying, it is sent to the elevated tanks for distribution. Distribution
network is used to distribute water to houses.
Cold water systems
i. Mains pressure cold water system (Direct system)
In this system, water will be supplied under mains pressure. For efficient operation, a high
pressure water supply is essential particularly at periods of peak demand. Pipe work is minimal
and small storage cistern can be installed, if necessary, for the hot water supply. Drinking water
is available at every draw off point and maintenance valves should be fitted to isolate each
section of pipe work.
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ii. Cistern feed system (Indirect system)
In the cistern feed system, water is supplied to a cistern (overhead tank) through a supply pipe.
A cistern is a liquid storage container which is open to the air and in which the liquid is at normal
atmospheric pressure. The water supply to the cistern is controlled by a ball valve that is fixed to
the cistern, above the waterline, and connected to the cold supply through a valve. As water is
drawn from the cistern the ball falls and the arm activates the ball valve that opens to let water
in to the cistern. When water has risen to the water line, marked on the cistern wall, the ball and
arm rise to close the valve.
Cistern can be made of Galvanized steel, Stainless steel, Plastic, masonry or concrete.
Hot water system
Hot water can be either be granted by central boiler plant and stored (centralized system), or
produced close to the point of use (decentralized system).
i. Centralized system (Storage water system)
Water is heated either directly in the storage cylinder, for example by an electric immersion
heater or from a remote boiler. The two main types of system are the open vented and the
unvented.
a. Open vented (Indirect system)
The open vented water system (indirect) relies on a large volume of stored water. The head ofstored water is usually sufficient to push water down the pipe that feeds the water storage
cylinder and back up to any tap or shower outlet, providing it is lower than the stored water
level.
b. Unvented (Direct system)
The unvented (direct) stored water out of the cylinder or though the pipe circuit to the tap or
shower outlet.
ii. Instantaneous system
Tank less water heaters, also called instantaneous, continuous flow, inline, flash, on demand orinstant on water heaters, instantly heat water as it flows though the device, and do not retain
any internally expect for what is in the heat exchanger coil.
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According to proposed ten storeys hotel building there are twenty rooms in each floor and in a
hotel water consumption rate per head per day is 180 liters (per bed).
Therefore the maximum water consumption rate for all the hotel rooms = 180x20x9x2
= 64800 liters
Assumed number of staff members = 50
Total amount of water consumption for staff members = 50x135
= 6750 liters
Therefore the total amount of water consumption for the whole hotel = 64800 + 6750
building
= 71550 liters
If it is assumed that thirteen rooms in each day in each floor are occupied with the hotel
customers
The minimum amount of water consumption rate = 180x13x9x2
= 42120 liters
Water consumption for staff members = 6750 liters
Therefore the minimum amount of water consumption for the proposed = 42120 + 6750
hotel
= 48870 liters
There should be some excess water in the storage of water tanks due to water cut by the water
board
Therefore the minimum amount of water which should be stored in water = 48870x2
tanks
= 97740 liters
According above considered details I am suggesting an indirect water storage system with a
water sump for cold water and solar water system for hot water as the proposed hotel location is
in Negombo area which has a hot weather condition.
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Designed cold and hot water system diagrams for the hotel building
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Task 1.2
It is known that waste water supply system is necessary for any building. Select
suitable waste water systems for this ten story hotel building and compare theirimportant features. Propose a suitable system for waste water and soil water
disposal for this hotel block. Provide necessary sketches to show the proposal.
(P2.2)
There are four main drainage systems used in buildings.
A. Single stack system
B. One pipe system
C. One pipe partially ventilated system
D. Two pipe system
Single stack system
In this system, only one vertical soil pipe is used. The wastes from baths, sinks, etc. as well as
foul matter from the WC are discharged in one single pipe, called the soil and waste pipe. There
is no separate pipe for ventilation purposes. This system proves economical as only one pipe to
be provided. The effectiveness of the system totally depends on the depth of water seal. No
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water seal should be less than 75mm.
Fig Single stack system
One pipe system
In this system, a vent pipe is provided and traps of all water closets, basins, etc. are completely
ventilated. Waste connections from sinks, baths, wash basins and the soil pipe branches from
W.C.s and urinals are all connected in to one main pipe. Since all the traps are ventilated by
separated vent pipe, this method proves to be more effective than the single stack system.
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Fig One pipe system
One pipe partially ventilated system
This is modified form of the single stack system and one pipe system. In this system, the waste
from W.C., basins, sinks, etc. is discharged in to one common soil and waste pipe. However in
addition, a relief vent pipe is also provided which provides ventilation to the traps of water
closets. The traps of basins etc are not directly connected to the vent pipe.
Two pipe system
In this system, separate soil pipe and waste pipe are provided. The discharge from W.C. is
connected to the soil pipe while the discharge from baths, sinks, lavatory basins, etc. is
connected to the waste pipe. The entire traps are completely ventilated by providing separate
ventilating pipes. Soil pipes and waste pipes are provided with separate vent pipes. The system
thus requires from pipes and hence proves very costly.
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Fig Two pipe system
According to the details of each waste water system I would suggest the TWO PIPE WASTE
WATRE SYSTEM as the best waste water system for the proposed hotel building.
Reason for choosing the two pipe waste water system
Even though this pipe system is a costly design, in case of any maintenance, maintaining
process will be easier in this pipe system. Since this is a hotel building with twenty hotel rooms
in each floor and all the pipes are connecting to the waste water system and the laying of pipes
are bit advance two pipes waste water system will reduce the complexity and it will be the best
waste water system for this proposed hotel building in Negombo area.
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Task 1.3
Company Y has indentified the requirement of electrical installation for this hotel
building. Explain how main electricity is provided to the building by naming all
essential components. (P2.3)
Main electricity supply starts from a hydro power plant or a thermal power plant and transmitted
to power towers through transmission lines then the alternative current is transmitted to
electrical poles through transmission lines finally alternative current comes to the building
through distribution lines. In Sri Lanka we use 230V/50Hz in single phase and 440V/50Hz in
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three phase systems. The Ceylon Electricity Board directly looks after high voltage transmission
in Sri Lanka.
Transmission lines Distribution line
Power plant Power towers Electrical poles Building
A consumers electrical installation begins at the connection of the meter. From the meter 230V
supply is run to the consumers installation, which includes consumers unit (main switch, circuit
breakers, distribution of supply to the various circuits) and the necessary separate circuits for
lighting, heating and power.
Main components in Electrical installation
1. Isolated main switch
Main switch effectively cuts off all voltages to the whole of an electrical installation.
2. Distribution
Three distribution conductors housed in the consumers unit are connected separately to the
3. Main earthling thermal
This provides the necessary earth connection to the various circuit protective conductors,
commonly called earth, to protect the insulation against the damage and danger of fire shock to
persons.
4. Over current protective device
In the live conductor to each circuit cable run from the distribution conductor, is a fuse or circuitbreaker as protection against current greater than that which the circuit tolerate. The purpose of
this device is to course a break in a circuit as protection against damage to conductors and
insulation by overheating coursed by excessive currents.
5. Fuse
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The fuse is a type of over current protection device. Its essential component is a metal wire or
strip that melts when too much current flows, this breaks the circuit in which it is connected, thus
protecting the circuits other components from damage due to excessive current.
The fuses are available two types
i. Rewire able fuse
ii. Cartridge fuse
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect and
electrical circuit from damage cause by all overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect
a fault condition and by interrupting continually, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike
a fuse, which operates once and then has to be reputed a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Task 1.4
What are the types of Air Conditioning systems and active fire systems company
Y can select for the building? (P2.4), (P2.5)
Types of air conditioning systems
1. Window air conditioner
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This is the most commonly used air conditioning system for single rooms. In this air conditioner
all the component all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or
coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in
the wall of the room.
Fig Window type air conditioning units
2. Split air conditioner
The split type unit is comprised of two parts
Outdoor unit fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve.
Indoor unit comprised with the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. Further, the
present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the room. This system can
be used to cool 1 or 2 rooms.
Fig Split type air conditioner unit
3. Central air conditioning system
Central air conditioning system is used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels,
gyms, cinema halls, factories, etc. If the whole building is to be air conditioned, HAVC engineers
find that putting individual units in each of the rooms is very expensive initially as well in the long
run. The central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the
capacity to produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big halls, malls, huge spaces,
galleries, etc. is usually feasible with central conditioning units only.
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Fig - Central air conditioning unit
Fire security systems
Fire safety decisions are mainly dominated by building codes, associated stand of practice and
insurance considerations. This is natural because they have been a part of the building process
for nearly a century and have demonstrated success in reducing fire losses.
1. Active fire defenses
2. Passive fire defenses
Active fire defenses
A device or action that must receive a stimulus to act in a real or a perceived fire condition
i. Automatic detection and alarm system
ii. The automatic sprinkler system
iii. Hose reels system
iv. Fire department operations
v. Special hazard, automatic suppression system
vi. Occupant activities
vii. Special features
Passive fire defense
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A building component that remains fixed in the building whether or not fire emergency exists.
i. Insulation of structural elements to prevent failure.
ii. Barriers to prevent extension of the flame heat or smoke gas from one space to
another
iii. Opening protective in barriers, such as doors or dampers, to inhibit the movement of
flame, heat, smoke or gases into the adjacent spaces.
iv. The egress system.
Task 2Scenario 2
10 km major road projects is propose to contact between to main town in North
Central province. Main features of the road structure are given blow.
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i. 10 Km road stretch has to be carried out by forming sub grad has per the
design levels of the road.
ii. 6.0m carriage way will be with 1.0m shoulders on both sides of the road.
iii. Camber is 2% for road pavement and shoulder.
iv. Road structure contains 150mm thick base course, 250mm thick sub base and
150mm thick shoulders.
v. Two culverts are to be contraction for 500mm and 2500mm width of canal
vi. Approximately 1.0m height of fill, 200m length retaining walls for both sides
are to be provided one stretch of the road.
Task 2.1
What are the basic components of a road and draw the cross section of the road
of indicting them clearly. When designing the road stretch it is necessary to
specify the materials of each components of the road. Assess suitable materials
sub-base and bass course construction of the road and select one method with
justification for base course of the above road. (P3.1)
In roadconstruction Aggregates, Bitumen and the Soil are the major construction materials.
Main component of a road
i. Embankment
Whenever it is required to raise the grade line of a highway above the ground level from
considerations of topography, vertical alignment, ground water depth and drainage, etc. an
embankment is needed.
ii. Sub grade
Sub grade the layer immediately below the embankment and it will be the main load bearing
layer of pavement structure. The material using to construct base is usually crushed aggregate.
iii. Sub base
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Sub base is the layer immediately below the sub grade. The materials using for sub base should
be a permeable material. It should ensure that, if water penetrates through base, proper
drainage of water outside the roadway and it also should drain water coming below outside of
roadway. The commonly used material for sub base is gravel.
iv. Carriageway
The portion of the road for the movement of vehicles
v. Shoulders
The portion of the roadway continuous to the traveled way for the accommodation of stopped
vehicles, for emergency use, for lateral support of base and surface courses
vi. Side drains
Side drains are one of the important parts in road construction and it is used to drain out the rain
water on the surface of the road which can cause weak spots on the road way.
Suitable materials for sub base construction
Aggregates
Nominal sizes used 50mm (2), 37.5mm (11/2), 19mm (3/4), 12.5mm (1/2)
Suitable materials for sub base construction
The materials using for sub base should be a permeable material. The commonly using material
for sub base is gravel. Even it can crushed rock or stabilized sub graded material also can be
used.
According to RDA general specifications construction materials for sub base
Sub base type 1
California Bearing Ratio value should be greater than 20
The Plasticity Index and LL of the soil should be less than 15% and 40% respectively.
Sub base type 2
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California Bearing Ratio value should be greater than 8
The Plasticity Index and LL of the soil should be less than 15% and 40% respectively.
Justification for base course of proposed major road project
The sub base or sub base surface should be prepared to the required lines and levels
(thickness of sub base is 250mm) and should be cleaned.
Prior to spreading the aggregate will be spread evenly on the aggregate base, a partial
width of the shoulder will be constructed to the elevation of the top of each compacted
layer of base.
The selected aggregate will spread evenly on the prepared surface.
The aggregate will be compacted using a steel wheeled roller and rolling will be done bya series of overlapping longitudinal passes of the roller working from the edge towards
center.
The 19mm or 12.5mm choker stones will be spread evenly and rolled to ensure that the
stones are well embedded in the surface interstices of the base course. While the rolling
is being done, the surface shall be wetted and lightly brushed so as to ensure that the
finer aggregate are worked in to the interstices.
Hot bitumen application over the single size aggregate base
There will be application of two coats over the single size aggregate base
First coat at the rate of 2 Ltrs/Sqm
Second/subsequent coat 1 Ltrs/Sqm
Each coat will be blinded with sand
Application of the blinder can be done manually or using mechanically sprayer
Task 2.2
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What is mean by road drainage? Give the type of cross drainage structures in
road construction. Visit any major road observe the failure due to road drainage
collect all information alone with necessary photographs. Evaluate the weakness
critically and propose the remedy. (P3.2)
Road drainage is a method of discharging rain water from roads.
Cross drainage
The function of the cross drainage structure is to ensure that the runoff water is discharged
across the road from one side to the other, as quickly as possible, without causing undue
pending, parallel flow along the road embankment, cover topping of the road embankment or
erosion of the portion of the road.
Cross drainage structures can be divided into following categories
i. Cross drainage
If the discharge is low, concrete drains can be constructed across the road to provide drainage
and these drains will be covered with concrete slabs having enough strength to bear traffic
loads.
ii. Culverts
A culvert is a closed conduit used to convey water from one area to another, usuallyfrom onside of a road to the other side.
Fig - RCC pipe culverts
iii. Causeways
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A causeway is a raised road or track across low or wet ground.
iv. Bridges
A bridge is a structure built to cross over an obstacle. Obstacles can be streams, rivers, valleys
or any other physical obstacles.
Task 2.3
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What is the main function retaining wall? Give commonly used retaining walls in
construction. Identify and evaluate all factors which have to be considered when
designing the retaining wall for the above road project. Propose a suitable type
with justification. (P3.3)
Retaining wall can be any wall construction which is constructed for retaining material tomaintain a difference in elevation. The main function of a retaining wall is to stabilize the hill side
and prevent erosion.
Retaining walls can be permanent or temporary. Temporary retaining structures are used to
retain earth temporary such as coffer dams.
When heavy runoff is present, retaining wall helps to reduce erosion.
Common types of retaining walls
i. Abutment
ii. Cantilevered wall
iii. Crib walls
iv. Gabion
v. Gravity wall
vi. Masonry wall
vii. Soil nailing
viii. Prefabricated walls
ix. Sheet pile walls
x. MS walls (mechanically stabilized)
a. Panel Walls,b. Concrete Block Wallsc. Temporary Earth Walls
Gabion walls
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Gabions are multi-celled, welded wire or rectangular wire mesh boxes, which are then, rockfilled, and used for construction of erosion control structures and to stabilize steep slopes. Theirapplications include,
o Retaining walls,o Bridge abutments,
o Wing walls,o Culvert headwalls,o Outlet aprons,o Shore and beach protection walls,o Temporary check dams.
Fig Gabion wall
Gravity Walls
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Gravity walls are the earliest known retaining structures. They are built from solid concrete orrock rubble mortared together. The lateral forces from backfill is resisted by the weight of wallitself, and due to their massive nature, they develop little or no tension. Therefore, they areusually not reinforced with steel. Gravity walls are economical for heights up to 3 m (10feet).
Fig - Gravity Walls
Crib Walls
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Crib walls are made up of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast concrete.The boxes are then filled with crushed stone or other coarse granular materials to create a freedraining structure. There are two basic types of crib wall:
o Timber o Reinforced pre-cast concrete
Fig - Crib Wall
Cantilever Walls.
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Cantilever walls are built of reinforced concrete and are typically composed of a horizontalfooting and a vertical stem wall. The weight of the soil mass above the heel helps keep wallstable. Cantilever walls are economical for heights up to 10 m (32 feet).
Fig - Cantilever Walls
Sheet Pile Walls
Used to build continuous walls for waterfront structures and for temporary construction wallheights > 6 m if used with anchors, can be made of steel, plastics, wood, pre-cast concrete.
The advantages of using steel sheet-piling:
o Provides higher resistance to driving stresses;o Is of an overall lighter weight;
o Can be reused on several projects;o Provides a long service life above or below the water table;o Easy to adapt the pile length by either welding or boltingo Their joints are less apt to deform during driving.
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Soil nailing (In-Situ Walls)
These walls do not rely on their mass to retain the soil. Rather, they rely on their flexuralstrengths to retain the soil. They are supported by penetration into the soil or by anchoringsystems. For example, soil nailing.
Fig Soil nailing
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Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls
These walls are among the most economical, and most commonly constructed. Contrary toother types, the MSE walls are supported by the soil, and not the other way around. They aresupported by selected fills (granular) and held together by reinforcements, which can be eithermetallic strips or plastic meshes.
The MSE Categories
o Panel Walls,o Concrete Block Walls,o Temporary Earth Walls.
Fig Concrete Block Walls,
Factors to be consider when deciding a retaining wall
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Task 2.4
Describe the type of bridges and list out the main components in a bridges. It is
necessary to design a bridge for the above projects. What are the important
factors to be considered when designing the foundation of a bridge? Give the
type of foundation that can be used for bridge construction and explain themethod of constructing one type (P3.4), (P3.5)
Types of bridges
i. Beam or girder bridges
A beam bridge is the most common and most basic type of a bridge. A beam bridge consists of
a horizontal beam that is supported at each end with abutments and in the middle by piers. A
beam bridge usually built with concrete, steel or combination of both. Beam Bridge is most
economical type of the bridge with a limited span about 250m.
ii. Arch bridge
Arch bridge is the one of oldest type bridges in bridge construction. The specialty in arch bridge
is that the load and weight are carried outward along the curve of the arch to the support at
each end, instead of pushing straight down. These supports carry the load and the ends of the
bridge from spreading out.
The materials such as stone and bricks are strong in compression but not in tension. Old arch
bridges are designed in such that nowhere in structure tension is developed.
iii. Truss bridge
Truss bridge also one of the oldest types of bridge. The truss is a simple skeletal structure. A
truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typically straight) which may be
stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. It
contains of many small members but they together can support a large amount of weight and
span great distances. In most cases the design, fabrication, and erection of trusses is relatively
simple. Typical span length of a truss bridge is 40 500m.
iv. Cantilever bridge
The cantilever bridge consists of two spans projecting toward each other and joined at their
ends by a suspended simple span. The projecting spans are known as cantilever arms, and
these, plus the suspended span, constitute the main span. The cantilever arms also extend
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back to land, and this section is turn the another span. Trusses, plate girders, and box girders
can be built as cantilever bridges.
The chief advantages of the cantilever design are the saving in material and ease of erection of
the main span.
It can often be built out from the supports without blocking the channel below. Then the
suspended span can be lifted into place. The span can be greater than that of a simple beam,
because a beam can be added to the cantilever arms. As it as to oppose large tensile and
compressive forces and shear the structure will be massive thus increasing the weight. Truss
construction is used in the larger spans to reduce the weight.
v. Cable stayed bridges
A typical cable stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or more towers erected above piers
in the middle of the span. These bridges are similar to suspension bridges in most respects
except for the way that the deck is hung from the support towers. Instead of long suspensioncables that extend from one end of the bridge to the other, large number of individual cables
extends directly from each tower to the deck.
vi. Suspension bridge
In this type of a bridge, the traffic carrying deck is supported by a series of wire ropes that
hang from massive cables drawn between tall towers. Any load applied to the bridge is
transformed into a tension in these main cable and they are anchored at each end of the bridge.
The deck is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods attached to main cables, called
hangers. Steel cables are extremely string but very flexible. Cables are very economical as theyallow a slender and lighter structure which is still able to span great distances. Many of the
components of a suspension bridge are made of steel. When steel is drawn (stretched) into
wires, its strength increases; consequently, a relatively flexible bundle of steel wires is stronger
than a solid steel bar of the same diameter. This is the reason steel cable is used to support
suspension bridges.
Important factors to be considered when designing the foundation of a bridge
Function of a foundation in bridge construction.
To keep the intensity of pressure within the safe limits of the bearing capacity
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To provide a leveled base for the construction of piers and abutments
To prevent the tilt and overturning of the piers and abutments
To avoid unequal settlement of the subsoil and super structure
The choice of type of the foundation depend primary on the followings factors.
Type of the bridge
Nature of the soil strata
Magnitude of the loads to be carried
Site conditions
Economy
Availability of construction techniques
Maximum likely scour depth
Types of foundation which are commonly used in bridge construction
1. Shallow foundation
Spread footing founded on rock or on suitable soil strata
2. Deep foundation
Pile foundation
Caisson foundation
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Some of world famous bridge construction
Fig Confederation Bridge in Canada
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Fig Golden Gate Bridge in America