advanced air purification technology capabilities assessmentincluding suggestions for reducing this...

Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities

Assessment

Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities

Assessment

Michael ParhamResearch and Technology DirectorateEdgewood Chemical Biological Center

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1. REPORT DATE 19 NOV 2003

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities Assessment

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES See also ADM001851, Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Service Scientific Conference on Chemical &Biological Defense Research, 17-20 November 2003. , The original document contains color images.

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

AbstractAbstract

Several programs under development, such as Comanche and Future Combat Systems have selected or are considering the use of advanced air purification technologies. In addition to these vehicle specific programs, the collective protective community will require an advanced air purification solution for shelters and fixed sites. To best handle the broad chemical and biological threat while reducing the logistical burden of current Joint Collective Protection Equipment a flexible hybrid approach is needed. This hybrid approach entails being able to select the best technology or combination of technologies for a given application’s requirements. While comparisons have been made of advanced air purification technologies before, they have either only examined gross systematic strengths and weaknesses provided by subject matter experts, or they have compared demonstration systems designed for different applications. In order to develop the hybrid technology matrix of system metrics, a design study was conducted for a common chemical threat scenario over a wide range of potential application constraint conditions. Valuable comparison between two mature advanced air purification technologies, regenerative filtration and catalytic oxidation, are made from this common design case.

ObjectiveObjective

• Evaluate near term capabilities of single pass filtration, regenerative filtration and catalytic oxidation technologies.

• Provide a common comparative basis for all three technologies over an application relevant range of conditions.

• Quantify key system metrics: weight, size, and power requirement in a matrix incorporating flow rate and chemical threat.

ApproachApproach

• Common design problem posed for three technologies: single pass filtration, regenerative filtration, and catalytic oxidation.

• Only one application constraint variable was chosen: clean product air flow rate. This was done to reduce the scope of the study.

• Designs optimized to meet chemical threat requirement while minimizing weight, space claim and power requirements.

• Designs are non-application specific. Some applications may be more or less forgiving in terms of the size, weight, and power requirements.

Application ConstraintsApplication Constraints

• Product air: breathable air at 25 C and 30 to 60% relative humidity.

• Application flow rates:– 200 SCFM vehicles (FCS, AAAV, Comanche, etc.)– 1000 SCFM shelters/safe rooms– 10000 SCFM fixed sites

• Environmental inlet condition extremes– Hot-dry 49 C (-7 C dew point)– Hot-humid 41 C (31 C dew point)– Constant high humidity 24 C (24 C dew point)– Basic hot 43 C (10 C dew point)

Chemical Threat ProfileChemical Threat Profile

• Six 20,000 ct (mg-min/m3) single component attacks over a 30 day period – 120,000 ct total – 2,000 mg/m3 peak challenge concentration

• Threat profile 1: chemical warfare agents– Mustard (HD)– Sarin (GB)– Cyanogen chloride (CK)

• Threat profile 2: chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial compounds

– Threat profile 1 chemicals– Carbon monoxide– Ammonia– Ethylene oxide– Carbon disulfide– Formaldehyde– Nitric acid

Chemical Removal CapabilityChemical Removal Capability

No data avail.OXNitric acid, fuming

XXXFormaldehydeXXXCarbon disulfide

XXXEthylene oxideXXXAmmonia

OXOCarbon monoxide

XXXCyanogen chloride (CK)

XXXSarin (GB)XXXMustard (HD)

Regenerative Filtration

Catalytic Oxidation

Single Pass Filtration

Chemical

X – Removed, X – Design limiting, O- Not removed

Nominal System MetricsNominal System Metrics

– Single pass filtration• CWA threat profile results estimated from modular collective protection

equipment system.• CWA/TIC threat profile results estimated with data gathered from the

advanced adsorbents DTO and TIC filtration programs.• Environmental control unit provides application required conditioned air

but is not required for chemical vapor removal.– Regenerative filtration

• Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) chosen as the representative regenerative filtration technology.

• Environmental control unit cools the air and removes water prior to the TSA unit.

– Catalytic oxidation• 200 – 1000 SCFM designs utilize a venturi scrubber supplied with water

from the environmental control unit for post treatment of the catalytic reactor effluent.

• 10000 SCFM design utilizes a packed bed water scrubber as both the post treatment of the catalytic reactor effluent and the environmental control unit.

• Design is threat profile non-specific; CWA and CWA/TIC threat profile results are identical for this technology.

• Estimates of total system weight are unavailable for the CatOx technology.

Single pass filterSingle pass filter

Schematic of Single Pass Filtration System

Blower Heater(optional)

Filter(Particulate

& Vapor)

ContaminatedAir

CleanAir

ECU

Temperature Swing Adsorption Unit

Temperature Swing Adsorption Unit

1415

11

16 5

612

13

7

9Heater

17

18

10Valve 2

Valve 1

Product

Hea

t Exc

hang

e

Filtr

atio

n

Blo

wer

19

21

Valve 3

Valve 4

Fuel

Combustion Air

20Waste

4 3 2 1 Ambient Air

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL UNIT

8

Vessel A Vessel BMakeup Water

22

Catalytic Oxidation UnitCatalytic Oxidation Unit

FLOWMETER

CATALYTICREACTOR

TEMPERATURECONTROLLER

AIR HEATER

CLEAN AIR TO CREW

TS1 TE4TE5

FE1

TE6

TE7

PT1

HEAT RECOVERY

HEAT EXCHANGER

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM

H2O +ACID GASES

WASTEWATER

SV1S

WATERPUMP

WATERRESERVOIR

TE3

TE11PT3

SCR

TE8

TE2

PARTICULATEFILTER

TS2

TE9

INLETAIR

AIRMOVER

TE10

TE1

PT2


System weight of single pass and regen filtration technologies sized for the CWA chemical threat scenario

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Product flow rate (cfm)

Wei

ght (

lb)

Single Pass TSA


System weight of single pass and regen filtration technologies sized for the CWA/TIC chemical threat scenario

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

55000

60000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000


Wei

ght (

lb)

Single Pass TSA


System size for single pass, regen and catox technologies for the CWA chemical threat

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000


Syst

em s

ize

(ft3)

Single Pass CatOx TSA


System size for single pass, regen and catox technologies for the CWA/TIC chemical threat

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000


Syst

em s

ize

(ft3)



System power requirement for single pass, regen, and catox technogies for the CWA chemical threat scenario

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000


Pow

er re

quire

men

t (kW

)



Power requirement for Single pass, Regen, and CatOx technogies for CWA/TIC chemical threat scenario

050

100150200250300350400450500550600650

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000


Pow

er re

quire

men

t (kW

)


Scaled System MetricsScaled System Metrics

• Application requirements are a key consideration when comparing system capabilities.

• Environmental control system requirements are responsible for a significant fraction of total system requirements.

• As configured an environmental control system is not required in conjunction with single pass filtration to meet chemical vapor removal requirements.

• Without the environmental control system cooling the inlet air and removing water the temperature swing adsorption unit would fail to meet chemical vapor removal requirements.

• Catalytic oxidation system power requirements are comparable to the ECS due to its electric heater.


Integrated Air Purification System WeightCWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

Single Pass TSA

Scal

ed w

eigh

t (lb

/ cf

m @

25

C)

Environmental Control System

Air Purification System


Integrated Air Purification System Space ClaimCWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System

0.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250


Scal

ed S

yste

m S

ize

(ft^3

/ C

FM @

25C

) Environmental Control SystemAir Purification System


Integrated Air Purification System Power RequirementCWA/TIC chemical threat, 1000 CFM System

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15


Scal

ed P

ower

(kW

/ C

FM @

25

C)

Environmental Control SystemAir Purification System

Toxic Industrial Chemical Sensitivity


• Technologies need to be flexible to meet new chemical threats such as toxic industrial chemicals.

• The catalytic oxidation system design presented is insensitive to chemical threat.

• The temperature swing adsorption system design presented can handle the CWA/TIC threat profile with minor modifications.

• The single pass filtration system design presented requires significant alterations to handle the CWA/TIC threat profile.



Sensitivity of air purification system weight to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

200

1000

10000

Prod

uct f

low

rate

(CFM

@ 2

5 C

)

Increase in system weight (%)

Temperature Swing Adsorption




Sensitivity of air purification system size to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

200

1000

10000

Prod

uct f

low

rate

(CFM

@ 2

5 C

)

Percent change (%)

Temperature Swing Adsorption




Sensitivity of air purification system power requirement to the introduction of toxic industrial chemical threat

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

200

1000

10000

Prod

uct f

low

rate

(CFM

@ 2

5 C

)

Increase in power requirement (%)

Temperature Swing AdsorptionSingle Pass Filtration

Single Pass FiltrationSingle Pass Filtration

• Advantages– Protection against standard chemical/biological agents

and many toxic industrial compounds.– Low system and material cost.– Low complexity.– Optimized mature technology.

• Disadvantages– Limited protection against expanding number of

threats.– High logistical burden.– Susceptible to environmental aging.

Regenerative FiltrationRegenerative Filtration

• Advantages– Broad protection against chemical/biological agents and

toxic industrial compounds.– Very large capacity.– Reduced logistical requirements compared to single pass

filtration.– Not dependent upon impregnated adsorbents sensitive to

environmental conditions.• Disadvantages

– Increased complexity, weight, size, and power requirement.– Potential for toxic purge gas.– Adsorbent-adsorbate database not well developed.– Issues impacting regeneration need to be addressed.– Co-adsorbed water is an issue.

Catalytic OxidationCatalytic Oxidation

• Advantages– Broad protection against chemical/biological agents and

toxic industrial compounds.– Decomposes hazardous chemical and biological agents

rather than retaining them.– Very large capacity.– Reduced logistical requirements compared to single pass

filtration.• Disadvantages

– Increased complexity and power requirement.– Not immediately operational from cold-start.– Potential catalysis deactivation methods must be identified

and quantified before sizing the system for an application.– A post treatment method must be devised, tested and

integrated with any final system.

ConclusionsConclusions

• Single pass filtration is a superior option for the current CWA threat due to its many decades of optimization.

• Catalytic oxidation and regenerative filtration are feasible and necessary options depending upon the chemical threat profile and mission duration.

• A well defined threat profile is required to best optimize the advanced air purification technologies.

• Significant effort must be made before catalytic oxidation and regenerative filtration are acceptable for fixed site (~10,000 SCFM) applications.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, US Army– Christopher Karwacki– John Mahle– Jeff Hoene

• Guild Associates, Inc.– Joseph Rossin, CatOx design– John Jones, CatOx design– John Schlaeter, TSA design– Robert Morrison, single pass filter design

Advanced Air Purification Technology Capabilities AssessmentAbstractObjectiveApproachApplication ConstraintsChemical Threat ProfileChemical Removal CapabilityNominal System MetricsSingle pass filterTemperature Swing Adsorption UnitCatalytic Oxidation UnitNominal System MetricsNominal System MetricsNominal System MetricsNominal System MetricsNominal System MetricsNominal System MetricsScaled System MetricsScaled System MetricsScaled System MetricsScaled System MetricsToxic Industrial Chemical SensitivityToxic Industrial Chemical SensitivityToxic Industrial Chemical SensitivityToxic Industrial Chemical SensitivitySingle Pass FiltrationRegenerative FiltrationCatalytic OxidationConclusionsAcknowledgements

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