advance research methodology(mba general, 1st semester) by dr. qamar zaman

8/14/2019 Advance Research Methodology(MBA General, 1st semester) by Dr. Qamar Zaman

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03/12/10 Dr. Qamruz Zaman 1

Advance ResearchMethodology

Dr. Qamruz ZamanAssociate ProfessorDept: of StatisticsUniversity of Peshawar.


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Course Outline

Chapter -1: Perception of Research

Chapter -2: Problem

Chapter -3: Hypothesis

Chapter -4: Research Planning and Sampling

Chapter -5: Survey Method

Chapter -6: Experimental Method

Chapter -7: Case Study Method

Chapter -8: Design of Experiments

Chapter -9: Tools of Research

Chapter -10: SPSS


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Research is an art of scientific investigation which refers to a search for knowledge.

It can also be defined as A scientific and systemic search for pertinent information

on a specific issue/problem.

Systematized effort to gain new knowledge is also called research (Redman and

Morey, 1923).

Research is actually a journey of discovery.

MEANINGS OF RESEARCH


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The main aim of research is to find out the hidden truth which has not been discovered

previously. In general, each research has/have its own specific objective (s), but it can be

categorized into the following broad groups.

(a). To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insight into it (studies

with this object in view are called exploratory or formulative research studies).

(b). To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a

group (studies with this object in view are called termed as descriptive research

studies).

To find out the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated

with something else/others (such studies are called diagnostic research studies).

(d). To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables (studies with this

object in view are known as hypothesis testing research studies).

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH


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It is often asked that why the peoples conduct research? This question is of fundamental

importance and some of the possible motives of research may either be one or more of

the following:

1. Desire to get a research degree (certificate) along with its consequential benefits.

2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems i.e. concern over

practical problems initiates research.

3. Desire to get intellectual joy.

4. Desire to be of service to society

5. Desire to get respectability

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH


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Research can be broadly categorized into:

(1) Theoretical Research and

(2) Applied Research

Theoretical research is based upon the development of new theory or methods.

On the other hand, applied research is based upon the collected data by using the existing

methods of data analysis, test the hypothesis related with the required objectives.

TYPES OF RESEARCH


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The basic types of research are as follow:

1. Applied vs. Fundamental Research

2. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

3. Conceptual vs. Empirical Research

4. Other Types of Research

It includes the following:

(a). Laboratory research or filed setting research or simulation research

(b). Clinical or diagnostic research

(c). Historical research etc.

TYPES OF RESEARCH


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Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (basic or pure)

research. Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a

society or an industrial/business organization.

Whereas, fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the

formulation of a theory. Simply, gathering knowledge for knowledges sake is called pure

or basic research; while research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure

mathematics are examples of fundamental research.

Applied vs. Fundamental Research


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Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable

to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. On the other hand, Qualitative

research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e. a phenomenon relating or

involving quality or kind. Qualitative research includes, word association tests, sentence

completion tests, story completion tests, and similar other projective techniques. Also,

attitude or opinion research i.e. research designed to find out how people fell or what they

think about a particular subject or institution are the examples of qualitative research.

Qualitative research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to

discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such research one can

analyze the various factors which motivate the people to behave in a particular manner of

which make people like or dislike a particular thing.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research


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Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally

used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret the existing

ones. On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone,

often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up

with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect

other variables in some way.

Conceptual vs. Empirical Research


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Following are the significance of conducting a research:

1. Research includes scientific thinking and it promotes the development of logical

habits of thinking and organizations.

2. Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic

system. Through research, one can devise alternative policies and can as well

examine the consequences of each of these alternatives.

3. Decision making may not be a part of research, but research certainly facilitates the

decisions of the policy makers.

Significance of Research


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5. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning

problems of business and industry. Operational research refers to the application

of mathematical, logical and analytical techniques to the solution of business

problems of cost minimization or of profit maximization or what can be termed as

optimization problems.

6. Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships

and in seeking answers to various social problems. Because of its social

orientation, it is increasingly being looked to for practical guidance in solving

immediate problems of human relations.



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In addition to above, the significance of research can also be understood keeping in

view the following points:

(i). To those students who are to write a masters or PhD thesis, research may

mean a careerism or a way to attain a high position in the social structure.

(ii). To professionals, research may mean a source of livelihood.

(iii). To philosophers and tinkers, research may mean the outlet for new ideas andinsights.

(iv). To literary men and women, research may mean the development of new styles

and creative work.

(v). To analyst and intellectuals, research may mean the generalization of new

theories.



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The following criteria are needed (more or less) for conducting a good research.

The purpose of a problem under study should be clearly defined and unambiguous as

possible.

The research procedures used for conducting a study should be clearly

defined/described in detail to allow other researchers to repeat the same research for

verification of the existing theory/theories or to include other factors for checking

their usefulness.

The procedural design should be carefully planned so as to get the results that are as

objective as possible. It can also be stated that the procedural design should yield

the results according to the specified objectives. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design

and estimate their effects upon the findings.

Criteria for a Good Research


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advance research methodology(mba general, 1st semester) by dr. qamar zaman

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