Adverb Clauses

See The Sentence for definitions of sentence, clause, and dependent clause.

A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.

A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)

There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

This page contains information about adverb clauses. Also see Adjective Clauses and Noun Clauses.

A. Adverb clauses show relationships such as time, cause and effect, contrast, and condition. (See Conditional Sentences for more information on this type of adverb clause.)

B. A sentence which contains one adverb clause and one independent clause is the result of combining two clauses which have one of the relationships above. You can combine two independent clauses to make one sentence which contains an adverb clause by following these steps:

1. You must have two clauses which have one of the relationships in A above:

Billy couldn’t swim. He jumped off the pier. (contrast)

2. Add a subordinating conjunction to the beginning of the clause you want to make dependent:

Although Billy couldn’t swimHe jumped off the pier.

3. Place the two clauses next to each other. Usually, the order of the clauses is not important. When the adverb clause precedes the independent clause, the two clauses are usually separated by a comma:

Although Billy couldn’t swim, he jumped off the pier.

When the independent clause precedes the adverb clause, there is usually no comma:

Billy jumped off the pier although he couldn’t swim.

C. The subordinators in adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunctions. They cannot be omitted. They cannot be subjects. Here are some of the subordinating conjunctions:

Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as long asCause and effect: because, since, now that, as, as long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order thatContrast: although, even though, though, whereas, whileCondition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that), in case, in the event (that). See Conditional Sentences.

D. Here are some examples of sentences which contain one adverb clause (underlined) and one independent clause. The two sentences in each pair have the same meaning:

After he took lessons, George could swim well. George could swim well after he took lessons.

Because he couldn’t swim, Billy drowned. Billy drowned because he couldn’t swim.

Although he isn’t interested in food, Fred works as a cook. Fred works as a cook although he isn’t interested in food.

If you want to write well, you must practice. You must practice if you want to write well.

Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:

adverbThe premier gave a speech here.

adverb clauseThe premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.

Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence:

independent clausethey left the locker room

dependent adverb clauseafter they left the locker room

The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:

causeHamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question "why?".

effectHamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?".

timeAfter Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.

The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.

placeWhere the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".

conditionIf the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.

The adverb clause answers the question "under what conditions?"

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Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

Shut the door before you go out. You may begin when(ever) you are ready. While he was walking home, he saw an accident. By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

They sat down wherever they could find empty seats The guard stood where he was positioned. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest. Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard. Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on. Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer. He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

He did as I told him. You may finish it how you like. They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats. She bought a book so (that) she could learn English He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation. I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim. The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team. I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather) Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)

Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert. As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take

in a movie. Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for

peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

Alex failed the test because he didn't study. Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test. Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:

 

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep. While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep. While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

 

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow. She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her. Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss. In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once. The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary

information.

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Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

Shut the door before you go out. You may begin when(ever) you are ready. While he was walking home, he saw an accident. By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

They sat down wherever they could find empty seats The guard stood where he was positioned. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest. Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard. Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on. Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer. He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

He did as I told him. You may finish it how you like. They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats. She bought a book so (that) she could learn English He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation. I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim. The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.

I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now. The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.

It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her. They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one. Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble. This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather) Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather) Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact

that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert. As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take

in a movie. Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for

peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

Alex failed the test because he didn't study. Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test. Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:

 

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep. While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep. Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this

country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep. While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

 

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow. She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her. Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss. In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once. The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary

information.

Adverb Clauses

Introduction

An adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday (see the page Adverbs), or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother (see the page Adverb Phrases). However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses

Look at these sentences:

I saw the movie yesterday.

I saw the movie on Friday.

I saw the movie before I left for Calgary.

In the first sentence, "yesterday" is a one-word adverb, "on Friday" is an adverb phrase, and "before I left for Calgary" is an adverb clause. All of them answer the question "When?", but the adverb clause has a subject ("I") and a full verb ("left"). It is introduced by "before", so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: "Before I left for Calgary" would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause ("I saw the movie"). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types:

TypeQuestion answered

Example

Place Where?Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.

Time When?After the fruit is harvested, it

is sold at the market.

CauseWhy? (What caused

this?)I didn't call her because I'm

shy.

PurposeWhy? (What was the

reason for doing this?)

She took a computer course so that she could get a better

job.

ConcessionWhy is this unexpected?

Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store

clerk.

ConditionUnder what conditions?

If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when", "so that", etc.). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them, including these:

Subordination conjunctions

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether,

though, although, even though, where

Adverb clauses

Because is an adverb. But because of is a preposition.

PART I: Adverb Clauses

1. Introduction:

Examples:When she was in Miami, she visited many friends.She visited many friends when she was in Miami.

When she was in Miami: is an adverb clause.She visited many friends: Independent clause.

An adverb clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.

When an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows, usually no comma is used.Examples:Because she wanted to visit her friends, she went to Miami.She went to Miami because she wanted to visit her friends.

Like when, because introduces an adverb clause. The words used to introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunction.

Time:

After, before, when, while, as by the time (that), whenever, since, until, as soon as, once, as so long as.

Cause and effect:

Because, since, now that, as so long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in order that.

Opposition:

Even though, although, though, whereas, while.

Condition:

If, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that),Provided (that), in case (that), in the event (that).

2.Time relationships with adverb clauses.

Examples:After she (had) came, she turned on the radio.After she comes, she will turn on the radio.

Before she came, she (had) turned on the radio.Before she comes, she will turn on the radio.

The adverb clause contains a present tense while the independent clause contains a future time.

When he came, she was turning on the radio.When he came, she had already turned on the radio.When he came, she turned on the radio.When he was out, she turned on the radio.When he comes tomorrow, she will turn on the radio.

While she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door.

As she was listening to the radio, he knocked at the door.

As, while = during this time.

By the time he came, she had already listened the news.By the time he comes, she will listen the news.By the time = one event is completed before another event.

She listens to the radio whenever he comes.Whenever = every time when She stayed at home until he came.Until = till = to that time and then no longer.

She hasn’t listened to the radio since he came.Since = from that time to the present.

As soon as he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio.Once he knocks at the door, she will turn off the radio.

As soon as = once = when one event happens, anotherEvent happens soon afterwards.

He won’t come as long as she smokes.He will never come so long as she doesn’t call him.

As long as = so long as = during all that time, from beginning to end.

3.Cause and effect relationships with adverb clauses.

Because:Examples:Because he wanted to visit his friends, he went to Miami.He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.

Since:Examples:Since she never heard about cloning, she decided to not speak about it.

Since = becauseNow that:

Now that he has a lot of money, he can afford a new computer.

Now that = because now. It is used for present and future situations.

As:

As they graduated, they were looking for jobs.

As = becauseAs/so long as:

As long as he works for this company, he can’t learn anything.

As/so long as = becauseInasmuch as (very formal):

Inasmuch as anybody is responsible, the situation becomes worse and worse.

Inasmuch as = because

Part II: Other Ways of Showing Cause and Effect Relationships:

1. Such … that and so … that:

Such … that encloses a modified noun: Such + adjective +noun + thatSo … that encloses an adjective or adverb: So + adjective + thatSo + adverb + thatExamples:Because the exam was easy, they could pass it. (1)It was such easy exam that they could pass it. (2)The exam was so easy that they could pass it. (3)(1), (2) and (3) have the same meaning.

So … that is used with many, few, much and little.Examples:They worked so hard that they passed the exam.She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam.He had so much time that he went to hike.They have so little work to do that they share it.He has so few books that he wants to buy some.

Sometimes in speaking, that is omitted.The exam was so easy that I could pass it.I had so much time that I went to hike.

2.Using “In order to”:

In order to = to. It is used to express purpose.It answers the question “Why”?Examples:He went to Miami because he wanted to visit his friends.He went to Miami (in order) to visit his friends.

Don’t use for with a verb to express purpose. Sometimeswe use for to express purpose but with a noun.

He went to Miami for business.

3. Using: So …that:

So that = in order toSo that = in order that.So that + can:So that is often used rather in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed.Examples:He is going to make a registration in order to be able to take courses.He is going to make a registration so (that) he can take courses.

So that + could:Could is used after so that in past sentences.Examples:He repaired his car in order to enable his friend to use it.He repaired his car so (that) his friend could use it.

May and might may also be used after that, but are not as common as can and could.

So that + will:The use of will after so that gives the idea that someone does something in order to make sure that something else is the result.Examples:She fill her car up in order to make sure that she will not run

out of gaz during her trip across The Nevada desert.

She fills her car up so (that) she will not run out of gazduring her trip across The Nevada desert.

So that would:Would is used in past tense.Examples:Last week, he early left his car in the garage in order to make sure that it would be ready by eleven.

Last week, he left leaves his car in the garage so (that) it would be ready by eleven.

4.Using: “because of” and “due to”:

Examples:Because she was sick, she didn’t come to attend the speech.Because of her sickness, she didn’t come to attend the speech.Due to her sickness, she didn’t come to attend the speech.

Because is an adverb. It introduces an adverb clause. It is followed by a subject and verb.Because of and due to are prepositions. They are followed by a noun object.

Sometimes, usually, in more formal writing, due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.

Due to the fact that she was sick, she didn’t come to attend the speech.

5. Using “therefore”:

Examples:He passed his exams because he worked very hard.

Therefore is called a transition (or conjunctive adverb)

He worked very hard. Therefore, he passed his exams.He worked very hard. He, therefore, he passed his exams.He worked very hard. He passed his exams, therefore.

A semicolon may be used instead a period:He worked very hard; therefore, he passed his exams.

Consequently is also a transition and has the same meaning as therefore:

He worked very hard. Consequently, he passed his exams.

A transition is used with the second sentence of a pair. Itshows the relationship of the second idea to the first idea.A transition is movable within the second sentence.

6. Punctuations:

Adverb clause:

Examples:Because she was sick, she didn’t come to attend the speech.She didn’t come to attend the speech because she was sick.

An adverb clause may precede or follow an independent clause.A comma is used if the adverb clause comes first.

Preposition:

Because of her sickness, she didn’t come to attend the speech.

She didn’t come to attend the speech because of her sickness.

A preposition is followed by a noun, not by a subject and verb.

A comma is usually used if the prepositional phraseprecedes the subject and verb of the independent clause.

Conjunction:

She was sick, so she didn’t come to attend the speech.

A conjunction comes between two independent clauses.Usually a comma is used immediately in front of a conjunction.

Transition:

He worked very hard. (;) Therefore, he passed his exams.He worked very hard. (;) He, therefore, he passed his exams.He worked very hard. (;) He passed his exams, therefore.

Either a period or a semicolon may be used between the two dependent clauses. A comma may not be used to separate the clauses. Commas are usually used to set the transition off from the rest of the sentence.

PART III: Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1.Changing time clauses to modifying phrases:

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases. The way is the same as changing adjective clauses:

Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of the dependant clause: Adverb clause: While she was going home, she runs into a friend. Modifying phrase: While going home, she runs into a friend. If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the

verb to -ing: Adverb clause: Before he came, he called us. Modifying phrase: Before coming, he called us. While he was reading a book, she knocks at the door. This adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clause because the two clauses have different subjects. While Frank was reading, he felt very upset. While reading, Frank felt very upset. When Safia was arrived at home, she began to call on her daughter. When arrived at home, Safia began to call on her daughter. When the adverb clause is changed to a modifying phrase, the noun

in the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause.

2. Expressing the idea of “During the same time” in modifying phrases:

Examples:While he was reading, he felt very upset.While reading, he felt very upset.Reading, he felt very upset.Going home, she saw an ancient car on the sidewalk.

Sometimes while is omitted but the -ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (= during the same time)

3. Expressing cause and effect relationships in modifying phrases:

Because is not used in a modifying phrase. It is omitted, butthe resulting phrase expresses a cause and effect relationship.

Because he worked, he didn’t come to attend the speech.Working, he didn’t come to attend the speech.

Often an -ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of “because”.

Because she has moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.Having moved, she doesn’t remember the way to the market.

Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of because, but also of before.

Because he was unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot. Being unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.Unable to afford the truth, he lied a lot.

The form of be in the adverb clause is often changed to being. The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear.

Abder. Ajaja - © - All rights reserved 2002.

ADVERB CLAUSE

Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs

If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause, as in the following example:

Independentthe Prime Minister is in Ottawa

Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses. Consider the same clause with the subordinating conjunction "because" added to the beginning:

Dependentwhen the Prime Minister is in Ottawa

In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction "because" suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else. Since this

dependent clause answers the question "when," just like an adverb, it is called a dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses). Note how the clause can replace the adverb "tomorrow" in the following examples:

adverbThe committee will meet tomorrow.

adverb clauseThe committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.

Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but also for nouns and for adjectives.

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples:

nounI know Latin.

noun clauseI know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.

In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object.

In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions:

nounTheir destination is unknown.

noun clauseWhere they are going is unknown.

The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is."

Here are some more examples of noun clauses:

about what you bought at the mall

This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what?"

Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.

This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?"

The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again.

This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?"

Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples:

Adjectivethe red coat

Adjective clausethe coat which I bought yesterday

Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before.

In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing:

informalThe books people read were mainly religious.

formalThe books that people read were mainly religious.

informalSome firefighters never meet the people they save.

formalSome firefighters never meet the people whom they save.

Here are some more examples of adjective clauses:

the meat which they ate was tainted

This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?".

about the movie which made him cry

This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?".

they are searching for the one who borrowed the book

The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?".

Did I tell you about the author whom I met?

The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?".

Adverb Clauses

An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".

Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example:

adverbThe premier gave a speech here.

adverb clauseThe premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.

Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence:

independent clausethey left the locker room

dependent adverb clauseafter they left the locker room

The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition:

causeHamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.

The adverb clause answers the question "why?".

effectHamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.

The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?".

timeAfter Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.

The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence.

placeWhere the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove his uncle's guilt.

The adverb clause answers the question "where?".

conditionIf the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.

The adverb clause answers the question "under what conditions?"

Adverb Clause ADVERB CLAUSEA. PendahuluanAdverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause” adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat), sedangkan clause adalah : anak kalimat. Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.Tetapi dalam kesempatan ini yang dibahas pemakalah hanya empat macam, yaitu, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast. Untuk lebih jelasnya pemakalah akan membahasnya sebagai berikut:

B. Pengertian Adverb ClauseAdverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata kerja dan kata sifat, yang berfungsi sebagai adverb.Rumus umum adverb clause.Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.Contoh:- I met her when + was walking to school.(saya menjumpainya ketika saya sedang berjalan ke sekolah)- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.(Karena dia sakit, dia pergi kedokter).

- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.(saya tak dapat pergi karena ibu saya sakit).

C. Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause1. Adverb Clause of Reanson…. Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebab atau alasan. Adverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/ because/ whereas/ on the ground that.Example:- Is I love you, I can do anything for you.(Karena saya mencintaimu, saya bisa melakukan apa saja untukmu)- Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing.(Karena dia mempunyai rencana untuk menikah, dia tidak melanjutkan sekolahnya)- I stopped the work because I was tired.(Saya berhenti bekerja karena saya capek)- Whereas I came late, My father punishet me.(Karena saya terlambat, ayah saya menghukum saya)- His teacher punishet him on the grand that, he came late.(Gurunya menghukumnya, karena dia datang terlambat).

2. Adverb Clause of Result…. Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hasil perbuatan atau akibat. Adverb clause of result di awali dengan konjungsi so that, so + adjective + that, so + adverb + that, so.Example:- Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight.(Nadhavi sangat cantik sehingga saya menyukainya)- He studies so hard that many studienst like him.(Dia begitu giat belajar sehingga banyak siswa suka padanya).

3. Adverb Clause of Condition…. Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi. Adverb clause of condition di awali dengan konjungsi if/ unless/ whether/ provided that and so long as.

Example:- If you help me, I shall be happy.o Jika kamu menolong saya, saya akan senang.- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know ito Jika kamu tidak mengatakan cintamu kepadanya, dia tidak akan mengetahuinya.- You must do this wheter, you like it or noto Kamu harus mengetahui ini meskipun kamu menyukainya atau tidak- I ean help you provide that you must follow my adviceo Saya bisa menolongmu, jika kamu mengikuti nasehat saya.- So long as you work hard, you have no problem with meo Sepanjang kamu bekerja keras, kamu tidak punya masalah dengan saya.

4. Adverb Clause of ContrastAdverb Clause of Contrast adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang menerangkan bertentangan. Adverb Clause of Contrast diawali dengan konjungsi: although, eventh ough, though, whet eyer, no matter, however much, not with standing that.a. I still no money although I worked hard- Saya masih tak punya uang walaupun saya bekerja kerasb. Eventhough hehates me, he lend me the bock- Walaupun dia membenci saya, dia meminjami saya bukuc. Though he is rice, he never give me the money- Walaupun dia kaya, dia tak pernah memberi saya uangd. Whetever he has done, he is your father- Apapun yang ia perbuat, dia itu ayahmue. No mather what she sald, I still love her- Tak masalah apa yang ia katakan, saya masih tetap mencintainya.f. She will never succed however much he may try- Dia tidak akan berhasil biar bagaimanapun ia mencobanya.g. He was not refreshed not with standing that he had spent 2 weeks leave- Ia tidak segar meskipun is telah mengambil cuti 2 minggu

D. KesimpulanDari uraian diatas penulis mencoba menyimpulkan bahwa Adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata kerja dan kata sifat, yang berfungsi sebagai adverb.Rumus umum adverb clause.Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause1. Adverb Clause of ReansonAdverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/ because/ whereas/ on the ground that

2. Adverb Clause of ResultAdverb clause of result di awali dengan konjungsi so that, so + adjective + that, so + adverb + that, so.3. Adverb Clause of ConditionAdverb clause of condition di awali dengan konjungsi if/ unless/ whether/ provided that and so long as.4. Adverb Clause of ContrastAdverb Clause of Contrast diawali dengan konjungsi: although, eventh ough, though, whet eyer, no matter, however much, not with standing that.

Types of Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb (predicate). This differs from a phrase, which does not have a subject and a verb, like “to the park.” Clauses can

be independent or dependent. Independent clauses are called sentences as they can stand alone and express a complete thought.

Dependent clauses, or subordinate clauses, are subordinate to something else, usually an independent clause, and depend on it for meaning. Here are some examples with the dependent clause underlined:

Because he has a college degree, he was given a great job. When the storm started, she was at the store. Bob wore the coat that I gave him.

You can see that each underlined clause cannot stand on its own, but needs a clause to help it make sense or to help it complete a thought.  

What Is an Adverb Clause?

Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other clause. Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:

Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by the time

Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, in the event Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even though 

Most of the time, an adverb clause will be separated from the other clause with a comma. Here are a few examples of sentences with and without commas: 

Whether you like it or not, you have to go. (The adverb clause “Whether you like it or not” puts a condition on the action.) 

She enjoyed the party more than he did. (The adverb clause 'than he did' modifies the adverb “more”.)  

Functions of Adverbs

Since adverb clauses function as adverbs, let’s look at the functions of adverbs.  Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They tell why, when, where, how, how much, and how often an action occurs. They can begin a sentence that is a question, and give more information. Here are some examples according to what the adverb is modifying:

Verbs: We eat pizza weekly. She watched the wild animal carefully. Adjectives: That is a very nice person.  The dog is extremely hyperactive.

Adverbs: She sings quite beautifully.   My dog is almost always starving.

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Examples of Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses can modify by telling the place, time, cause, and purpose of an action. They can also show concession and condition. Basically they answer the questions: Where?, when?, why?, and under what conditions? Here are some examples with the adverb clause underlined:

Place: Wherever there is music, people will often dance.  Let’s go to the room where they asked us to wait.     

Time: After the chores are done, we will eat ice cream. When the clock strikes midnight, she has to leave.

Cause: She passed the course because she worked hard.  Since he has long hair, he wears a ponytail.

Purpose: So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes.  He ate vegetables in order to stay healthy.

Concession: Even though you are 13, you can’t go to that movie. Although you gave it your best, you did not win the match.

Condition: If you save some money, you can buy a new game.  Unless you hurry, you will be late for school. 

Author: Christy Rakoczy