adsorbent characteristics & adsorption ...adsorbent characteristics & adsorption mechanisms...
TRANSCRIPT
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ADSORBENT CHARACTERISTICSADSORBENT CHARACTERISTICS& ADSORPTION MECHANISMS
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, PhD, CEngCentre of Lipids Engineering & Applied Research UTM Johor BahruUTM Johor Bahru
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OBJECTIVE
Sharing the research outcomes in relation to Sharing the research outcomes in relation to
adsorbent characteristics and adsorption
h i mechanisms.
Findings from 2009 to 2017; laboratory prepared
adsorbents/activated carbons for dyes and heavy
metals removal from watermetals removal from water.
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OUTLINE
Adsorbent characteristics: An overviewAdsorbent characteristics: An overview
Case 1: Mesoporosity & microporosity
Case 2: Degassed activated carbon
Case 3: Specific surface area
Case 4: Functional groupsg p
Case 5: Changes in surface acidity
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ADSORBENTSolid materials – natural or synthesized –with affinity towards certain solutes or molecules.
Rich in functional groups and/or well-developed porous textures. Performance may vary.
Mechanisms of removal: specific surface area-sensitive (roles of pore volume, mesoporosity, microporosity), surface functional groups (acidic or basic groups) ion exchange π π(acidic or basic groups), ion exchange, π-πinteraction, changes in surface charge.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ADSORBENT
Textural properties specific surface area pore Textural properties – specific surface area, pore
volume, microporosity, mesoporosity (BET method).
Surface functional groups – acidic and basic groups,
cationic exchange capacity (Boehm titration,
Ammonium acetate/methylene blue method, pH,
pHPZC FTIR)pHPZC, FTIR).
Others: thermal, proximate and ultimate analyses.
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BOEHM TITRATION
(Agricultural Research Updates Vol. 6, 2013)
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CATTLE-MANURE-COMPOST BASEDACTIVATED CARBONS
A residue of temperature phased anaerobic digestion A residue of temperature-phased anaerobic digestion
for methane generation.
Carbonaceous material; precursor for activated
carbon.
One-step ZnCl2-activation under N2 flow at 500°C for
1 h1 h.
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CASE 1: MESOPOROSITY & MICROPOROSITY
ZnCl2-activated cattle
manure compost carbons manure compost carbons
for Cu(II) adsorption.
Specific surface area;
mesopore-rich carbon.
(J Hazard Mater 170, 2009)
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CASE 2: DEGASSED ACTIVATED CARBONS
Degassing of nitrogen-rich activated carbons for Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption.
π-cation interaction becomes operative for both metals ions.
Insignificant effect of surface area and pore volume for Cu(II) removal.
(TANSO 234, 2008)
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CASE 2: (CONT’D)Increasing degassing
temperature decreases e-
withdrawing groups.
For carbons with similar
textural properties Pb(II) textural properties, Pb(II)
removal increased after
degassing.
(Desal Water Treat 52, 2014)
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CASE 2: (CONT’D)
Surface affinity for Cu(II) adsorption increased after degassing.
However, the removal decreased because the mesopores have been resided by protons.
(Desal Water Treat 51, 2013)
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EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH- & PALM KERNELSHELL-BASED ACTIVATED CARBONS
By chemical activation using chloride saltsBy chemical activation using chloride salts.
Activated carbons-derived from PKS via microwave-
assisted activation.
For dyes removal from waterFor dyes removal from water.
Attempt to recover activating agent for subsequent
activation.
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CASE 3: SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA
Direct correlation of
rhodamine B maximum
adsorption (qmax) with adsorption (qmax) with
specific surface area, R2 =
0 9930.993.
Activated carbons by
chloride salts activation
are generally mesoporous.
(HJIC, in press)
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CASE 3: (CONT’D)
PKS-based activated carbons for column adsorption of methylene blue.
Specific surface area decreased from 858 to 345 m2/g; gap in adsorption capacity increased at higher concentration.
(Sains Malaysiana 43, 2014)
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SLUDGE-BASED ADSORBENTS
The as received sludge from palm oil mill effluent The as-received sludge from palm oil mill effluent,
biopolishing sludge, yarn processing factory and oil-
i h l drich sludge.
Chemically- and thermally-treated, and untreated
sludge sorbents for dyes and heavy metals removal
from water from water.
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CASE 3: (CONT’D)
(Energy Procedia 61, 2014)
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CASE 3: (CONT’D)Anaerobic sludge and g
biopolishing sludge.
I d ifi Increased specific
surface area after acid
treatment has positive
effect on methylene
blue removal.
(Desal Water Treat 52, 2014)
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CASE 4: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Z Cl h d th ffi it f th l bl d it b i th b t ZnCl2 enhanced the affinity for methylene blue despite being the sorbent with lowest surface area.
HCl and some chemical agents diminished the active sites for adsorption.
(PJST 18, 2016)
g p
Untreated sludge is a promising dye sorbent.
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CASE 4: (CONT’D)
Simple chemical treatment against no treatment on yarn processing sludgeprocessing sludge.
Interactions via functional groups are relatively strong.
(Chiang Mai J Sci 44, 2017)
Untreated sludge is a promising dye sorbent.
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CASE 5: CHANGES IN SURFACE ACIDITY
Removal of Pb(II) increased with equilibrium pH.
The surface becomes e su ace beco es deprotonated, dissociation of protons.p
The acidic oxygen functional groups dominating the groups dominating the negatively charged surface for cations adsorption
(J Hazard Mater 170, 2009)
cations adsorption.
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CASE 5: (CONT’D)Removal of methylene blue by y y
human hair sorbent.
H d d d i f 12141618
y, q
e (m
g/g) 5 mg/L
10 mg/L
pH-dependent adsorption for
higher dye concentration.468
10
mov
al c
apac
ity
02
0 5 10 15
Rem
pHpH
(Green Proc. Synth., submitted)
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CONCLUSION
Characteristics of sorbents may vary depending on Characteristics of sorbents may vary depending on
sources and preparation strategies.
Performance of sorbents for water pollutants
removal could be a function of multiple
characteristics.
S ifi f d f h i Specific surface area and surface chemistry are
commonly associated with the performance of
sorbents.
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