adrenal medulla
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The adrenal medulla, which constitutes 28%
of the mass of the adrenal gland, is made up
of interlacing cords of densely innervated
granule-containing cells that abut on venous
sinuses
Made of chromaffin cells – 2 types
Contains granules - 2 types
Paraganglia cells
![Page 3: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The adrenal medulla is in effect a
sympathetic ganglion
The cells secrete when stimulated by the
preganglionic nerve fibers
Innervated by splanchnic nerves
prepare the body for emergencies, the "fight-
or-flight" responses
![Page 4: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Adrenalin (epinephrine)
Noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
Dopamine
![Page 6: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fight or flight reactions
Pre-ganglionic ativation
Exo-cytosis of granules mediated by ca
influx
Physiological and psychological stimuli such
Pain , anxiety , trauma , hypovolemia ,
hypoglycemia , hypothermia, severe
exercise , emotional stimulus
![Page 8: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Table 1. Classification of Adrenergic Hormone
Receptors
Receptor AgonistsSecond
MessengerG protein
alpha1 (1) E>NE IP3/Ca2+; DAG Gq
alpha2 (2) NE>E cyclic AMP Gi
beta1 (1) E=NE cyclic AMP Gs
beta2 (2) E>>NE cyclic AMP Gs
E = epinephrine; NE = norepinephrine
Alpha adrenergic receptors - NE ,E – major stimulatory (except intestine)
Beta adrenergic receptors - E – major inhibitory ( except myocardium)
![Page 10: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Alpha 1 , 2
Beta 1, 2 ,3
Up regulation
Down regulation
Adrenalin – alpha 1,2 . Beta 1, 2 ,3
Nor-adr – alpha 1,2 . Beta 1 , poor beta
activity
![Page 11: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Metabolism –o2 consumption co2 production
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis , glycogenolysis , glycogenesis , insulin inhibition , glucagon secretion , ACTH secretion
Lipid Metabolism – lipolysis thro’ HSL
Heart - beta 1
Cns – alertness , anxiety , tremors - beta
Blood vessel – blood pressure
Respiration – beta 2
![Page 13: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Skin –arrector pili
Urinary Bladder And GIT
Eyes –alpha - pupilary dilation , beta produces relaxation of ciliary muscle
Blood – increases rbc , coagulability
Skeletal muscle – contraction , increase blood supply , glycogeneolysis
Smooth muscle - splenic capsule
shpincters
dilator pupillae
uterus
arrector pili
![Page 14: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Relaxation in non sphicteric gi muscles
Urinary bladder
Bronchioles
Kidney – renin secretion
Sweat glands
Lacrmal glands
Salaivary glands
![Page 15: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Insulin , somatostatin
Glucagon
Thyroxin , t4 – t3 enhancement
TRH
Renin secretion
![Page 16: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acute sympathetic stimulation
Chronic sympathetic stimulation
ACTH – increases enzymes of catechol
Cortisol - PNMT
Epinephrine
Exposure to cold
Hypoglycemia
![Page 17: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Produced by adrenal medulla and
dopaminergic neurons
Vasoconstriction
Dilatation in mesentery
Increase in heart rate and BP
![Page 18: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Endocrine hypertension
Anxiety
Chest pain
Fever
Headache
Hyperglycemia
Nausea and vomiting
Polyuria , glucosuria
Palpitations
Sweating
Tachycardia
Wt loss
Test for pheochromocytoma
![Page 19: Adrenal medulla](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082210/55a9a5eb1a28ab9f518b47ee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)