adrenal gland functional histology. two parts- 1)adrenal cortex aldosterone(mineralocorticoid) the...
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Adrenal Gland Functional Histology
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Two parts-1)Adrenal Cortex • Aldosterone(mineralocorticoid)
•the cortisol (glucocorticoids) and
•androgenic hormones(Dehydroepiandrosterone).
ACTH
Angiotensin II
2) Adrenal medula-secretes the catecholamine hormones, • adrenaline (epinephrine) • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
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Adrenal MorphologyZona glomerulosa Aldosterone
Zona fasciculata Glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis Androgens
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Blood supply of theadrenal glands.
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connective tissue capsule (Cap)
Outer zona glomerulosa (G) -mineralocor-ticoids.
The middle zona fasciculata (F) has linearly arranged cells that secrete glucocorticoids.
The inner zona retuclaris (R) cells form a cell network and secrete weak androgens.
inner medulla (M).
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• cells of the adrenal cortex -abundance of mitochondria, lipid and smooth endoplasmic reticulum- steroid secreting cells.
• Zona glomerulosa cells -rounded in clusters
• zona glomer-ulosa –mineralocorticoids- aldosterone Na+ and K+ balance(RAA System)
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
CRH
Aldosterone
ACTH (minor)
Adrenal Cortex (Zona Glomerulosa)
Angiotensin II K+
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Hypersecretion
Effects:-• Increased extracellular fluid volume • Hypertension • Hypokalemia
– Muscle weakness, arrhythmias
• Tumor in the Zona glomerulosa/primary/conn`s syndrome or increased renin secretion/secondary hyperaldosteronism.
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Hyposecretion
• Primary/Addisons disease• Hyperkalemia • Hyponatremia • Decreased extracellular fluid volume
– Shock addisonian crisis.–
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• Zona fasciculata (B) cells -cords or plates usually one – two cell thick separated by sinusoidal capillaries.
• Secrete glucocorticoids, - cortisol, - carbohydrate metabolism.
• Rounded nuclei and a vacuolated cytoplasm.
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
CRH
Cortisol / Androgens
ACTH
Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis)
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Adipose Cells
lipolysis
Fatty acids glycerol
Muscle
Protein breakdown
Amino Acids
Liver
glucose
glucose
General cell
glycogen
Energy
Action of Insulin
??
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Other effects
• Modulates behaviour and mood • Maturation of the fetus • Role in parturition????? • Modifies and controls both inflammatory
and immune responses • Important in stress response•
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Inflammation
• Anti-inflammatory – Stabilizes lysosomes – capillary permeability – WBC migration & phagocytosis – decreases fever
• Helps repair after the event
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
CRH
Cortisol
ACTH
Adrenal Cortex (Zona Fasciculata Zona Reticularis)
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Cushing’s Syndrome - a myriad of problems associated with cortisol excess
• Cortisol Hypersecretion Causes – Long-term corticosteroid medication – Pituitary adenoma – Ectopic ACTH syndrome (eg lung tumors) – Adrenal tumors-Primary
Cushing’s Disease – cortisol excess due to hypersecretion of pituitary ACTH
Cortisol Hypersecretion
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Metabolic effects-
• liver glucose output • (+ insulin) fat deposition in trunk, face and
upper back • Muscle wasting and weakness • Impaired glucose tolerance, insulin-
resistant DM, glucose uptake by tissues
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Others
• Suppression of immune system • Hypertension • Mineralocorticoid activity
– Hypokalemia – ECF
• Skin/connective tissue – Easy to bruise – Striae formation – Poor wound healing
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Hyposecretion-Addison’s DiseaseMetabolism
• liver glucose output and glycogen storage
• lipolysis • Muscle weakness
– glycogen stores • Hypoglycemia
– Modified insulin response
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Pigmentation in Addison's disease
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ACTH• 39 amino acids • Synthesized in corticotrophs of AP • Half-life of ~ 10 minutes
pro-opiomelanocorticotrophin (POMC)
Beta- lipotropin(β –LPH)
a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)
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• zona reticularis -smallest of the secretory cells of the adrenal cortex
• irregular network of branching cellular cords surrounded by blood vessels and connective tissue.
• Zona reticularis -weak androgens- dehydroepiandrosterone.
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Hypersecretion
• Females (adrenogenital syndrome)– ADULTS-Masculine characteristics (hair,
voice, enlarged clitoris, muscles) virilization– INFANTS- Female Pseudohermaphroditism.
• Males – Will induce pubertal effects
lack of 21- or 11-hydroxylase activity in the adrenal cortex leads to the preferential formation of adrenal androgens-Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
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Adrenal Medulla
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Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenal Medulla
Pre-ganglionic neuron
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Chromaffin cell
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Tyrosine
Dopa
DopamineDopamine β-hydroxylase
Norepinephrine(10-20%)
Epinephrine(80-90%)
EpinephrineSecretory granule
Tyrosine hydroxylase
PNMT
Chromaffin cell
PNMT- phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
ACTH
Cortisol
Synthesis of the two major adrenal medulla hormones :-
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Chromaffin Cell
N
ACh
Ca2+
Vesicles containing
Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine
Release of Epi and
Norepi via exocytosis
Na+ Vm
Transport and Circulation of Medullary Hormones~ 50% travel loosely bound to albuminHalf-life of between 10-100 seconds, very short
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• The adrenal medulla- pheochromocytes, and large venous structures.
• Two distinct classes of medullary cells
• Distinguished from each other - secretory granules.
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• Medullary cells -larger and large caliber veins are located in the medulla.
• The pheochromocytes -stained with chromic salts.
• The cells take on a yellow brown color and are called chromafin cells.
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Chromaffin cells
• modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that lack dendrites and axons
• secreted in response to intense emotional reactions and stresses placed on the individual.
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Sympathetic ganglion cells
round or polygonal with prominent nuclei
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Pheochromocytoma
• Hypersecretion of medullary hormones – Usually due to tumor
• unregulated burst of c/a release • • Get sudden symptoms associated with
excess catecholamines – Esp. on stress or postural changes
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Hypothalamus
ANS/ Adrenal Medulla
Release of catecholamines
Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex
mineralocorticoidsglucocorticoids
cortisol
HR & BP Blood glucose Metabolic rate Bronchodilation
BPProtein b/down Fat b/down Immune supression
Short-term response Long-term response
STRESS
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