adjusting to total war. military tactic employed by the north to defeat the south so soundly, the...
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Adjusting to Total War
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Military tactic employed by the North to defeat the South so soundly, the separatist government would have no other choice to come back to the Union
Total war tested societies, economies, and political systems as well as military planners and civilians
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South had a passionate cause for the war; willing to defend slavery till the death
North resolve was a bit more mixed; not quite as distinguishable
Confederate soldiers were predicted to be better soldiers than the Yankees• New land better→ home court advantage• Farm boys, used to riding and shooting
A majority of the Union soldiers would be farm boys as well
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UNION ARMY CONFEDERATE ARMY Trial and error in deciding
what type of strategy to use Take the capitol city of the
Confederacy: Richmond Anaconda Plan, suggested by
Gen. Winfield Scott Pres. Lincoln would decide on
a two-front war Good strategies, but lack of
good military leadership
Choice of defensive or sudden offensive strategy
Pres. Davis chose a defensive strategy; best suited for the strengths and weaknesses of the South
BUT, this did not obliterate the possibility of invasion of the Union if necessary
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Both sides had more volunteers than positions
Control of militias Problems with re-enlistment Both enacted conscription/draft Inefficient supply flow b/c of private
industry
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Romanticized idea of war ½ believed in cause ½ were bribed or drafted Both Northern and Southern armies were ill prepared Training camps created units, rather than individuals Poor uniforms and horrible food South relied on exports, Northern blockade was effective North had more men, but South had better trained men North broke RR lines, increasing supply shortages Diseases such as typhiod and dysentary killed more than
actual combat 618,000 died (more than Vietnam, WWI, and WWII
combined)
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NORTHERN SUCCESS SOUTHERN FAILURE Pres. Lincoln named
commander and chief of army and navy
Bold in stretching the executive boundaries
Declared martial law Suspended the writ of
habeus corpus Unified support in Congress,
especially with war policies Lincoln held the party
together by persuasion, patronage, and flexible policy making
Pres. Davis named commander and chief of army and navy
Ineffective military leader and policy maker compared to Lincoln
Tenuous relationships with military generals
Lack of initiative and leadership in dealing w/ home front issues
No organized party to support him
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1st Battle at Bull Run- July, 1861: humiliating Northern defeat b/c of leadership
Gen. George McClellan replaced weak leadership; started intense drills and training for Union troops
1862- Western front victories; capture of Fort Donelson and Fort Henry
Battle of Shiloh- Southern counter attack; bloodiest battle of the war• Union troops decimated in the 2 day battle
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Success on the western front, after Battle of Shiloh Anaconda Plan was starting to gain some ground Monitor vs. Merrimack McClellan moved to assault Richmond, but never got
reinforcements Stonewall Jackson, took advantage of Union troops awaiting
reinforcements• Series of quick, lightening strikes
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Battle of Seven Pines, McClellan forces in two; shift in Confederate power→ enter Robert E. Lee
Lee upstaged McClellan’s inadequacies
2nd Battle of Bull Run, showcased Lee’s brilliance as a military leader
Battle of Antietam followed• Bloodiest 1 day battle of the
war• 5,000 killed• Over 18,000 wounded
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England and France dependent on South for 75% cotton
Halt of overseas trade when Confederate privateers raided and sank Northern ships
Because of surplus France and England failed to recognize the South
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Napoleon III considered recognition in return for support of France in Mexico, but would not support w/out Britain
U.S. threatened was w/ Britain b/c of loss at Antietam, declared hands off policy
Cotton shortage in South forced Britain to turn to Egypt and India