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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

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P .J. GALLAGHERS HOTEL PARRAMATTA

DECEMBER 2002

Cultural Resources Management For Paynter Dixon Constructions Pty Ltd

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

P.J. GALLAGHERS HOTEL PARRAMATTA

DECEMBER 2002

Cultural Resources Management For Paynter Dixon Constructions Pty Ltd

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CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

1.0 1.1

PRECIS OF THE REPORT ..................................................................................... 01 The Work ................................................................................................................. 01

1.2 Historical Context. .................................................................................................... 01 1.3 Archaeological Profile .............................................................................................. 01 1.4 Cultural Significance ................................................................................................ 02 1.5 Impact Assessment ................................................................................................. 03 1.6 Management ............................................................................................................ 03

2.0 CONTEXT ................................................................................................................ 04 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 04 2.2 The Study Area and Subject .................................................................................... 04 2.3 Status of the Site ..................................................................................................... 05 2.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 05 2.5 Objectives and Task ................................................................................................ 05 2.6 Authorship, Client and Acknowledgements ............................................................. 06

Site Location

3.0 HISTORICAL PROFILE .......................................................................................... 07 3.1 The Pre-settlement Environment and Aboriginal Occupation .................................. 08 3.2 Alienation ..................................................................................................... ···· ........ 09 3.3 The First Hotel ......................................................................................................... 10

Detail 1844 Survey 3.4 Local Landmark ....................................................................................................... 11 3.5 New Directions ......................................................................................................... 12

1892 Survey 1894 Survey

3.6 Tooth and Co. Ltd .................................................................................................... 13 1923 Survey Site Plan of New General Bourke Hotel 1923 Elevation of New General Bourke Hotel 1923 Rear Elevation of New General Bourke Hotel 1923 Ground Floor Plan of New General Bourke Hotel 1923 Plan of Alterations to New General Bourke Hotel 1938 Plan of Additions 1992

4.0 THE RESOURCE .................................................................................................... 14 4.1 Topography .............................................................................................................. 14 4.2 Structures ................................................................................................................ 14 4.3 Open Space and Services ....................................................................................... 15 4.4 Geo-technical Evidence ........................................................................................... 17 4.5 Archaeological Sampling ......................................................................................... 17 4.6 Site Formation ......................................................................................................... 17 4.7 Archaeological Profile .............................................................................................. 18

5.0 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ....................................................................... 20 5.1 Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Assessment of Significance ..................................................................................... 21

5.2.1 Existing Assessments .......................................................... · ...... · ................ 21


5.2.2 Historic Associations .................................................................................... 21 5.2.3 Scientific/research Potential ........................................................................ 21 5.2.4 Degree of Significance ................................................................................. 22

5.3 Statement of Significance ...................................................................................... 22

6.0 MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................... 23 6.1 The Development Proposal ..................................................................................... 23

Proposed Ground Floor Layout 6.2 Impact Assessment ................................................................................................. 24 6.3 Statutory Considerations ......................................................................................... 26

6.3.1 SREP 28 ..................................................................................................... 26 6.3.2 NSW Heritage Act. ....................................................................................... 26

6.4 Management Procedures for the Archaeological Resource ................................... 27 6.4.1 Application for an Excavation Permit.. ......................................................... 27 6.4.2 Archaeological Investigation and Documentation ...................................... 27 6.4.3 Artefacts ....................................................................................................... 27

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 28 7.1 Books and Reports .................................................................................................. 28 7.2 Property Records ..................................................................................................... 29 7.3 Miscellaneous Records ............................................................................................ 29 7.4 Maps and Plans ....................................................................................................... 29 7.5 Images ..................................................................................................................... 30


Archaeological Assessment PJ Gallagher's Hotel Parramatta December 2002

SECTION 1.0

PRECIS

1.1 The Work

The subject of this report is the sub-surface archaeological resource that may be contained within land located at the corner of Church and Parkes Streets, Parramatta, the site known as PJ Gallagher's Hotel. The objective of the work has been to determine the probability of finding archaeological evidence here and, if so, its extent, nature, integrity and significance. The report assesses the impact of proposed work on that resource and provides recommendations for its management. The work fulfils statutory requirements of Sydney Regional Environmental Plan No 28: Parramatta and addresses specific requests from Parramatta City Council.

1.2 Historical Context

The pre-settlement landscape of the study area was characterised by stands of tall trees with a grassy under-storey. It was a haven for native wildlife. These resources were attractive to Aboriginal people who had occupied the area for at least forty thousand years. No archaeological sites of this type have been identified within the study area. The pre-settlement landscape on this site may have been removed in the first ten years of the nineteenth century as part of the Wentworth Wood House estate development located just to the north of the study area. This was owned by O'Arcy Wentworth who also acquired the study area as part of grant made in 1819. If the study area was developed it was probably part of a garden or orchard.

The first hotel was constructed here in c.1839 by a lessee to the estate. By 1858 the original building had been extended and out-buildings had been added to the site. The property was first sold in 1860. By the end of the nineteenth century the original hotel and its 1850s additions largely remained but the out-buildings had been replaced as part of a substantial programme of renovation. This included the construction of a house on the Junction Street (Parkes Street) frontage. This was probably demolished between 1900 and 1920.

The old hotel and its out-buildings were demolished in 1924 to make way for a new hotel constructed for Tooth and Co. Ltd. This building, with additions and alterations remains on site. A number of programmes of work have been carried out here in the twentieth century including the construction of the bistro area in 1992, landscaping and the provision of services.

1.3 Archaeological Profile

On the basis of the evidence provided by archival sources it has been concluded that the potential sub-surface archaeological resource of this site is likely to be characterised as follows:

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Some evidence may remain of the pre-existing environment in the form of residual soils and micro-flora. This is likely to have been largely removed by the initial site clearance of the nineteenth century but, more particularly, through the impact of subsequent periods of construction. This would also be true of evidence of introduced species associated with garden development. However, small pockets of this evidence may remain in the less developed parts of the site, particularly the south-western areas.

Evidence of the original 1830s hotel may lie under the present hotel.

The well that may have been associated with that first hotel is likely to be preserved, although filled, on the eastern portion of the site.

Any extant evidence of the 1850s additions to the original hotel is likely to lie under the present hotel and the 1990 addition.

Some evidence of the wooden stables may remain in the sub-profile on the southern boundary.

More evidence of the later nineteenth century brick-aut-building on this boundary is likely to be preserved here.

Evidence of the wooden house on Anderson Street is likely to be contained in the sub-profile.

Evidence of three w.es. in the form of drop shafts is likely to be found in the car park areas on the southern portion of the site.

Undocumented features such as nineteenth century drainage, surface preparations and artefact assemblages may be contained within the site.

There will be substantial disturbance caused by the introduction of sewerage, water, gas and other services.

1.4 Cultural Significance

This site has high cultural significance through its historical role as a still functioning hotel that has served Parramatta for over 160 years. It was and is a well-known landmark. The archaeological resource retained within the site is likely to primarily provide conformation and substance for the evidence contained in nineteenth century surveys of the hotel. This is particularly true of what is likely to be the most intact archaeological material on the site, the wooden boarding house on Anderson Street. Investigation of the site is likely to reveal little more that is now available from primary sources although some details of occupation and site management could be revealed by the documentation of features such as artefact assemblages.

The site is assessed to have low-medium local significance as a scientific/research resource.



Assessment PJ Hotel Parramatta December 2002

1.5 Impact Assessment

The excavation required for the construction of new works may lead to the exposure of relics. In the case of the deck some evidence of the timber boarding house on Anderson Street may be revealed by the work. In the case of the extension to the hotel some evidence of the stables on the southern boundary is the most likely relic that may be revealed by the excavation.

However, all of the areas have been disturbed to varying degrees in the past and the new work is largely confined to pad and strip footings of reasonably confined areas. The likelihood of revealing substantial and significant relics is low.

1.6 Management

It will be necessary for the owners/managers of this site to apply for a Section 140 Excavation Permit from the Heritage Council of NSW. It is recommended that the permit application propose monitoring with an option for no further work if the profiles revealed are sterile or too disturbed for useful interpretation.

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Assessment PJ Gallagher's Hotel Parramatta December 2002

SECTION 2.0

CONTEXT

2.1 Background

This report provides an archaeological assessment of land in Church Street, Parramatta. The site is known as PJ Gallagher's Hotel. Formerly it was the General Bourke Hotel. This work is a revision of an assessment prepared in 1990. Some construction is to be undertaken on the site with some minor works affecting the ground surface. The excavation associated with this work may entail the removal of archaeological relics. This document has been written to determine if relics are present within the site, assess the impact of the redevelopment on archaeological resources and provide information and analysis that will determine the necessity or otherwise for an excavation permit application under Section 140 of the Heritage Act of NSW.

The revised document fulfils statutory requirements of Sydney Regional Environmental Plan 28 - Parramatta. It conforms to current planning and assessment procedures for archaeological resources. It addresses specific requests from Parramatta City Council regarding additional information for a development application, specifically, the preparation of an archaeological assessment and Heritage Impact Statement.

2.2 The Study Area and Subject

The subject of this investigation, the "study area", encompasses land at the intersection of Parkes and Church Streets, Parramatta. The western boundary of the site is defined by Church Street, the northern boundary by Parkes Street and the eastern boundary by Anderson Street. The southern boundary has commercial development. Buildings and other works constructed for the hotel since 1924 occupy the site.

The site has the street address of 74 Church Street and may be identified as Lot 10 DP 732105. It is located in the Parish of St John, Portion 196, and County of Cumberland. It is within the Local Government Area of Parramatta City Council.

This report broadly encompasses the European "heritage" values of the study area with respect to a possible archaeological resource. Heritage values are understood to mean the appreciation and value placed upon the resource by contemporary society in terms of the criteria expressed in the Burra Charter and formalised by the Heritage Office of NSW. Archaeological evidence, "relics", is defined by the Heritage Act of NSW to be physical evidence (structures, features, soils, deposits and portable artefacts) that provide evidence of the development of NSW, of non-Aboriginal origin and fifty or more years in age. Aboriginal relics are provided protection by the National Parks and Wildlife Act of NSW.

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2.3 Status of the Site

An archaeological assessment for this site was prepared in 1990'. The current report revises that work in terms of current planning and assessment criteria as well as bringing the historical analysis to date. The property was identified within the Archaeological Zoning Plan for Parramatta (Site No. 150). This assessment described it as Group 1 site. This category indicated the possibility for sub-surface archaeological material of high significance2

.

In 2000 a new study of archaeological resources was prepared for the NSW Heritage Study. This studl, still to be ratified, identified archaeological "management units" within Parramatta with an assessment of their significance and identification of their potential contribution to a research framework defined by the study team.

The hotel is encompassed within one Archaeological Management Unit as follows:

AMU 3246: this is a specific identification of the (former) General Bourke Hotel site. The inventory form for this unit is primarily based in the information presented in the 1990 assessment of the site. It concludes that the site is of local significance. The assessment of significance concludes that,

'This AMU has moderate archaeological research potential. The physical archaeological evidence within this area may include structural features, intact subfloor deposits, open deposits and scatters, ecological samples and individual artefacts which have the potential to yield information relating to major historic themes including Commerce, Cultural Sites, Land Tenure, Labour, Townships and Utilities".

The general recommendations are for reassessment, monitoring, interpretation and inclusion in a OCP. This report fulfils the requirement for reassessment.

2.4 Methodology

This report has been prepared in accordance with the principles expressed by the Heritage Office of NSW in its publication "Archaeological Assessment Guidelines". It also draws on the methods and procedures presented in the NSW Heritage Manual, Historical Archaeological Sites Investigation and Conservation Guidelines and the Burra Charter. There has been some archaeological sampling or investigation of this place in 1992 and geo-technical interpretation in 1990.

2.5 Objectives and Tasks

The principal objectives of the work have been to determine the development of the built environment and landscape and, secondly, to identify whether there is an archaeological issue to be addressed prior to and/or during the work proposed for the study area. The report identifies what may be retained in the ground as an archaeological resource, the significance of that material, the impact of the proposed work on that resource and the most appropriate means of managing that impact. To this end the following tasks have been undertaken:

1 Wendy Thorp, Archaeological Assessment General Bourke Hotel Parramatta. 2 Edward Higginbotham, The Future of Parramatta's Past 3 GML. Parramatta Historical Archaeology Landscape Management Study.

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• A review of primary and secondary historical research sufficient to determine the physical development of the site and its principal associations taking into account new material released since 1990;

• site survey (visual inspection only) and an assessment of physical evidence taking into account those factors which are likely to have impacted on the retention of archaeological evidence;

• a determination of the probable archaeological profile;

• an evaluation of the cultural significance of this resource with reference to standard criteria;

• an assessment of the impact of the work on sub-surface features

• identification of management strategies;

• complete documentation of the programme.

2.6 Authorship, Client and Acknowledgements

This report has been written and researched by Wendy Thorp (Cultural Resources Management) to meet the requirements of Parramatta City Council and the NSW Heritage Office. The work was commissioned by Paynter Dixon Constructions Pty Ltd. The historical analysis work draws on both primary and secondary sources. A complete bibliography is included at Section 7.0 of this report.

The author would like to thank Mr Colin Kay (Sydney Water Archives).

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Assessment P J Hotel Parramatta December 2002

SECTION 3.0

HISTORICAL PROFILE

The study area occupies land that was formally granted for European purposes in 1819 although there is no evidence of substantial occupation until the 1830s. This was associated with a hotel. The site has been continuously used for that purpose since that time.

This section presents evidence derived from both primary and secondary archival sources. It is used to describe the evolution and occupation of the study area and its principal associations. This narrative provides the basis for assessing what may be retained in the ground as archaeological evidence of that development as well as providing a context for determining the significance of this resource.

The evidence is presented in the following sections that follow the chronological development of the place:

• The Pre-Settlement Environment and Aboriginal Occupation

• Alienation

• The First Hotel

• Local Landmark

• New Directions

• Tooths and Co.

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3.1 The Pre-Settlement Environment and Aboriginal Occupation

The study area is encompassed within a large geological system, the Cumberland Plains, primarily based on Hawkesbury Sandstone but with significant outcrops of rich volcanic soils. Its defining characteristic is the river valley and its tributaries. The dominant pre-settlement landscape of this system was heavily timbered open forest. The principal vegetation comprised eucalypts, including spotted gum, forest red gums, smooth-barked gums as well as grey box, woolybutt and stringybark. There were several types of ironbark4.

Beneath this canopy was scrub that varied from almost impassable to relatively open heath lands dominated by paperbarks and native grasses5

• Arthur Phillip described a place not far from the study area in 1788. He said of it,

'The trees are immensely large, and at a considerable distance from each other, and the land around us flat and rather low but well covered with (rich and succulent) grass,,6.

There was a creek close to the site, no doubt a factor in its later settlement. The land along the creeks was defined by mudflats and mangroves with marshy land above the High Water Mark. Later settlers would describe how these flats were a haven for marine life; small crabs, balloon fish, bream and mullet were plentiful? The marshy areas were a refuge for migratory birds and the inland forest and scrub supported a very large variety of other native birds and wildlife.

With such abundant natural resources the area was a haven for Aboriginal people for at least forty thousand years BP. The original occupants of the study area and its environs are likely to have been members of the Aboriginal tribal family or clan of the Wangal belonging to the larger Dharug groupB. This clan laid claim to land along the southern banks of the Parramatta River as far as Rosehill.

It is likely that the study area was occupied or intermittently visited by Aboriginal people in the pre-settlement period; there is substantial ethnographic evidence to that effect. It was noted that these people had a complex social organization and an elaborate tool kit primarily devoted to exploitation of the marine resources. However, although many sites of Aboriginal association have been recorded in Parramatta and its environs including middens, artefact scatters and scarred trees, no specific evidence has been found to associate Aboriginal people with the study area.

The pristine and rich condition of the environment was not to last long after the arrival of Europeans. As part of the work devoted to developing a new estate it was normal practice to remove large areas of tree cover. Early paintings of estates along the river show that by the 1820s the dense tree cover and scrub of many places had been replaced by sparse patches of trees, stumps and open ground. The only survivors generally were the mangroves although these were removed in large parts during the later part of the nineteenth century. The only illustration of the site in the nineteenth century shows it to have been cleared although there were still tall stands of trees in the far background9

. Primary evidence suggests that it was probably cleared during the earliest years of the nineteenth century.

4 Ibid: 4 5 Benson and Howell, Taken for Granted the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs: 69 6 Quoted in Ibid: 68 7 Mrs L. Meredith, Notes and Sketches in NSW 1839-1844: 151 8 Terry Kass et al. Parramatta A Past Revealed: 5 9 The General Bourke Hotel, RAHS Foster Collection 10:56


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3.2 Alienation

For many years after the settlement of Parramatta this part of the town was considered to be beyond the fringe. The earliest town surveys of 1792 and 1813 do not even extend as far south as the hotel site 10. By 1823, when the next reliable town survey was made, perceptions of the extent of the settlement had moved to include this area. The study area was still undeveloped but it had been alienated a few years earlier for European occupation. The owner of the land was O'Arcy Wentworth. His total grant encompassed thirty-one acres and was granted to him in August 1819 by Governor Macquarie 11.

It was not the first land that Wentworth had acquired in Parramatta. He had acquired a lease in 1799 that was renewed in 1806. It was converted to a grant in 1810. The new grant was an extension of these lands. Wentworth had constructed a house and made other improvements on his first land grants in the period before 181012

. The house was known as Wentworth Wood house and it stood on the southern side of Fitzwilliam Street close to Church Street and just north of the study area.

In 1827 the property was advertised to let in the following terms;

"For such term of years as may be agreed upon that capital mansion, orchard and garden, commonly called Wentworth Wood House situated on the hill at Parramatta ... ,,13.

The study area may have been in the area of the orchard or gardens and, thus, would have been cleared by the first years of the nineteenth century. There is no evidence for any particular strl:lctural improvements to have been made on this site in this period of occupation. Wentworth's son William Charles mortgaged the property in 1829. The town survey of 1836 shows it to be still at that time unoccupied14

.

10 Plan of the Town of Parramatta c 1792 Bonwick Transcripts Box 36 also Plan of the Town of Parramatta 1813 M2 811.130/1813/1 11 L TO OS Book 3681 Folio 249. Application Packet 21523 12 J. Jervis, The Cradle City of Parramatta: 21 13 Quoted in Ibid: 33 14 Survey of Parramatta 1823. SAONSW AO Map 4907


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3.3 The First Hotel

The first hotel on this site was constructed between 1836, when the site is shown to be undeveloped on surveys, and 1839 when the first licence was approved for it. The first licensee was James Oalziell (also known as Oalzier) 15, He was granted a licence for the newly named General Bourke Hotel every year up to 184616

, It appears that he continued to manage the hotel up until its sale by the owners, William Charles and Fitzwilliam Wentworth (sons of the original grantee), in 1861 17

,

The earliest survey of the site showing the hotel was made in 184418, This shows a U

shaped building, constructed in stone, fronting Church Street. A second survey of Parramatta made in 1858 indicates that substantial additions hade been made to the hotel in the later 1840s or early 1850s 19, The additions comprised a long wing added to the northern arm of the U and a single small addition made to the southern arm of the original building, Later evidence suggests that a third wing ma~ have been added across the back of the original hotel to join these two new buildings 0.

On the southern boundary of the property was a very long building, a stable. At the back or eastern permitter of the site were two small now unidentifiable out-buildings. Another building was located at the northern side of the hotel on the line of the later Junction Street (now Parkes Street).

The Wentworths sold the property at auction to Andrew Pay ten for £315 in 1860. The title to the property described it as,

It ••• all that messuage or tenement and premises situated in Church Street Parramatta ... known as the Governor Bourke Hotel lately in the occupation of Mr D.L. Da/ziel together with all the houses, buildings and erections thereon ... n21.

There is a name change recorded in this transaction from the original General Bourke to Governor Bourke. Whether an accident or an actual change, for the rest of the nineteenth century the accepted name was the General Bourke Hotel. Payten appears to have retained Dalziel as the pUblican22

.

Governor Bourke Hotel

D

Detail of the town survey of 1844, redrawn, showing the hotel at the junction of Church Street and the Western Road (Source M3 811113011184411)

15 SAONSW, Index to Publican's licences 16 Ibid. 11 LTO. Primary Application 25123 18 Plan of Parramatta 1844 M4 811/130/1844/1 19 SAONSW. State Rail Records GWR Extension Parramatta to Penrith Proclamation Plan Part 1. Sheet 1 20 A division appears in a record of the structure made in 1923. Survey of Lot 32 Section 2 Wentworth Estate 1923, Primary Application Packet 21523 }l LTO, OS Book 73 Folio 967, Primary Application Packet 21523 22 Primary Application Packet 21523

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3.4 Local Landmark

Pay ten retained the property until 1875 at which time he sold it to James William Carr for £50023

. Carr remained as the publican of the hotel until 188424. He retained ownership of the property until 1888 with other publicans managing the hotel.

There is little primary evidence for the site during this period but what little there is suggests that no major changes were made to the premises although a number of mortgages taken by Carr might indicate some works. He mortgaged the property in 1876 and again in 188225

. At the time of the last transaction in 1882 the schedule referred to the property as the Governor Bourke Arms Hotel26

.

The only known illustration of the hotel during the nineteenth century (cover illustration) dates to the period of Carr's ownership. It clearly shows the extensions defined by the 1858 survey. The main hotel was a two-storey Georgian building flanked by single-storey wings on either side. The single storey extension to the northern wing is visible. Long timber stables are shown on the southern boundary of the property. The site was partly enclosed along Church Street by a picket fence27

.

In 1885 Carr installed a new publican in the hotel, E.J. Murra/8. In the following year

W.T. Carpenter took over the managemene9. Carpenter immediately advertised the

services and premises available:

"W. T. CARPENTER'S GENERAL BOURKE HOTEL CORNER OF CHURCH STREET - WESTERN ROAD PARRAMATTA

Within three minutes walk of Parramatta Railway Station Spacious and airy Bedrooms, Private Suites for Families LIQUORS OF BEST BRANDS IN THE MARKET COMMODIOUS STABLE AND YARD ACCOMODATION A well appointed BILLIARD ROOM containing a Splendid Allock's Table and Complete Set of Balls and Cues of the best Manufacture" 30.

Carr was still the owner of the hotel until his death in February188831 . In his will he had bequeathed his estate to his Trustees with the provision that they manage the property for ten years after his death as a means of income for his wife and family32. Nine months after his death. his wife ~ebecca married one of the Executors of the estate, Thomas Howes. It created certain legal difficulties but ultimately Rebecca and her new husband continued to manage the property for the next decade. In 1889 a new publican was appointed, Samuel R. Horwood33.

23 LTO, os Book 151 Folio 709 24 Sands and Kenney, Directory for Sydney and Suburbs: Parramatta 1884 25 L TO, OS Book 151 Folio 713. Book 162 Folio 203, Book 365 Folio 203 26 L TO. OS Book 365 Folio 203 27 The General Bourke Hotel, RAHS Foster Collection 10:56 28 Sands and Kenney, Directory for Sydney and Suburbs: Parramatta 1885 29 Ibid. 1886 30 Fullers County of Cumberland Year Book 1886: following 160 31 L TO, Application Packet 21523 32 Letter McNammarra and Smith Solicitors to Reg. General 14 December 1923: Application Packet 21523 33 Sands and Kenney, Directory for Sydney and Suburbs: Parramatta 1889



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3.5 New Directions

The new owners appear to have undertaken an extensive programme of renovation and additions to the original 1839 hotel in 1889/90. The 1890 directory listings indicate occupants of a building behind the hotel and this is shown on surveys of both 1892 and 1894. There is no listing prior to 1890 so it could be assumed that the work was carried out in 1889/90. It appears that the owners had decided to maximise a return on what had been apparently vacant land behind the hotel.

The 1894 survey shows that this work left the main hotel largely untouched but removed some of the 1850s out-buildings. A single structure, or possibly two with a common wall and both brick-built, occupied the southern boundary in place of the timber stables34

. In the space between the hotel and this building and slightly back from the hotel were two WCs, one brick and the other wooden35

. A new publican, T. Scanlon, was installed at the hotel.

The large new building behind the hotel occupied land between it and Wentworth Street (Anderson Street) on the north-eastern corner. It was a very large wooden structure with a verandah. Close to this structure was a well, likely to have been part of the original hotel construction, and on the north-western boundary was a wooden WC36

. This precinct was divided from the hotel by a fence and there was a second yard division within this part of the property. The Directory listings for 1890 recorded that Edward Anderson, Agent, and W. Longshaw occupied the new building. This and subsequent listings suggest that the new building was a house, probably a boarding house37

.

In October 1898, ten years after James Carr's death the Trustees sold the property to the former Mrs Carr and her new husband for £83538

. Two new publicans managed the hotel, Edgar Richardson and Sydney Howes. The building behind the hotel was occupied by a variety of tenants including a fruiterer and an engine driver39

.

The Howes retained the property until 1919. Members of the Howes family served as publicans until 1906. In that year Matthew Bolton took over and he remained in charge until 1914. Ruth Howes returned to manage the hotel in 1915 and 1916 and then James Murdoch was installed until the property was sold in 19194°. It is likely that during this period the old wooden house and its out-buildings on Anderson Street were demolished; they do not appear on a survey of the property in 192341

. It is also likely that the first sewerage and mains water was laid to the site in this period. The main sewer line passes north-south through the site behind the main hotel.

34 Sydney Water, Survey 1892 Plan FB 2157/3 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid, 37 Sands and Kenney, City and Suburban Directory: Parramatta 1890 38 Application Packet 21305 39 Sands and Kenney, Ibid: 1891-1898 40 Sands and Kenney, Ibid: 1898 - 1919 41 Plan ofLot 32 Section 2 Wentworth Estate 1923, Primary Application Packet 21523


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Survey of the site in 1892 (Source: Sydney Water Archives PWD 2157 -21J)

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Archaeological Assessment: PJ Gallagher's Hotel Parramatta December 2002

3.6 Tooth and Co. Ltd

Rebecca Howes sold the property for £2400 to Tooth and Co. Ltd in 1919.42

. It was independently valued at £275043

. Tooths retained the old hotel for some years with G.G. Pearson serving as publican44

. The last survey of the property made before the old hotel was demolished shows that, apart from the residential building on Anderson Street that had been demolished prior to 1923, the hotel remained much as it was recorded in the 1890s with the exception of a few minor additions at the back of the wing on Junction Street45

.

In 1923 the company had the site revalued and in the following year plans were drawn up for a new hotel to replace the old General Bourke. This hotel was demolished soon afterwards.

The architects for the new hotel were Provost Lynnot and Duvald. Their plans for the new building and associated garage show how closely the current building retains the original design at the Church Street frontage. The new hotel encompassed the entire site of the earlier structure although most of the outbuildings and yard spaces appear to have simply been cleared46

. The first publican for the new hotel was J.M. Monoghan47

.

In the following years Tooth's leased the premises to a number of publicans. The only documented alternations in the pre-war period occurred in 1938 when changes were made inside the hotel to the bottle department. The architects were Provost and Anchor48

•

The property has changed hands several times since then. Some significant alterations were made in the 1990s principally the construction of a new bistro behind the main hotel building.

42 L TO. Primary Application 25123 and Application Packet 21523 43 Application Packet 21523 44 Sands and Kenney. Ibid: 1919-1924 45 Plan of Lot 32 Section 2 of the Wentworth Estate 1923. Application Packet 21523 46 SAONSW AO Plans 71609 - 71615 47 Sands and Kenney. !.!;lli;!: 1924 48 SAONSW AO Plan 71607

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------------------------------------------- -----



SECTION 4.0

THE RESOURCE

4.1 Topography

The site is relatively level although there is a slight slope from east to west. The land is approximately 0.5 metres above street level. This suggests that there has been no substantial excavation or levelling programme across the place. There is no visible evidence of underlying archaeological features or structures anywhere within it.

4.2 Structures

The principal building on the site is the two-storey hotel constructed on the Church Street frontage for Tooth and Co. in 1924. There are a few minor additions to it and a substantial addition to the western side. A bistro as well as new stores and other services were built here in the early 1990s. There is an open courtyard space between the older hotel and this addition.

View of the southern side of the hotel with the slope from west to east


I I I I I I I Where

,I



4.3 Open Space and Services

The study area encompasses several open spaces. The southern boundary is largely unoccupied and used for car parking. There is a small sub-station in the south-eastern corner surrounded by some landscaping. The eastern boundary to Anderson Street is also largely unoccupied and used for car parking. There is the open space between the older hotel and its addition described in Section 4.2.

The principal sewer main runs north-south through the site behind the old hotel and partly under the 1990s addition. The sewerage diagram shows several other lesser lines within the site close the buildings. Evidence for the position of gas and telecommunications has not been found to date.

SEWER AVAILABLE th .. uw"r I.' n~~ Qyoi/gbl. and a Ip.~lal In,pllctlon 1I Involv.d the Board ace.pts no ruponlibiliry

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View of the boundary on Anderson Street showing the 1992 addition and open space along here and the southern bounday




4.4 Geo-technical Evidence

A geo-technical assessment was made of the condition of the site in 1990. No bores were sunk; the assessment depended on available data and local knowledge. It was noted that the site is located in undulating terrain drained by Cliff Creek. This creek is now contained in a channel that runs underground down Anderson Street and through Junction Street. Filling in the immediate vicinity of this channel has been noted to a depth of 1.6 metres. It was concluded that the general profile of the site, extrapolated from several investigations in the vicinity would be:

•

• •

Uncontrolled fill as part of general levelling in the past

Medium to high plasticity clay Shaley clay/shale49

.

4.5 Archaeological Sampling

A small programme of archaeological monitoring was undertaken during the construction of the bistro behind the hotel in 1992. The strip footings for this building were shallow and the work only revealed evidence of fill 5o•

4.6 Site Formation

These are the processes, conditions and uses that are likely to have influenced the formation of the study area:

/

• The study area in the pre-and early settlement period vIas forested and this is likely to have been removed during the first ten years of the nineteenth century.

• The study area may have been part of an early -nineteenth century garden or orchard.

•

•

•

•

The earliest evidence of construction dates to the 1830s. This was a stone-built hotel on the Church Street frontage that survived with additions until 1924. Some site levelling may have been associated with this period of construction.

There were substantial additions made to the hotel by the later 1850s on both the northern and southern sides and, probably, across the back. These survived largely intact until 1924.

A long wooden stables building was constructed on the southern boundary between the 1830s and 1850s. It was removed before the end of the nineteenth century and the site was partly redeveloped.

A well in the north-eastern part of the site is likely to have been constructed in the 1830s or 1830s-1850s.

49 W.J. Scott and Associates, Geotechnical Assessment for Proposed Additions to the General Bourke Hotel in Church Street Parramatta. 50 W.Thorp, Report of Archaeological Monitoring General Bourke Hotel

Cultural Resources Management for Paynter Dixon Constructions pty Ltd Page 17



•

•

•

•

•

• •

•

•

•

In1888/89 a large wooden house was constructed in the north-eastern corner of the site. It had timber yard fences associated with it and a wooden WC on the southern boundary.

The timber stables on the southern boundary were demolished in 1889/90 or before (more likely before) and a brick building (or two conjoined buildings) was built over part of this site.

There were two WCs, one brick and one wooden in the yard behind the hotel.

The wooden house and its associated features were demolished between 1894 and 1924.

Sewer mains and town water was probably laid to the site in the same period

All of the old hotel buildings were demolished in 1924. A new two-storey hotel was built on the site of the older hotel completely subsuming that site except for part of the northern wing. It is likely that some or all of the foundations of this older building were left within the site and largely covered by the new construction.

A garage was built partly over the site of the older stables on the southern boundary

An addition to the hotel was made in 1990 that is built largely over the site of what remained of the 1850s northern wing.

Landscaping and a sub-station have been added to tl}e south-western corner of the site in the 1990s.

4.6 Archaeological Profile

On the basis of the evidence provided by archival sources it has been concluded that the potential sub-surface archaeological resource of this site is likely to be characterised as follows:

• Same evidence may remain of the pre-existing environment in the form of residual soils and micro-flora. This is likely to have been largely removed by the initial site clearance of the nineteenth century but, more particularly, through the impact of subsequent periods of construction. This would also be true of evidence of introduced species associated with garden development. However, small pockets of this evidence may remain in the less developed parts of the site, particularly the south-western areas.

•

•

•

Evidence of the original 1830s hotel may lie under the present hotel.

The well that may have been associated with that first hotel is likely to be preserved, although filled, on the eastern portion of the site.

Any extant evidence of the 1850s additions to the original hotel is likely to lie under the present hotel and the 1990 addition.




•

•

•

Some evidence of the wooden stables may remain in the sub-profile on the southern boundary.

More evidence of the later nineteenth century brick-out-building on this boundary is likely to be preserved here.

Evidence of the wooden house on Anderson Street is likely to be contained in the sub-profile.

• Evidence of three w.es. in the form of drop shafts is likely to be found in the car park areas on the southern portion of the site.

• Undocumented features such as nineteenth century drainage, surface preparations and artefact assemblages may be contained within the site.

• There will be substantial disturbance caused by the introduction of sewerage, water, gas and other services.

Generally, the site will contain an archaeological resource that largely dates from the later nineteenth century although some earlier elements such as the well will remain in accessible areas. The later features are recorded by means of several site surveys. Undocumented features such as artefact assemblages or landscape elements are possible. Most of the profile will have experienced some disturbance from several periods of demolition, clean-up and reconstruction.

The northern side of the hotel that lies over part of the Original hotel and its mid-nineteenth century additions.




SECTION 5.0

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

5.1 Evaluation Criteria

"Heritage significance", "cultural significance" and "cultural value" are all terms used to describe an item's value or importance to our own society. This value may be contained in the fabric of the item, its setting and relationship to other items, the response that the item stimulates in those who value it now and in the historical records which allow us to understand it in its own context. An assessment of what is significant is not static. Significance may increase as more is learnt about the past and as items become rare, endangered or are found to document and illustrate aspects that have acquired a new recognition of importance.

Determining cultural value is at the basis of all planning for places of historic value. A clear determination of significance permits informed decisions for future planning that will ensure that the expressions of significance are retained, enhanced or at1east are minimally impacted upon. A clear understanding of the nature and degree of significance will determine the parameters for and flexibility of any development.

An analysis of archival evidence provides the context for assessing significance. This analysis is presented in Section 3.0. An assessment of significance is made by applying standard evaluation criteria to what is known of the item's development and associations. These criteria are divided into two categories:

• Nature of Significance

• Comparative Significance

The four basic criteria used to assess the nature of an item's significance, for what reason it is significant, are those of Evolution and Associations (Historic), Creative and Technical Accomplishment (Aesthetic), Community Esteem (Social) and Research Potential (Scientific). Comparative significance, or the degree to which an item is significant, is assessed according to its value as a rare or representative element.

Items have value if they meet at least one of the nature of significance criteria and are good examples of either of the comparative criteria.




5.2 Assessment of Significance

5.2.1 Existing Assessments

An assessment of significance for the archaeological resource was made in 1990 although it did not at that time have the standard criteria now used for assessment as a template. In that assessment it was concluded that the potential archaeological resource had significance for the following reasons:

• It had associations with important figures in local and colonial history including the Wentworth family and Andrew Pay ten

• It was unusual in that it remained in continuous use as a hotel for over 160 years

•

•

•

It had the potential to provide evidence for the development and use of the site not generally available through other means

It had the potential to provide more general evidence for the development of the town in the nineteenth century

It had the potential for providing evidence for the development of a particular trade over a long period51

.

It was noted, at the time, that archaeological investigation in Parramatta had largely been devoted to investigating and documenting early nineteenth century history and, particularly, sites associated with convict occupation. Only one hotel site, the Babes in the Wood, had been investigated to any substantial degree.

The general conclusions of this assessment remain true, however, in the intervening years a more comprehensive profile of investigation has been made in Parramatta and the relative values of disturbed profiles have been more thoroughly evaluated for their potential contribution to site specific and urban history. This has implications for the assessment of this site.

5.2.2 Historic Associations

The principal association of this site is its exceptional history of continuous use for the hotel trade. This association is secured by the ongoing use for the same purpose. There is likely to be an archaeological resource contained within the study area that contributes to this association but it is likely to be. While this archaeological evidence can provide a means of demonstrating the long association of the site with this use it is a contributory factor rather than the principal means of doing so.

5.2.3 Scientific/Research Potential

The evidence that may be found on this site could provide more specific evidence for the form, use and development of the site, although its ability to do so is likely to be compromised by the fragmentary nature of much of the material. It is likely to primarily provide conformation and substance for the existing evidence provided by nineteenth century surveys of the hotel. This is particularly true of what is likely to be the most intact archaeological material on the site, the wooden boarding house on Anderson

51 W. Thorp, Op Cit: 19


I I I I I I



Street. Investigation of the site is likely to provide substance for what is now available from primary sources but is unlikely to reveal more than that source of information.

5.2.4 Degree of Significance

Archaeological evidence recorded on this site would have medium - low cultural significance.

5.3 Statement of Significance

This site has high cultural significance through its historical role as a still functioning hotel that has served Parramatta for over 160 years. It was and is a well-known landmark. The archaeological resource retained within the site is likely to primarily provide conformation and substance for the evidence contained in nineteenth century surveys of the hotel. This is particularly true of what is likely to be the most intact archaeological material on the site, the wooden boarding house on Anderson Street. Investigation of the site is likely to reveal little more that is now available from primary sources although some details of occupation and site management could be revealed by the documentation of features such as artefact assemblages.

The site is assessed to have low-medium local significance as a scientific/research resource.

It is noted that the Parramatta Historic Archaeology and Landscape Study concluded that the site had moderate local archaeological significance with the potential to contribute to twenty-two themes including Labour, Consumption and PUbS52

.

52 Godden Mackay Logan, PHALMS AMU 3246




SECTION 6.0

MANAGEMENT

6.1 The Development Proposal

The development proposal encompasses external and internal works to the existing hotel. The internal work will have no impact on archaeological resources. The only works that may have an impact on sub-surface resources are a proposed extension to the existing hotel in the south-western part of the site and a new deck constructed between the hotel and the bistro. The building extension will house toilets, a security office and back of house services as well as a new entrance lobby. The deck will rationalise several levels that new exist between the two buildings to one single level.

Specifically the work for the extension to the hotel entails:

• Pad footings for a suspended concrete slab, each 600x600x400mm deep

• A strip footing for a retaining wall 450mm wide x 450mm deep

• Strip footings to the fa9ade and internal walls 600mm wide x 550mm deep.

The work for the new deck entails:

• Pad footings for the deck 450x450x350mm deep

• Strip footing for a retaining wall 450x450mm

• Strip footing to support a stair 600mm wide x 550mm deep.

These works are shown on the attached plans.


I

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STAIRS IN YELLOW PROPOSED NEW STAIRS TO FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

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MALE & FEMALE TOILETS, SECURITY OFFICE &

BACK OF HOUSE SERVICES.

APPROXIMATE LINE OF EXISTING SUB MAINS CABLE NEW STEP ENTRANCE

& DISABLED RAMP

PROPOSED GROUND FLOOR LAYOUT

r-----------------, : EXISTING CAR : : PARK SPACES : I I

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AREA OUTLINED IN RED: NEW DECK TO EXISTING COURTYARD

r----------~ .. ~ EXISTING CANOPY TO I I BE REMOVED L __________ J

PROPOSED LINE OF ENCLOSURE TO GROUND FLOOR BISTRO

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NOTES:

WAllS TO BISTRO TO BE REMOVED ARE SHOWN DASHED.

WAllS TO GENTS TOIlET IN GAMING ROOM TO BE REMOVED SHOWN DASHED

MOOIFICATIONS TO PlANNING APPROVAl GRANTED 27.11.00

D MOOIFICATIONS TO EXISTING BUILDING

EXTENSION TO EXISTING BUIlDING

Z L-________________ ~

INSTALL NEW BAR AND PIZZA OVEN TO GROUND FLOOR BISTRO

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6.2 Impact Assessment

The excavation required for the construction of new works may lead to the exposure of relics. In the case of the deck some evidence of the wooden boarding house on Anderson Street may be revealed by the work. I n the case of the extension to the hotel some evidence of the stables on the southern boundary is the most likely relic that may be revealed by the excavations.

However, all of the areas have been disturbed to varying degrees in the past and the new work is largely confined to pad and strip footings of reasonably confined areas. The likelihood of revealing substantial and significant relics is low.

View west

\

View east

The south-western portion of the site where the new extension is to be made


I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

A rr'h:> p"!I",, ,,,:> I Assessment: PJ Gallagher's Hotel Parramatta December 2002

Views inside the bistro showing the several levels to be addressed by the new deck


I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Archaeological Assessment: PJ Galiagher's Hotel Parramatta December 2002

6.3 Statutory Considerations

6.3.1 Sydney Regional Environmental Plan No. 28 - Parramatta

There are several clauses in this instrument that require consideration of archaeological relics. Generally Part 9 Section 42(e) states that one of the principal heritage objectives of the region is to ensure that archaeological sites and potential archaeological sites are conserved.

In particular Part 3, Section 23(2f) states that development consent will necessitate the proponent of the development to give regard to the likelihood of disturbing relics.

Part 9 Section 43(d) states that development will require development consent where there is the potential to discover, expose, remove, damage or destroy a relic. In giving this consent the authority must consider whether the development will adversely affect archaeological relics (Section 45, 2a(iv)).

Part 9 Section 51 (1,2) specifically refers to the development of archaeological sites or potential archaeological sites. It requires a heritage impact statement explaining how the proposed development would affect relics contained within it.

This report fulfils these requirements to assess the impact of work that may disturb archaeological relics.

6.3.2 NSW Heritage Act

The principal state statutory requirement with respect to archaeological relics is contained in the NSW Heritage Act. When the potential for the retention of "relics", as these are defined by the Act, is identified for a site a number of legislative requirements are made of its owners/managers who will be responsible for the disturbance of that archaeological resource. The Act requires that an Excavation Permit be sought from the Heritage Council of NSW.

An application for a Permit is made through the Heritage Office of NSW. It may take twenty-eight days to process and it requires a small fee. No excavation of any kind may take place on the site until the applicant is notified of the permit's approval.

Aboriginal relics are afforded protection by the National Parks and Wildlife Act. The identification at any time during the excavation of this site of Aboriginal relics will require notification to be made to the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The relics must be made safe and retained in situ until advice for their proper management is provided by the NPWS. The site is highly unlikely to contain relics of Aboriginal occupation.


I I I 1 I 1 !I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I


6.4 Management Procedures for the Archaeological Resource

6.4.1 Application for an Excavation Permit

This assessment has identified the potential for archaeological relics to be revealed and disturbed by the proposed development of this site although these are likely to be of low cultural significance. Application for a Section 140 Excavation Permit prior to the commencement of any site works will be a requirement for this site. The application:

•

•

•

must nominate an archaeologist who will be responsible for the investigation and documentation of significant archaeological evidence

provide a document called a "research design", essentially a specification of works, which describes how the archaeological investigation will be carried out and the issues to be addressed by it

identify a permanent repository for artefacts which may be obtained from the site and for the records which are generated by the archaeological investigation.

6.4.2 Archaeological Investigation and Documentation

This assessment has concluded that, although the site is likely to contain sub-surface features that are encompassed by the definition of "relics" contained within the Heritage Act, although the impact is likely to be minimal, the evidence of low significance possibly adding little to that already available through primary archival sources.

For this reason it is recommended that the permit application propose monitoring with an option for no further work if the profiles revealed are sterile or too disturbed for useful interpretation.

Sign-off of an excavation permit is made with the presentation of a report that documents any site work and its interpretation. Copies are to be made available to the Heritage Office of NSW and Parramatta City Council and a copy is to be lodged with any artefacts that may be conserved from the site.

6.4.3 Artefacts

It is a condition of the Excavation Permit that the owners of the site assume responsibility for the professional curation of artefacts that may be retrieved from the site during the course of its investigation. Artefacts, like the report generated from the investigation, generally are the only evidence that remains after the site has been redeveloped unless elements such as wells or foundations are retained in situ as interpretive elements.

The permit requires that artefacts are cleaned, catalogued, boxed and provided with a permanent repository. The repository may be on site, it may be in a commercial storage area or it may be offered to a public authority such as a Museum. It is highly unlikely that the latter would take a collection. The repository must be specified in the application for a permit and the arrangements for access to the collection must be made clear.


I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I


SECTION 7.0

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7.1 Books and Reports

Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell Taken for Granted the Bushland of Sydney and Its Suburbs Kangaroo Press. 1995.

Mike George Planning Pty Ltd Statement of Environmental Effects Proposed Alterations and Additions to EXisting Hotel Corner Parkes and Church Streets Parramatta. 2002.

Godden Mackay Logan Parramatta Historical Archaeology Landscape Study NSW Heritage Office 2002

Edward Higginbotham The Future of Parramatta's Past A Zoning Plan for Parramatta 1788 - 1844 Department of Planning. 1987

James Jervis The Cradle City of Australia A History of Parramatta 1788-1961. Council of the City of Parramatta. 1961

Terry Kass, Carol Liston and John McClymont Parramatta A Past Revealed Parramatta City Council. 1996.

Tim McCormick First Views of Australia 1788 - 1825 A History of Early Sydney David Ell Press. 1987.

Frances Pollen Parramatta The Cradle City of Australia Council of City of Parramatta. 1983.

W.J. Scott and Associates Pty Ltd Geotechnical Assessment for Proposed Additions to the General Bourke Hotel in Church Street Parramatta Kellie and Associates. 1990

Wendy Thorp Archaeological Assessment General Bourke Hotel Kellie and Associates. 1990.

Wendy Thorp Archaeological Monitoring General Bourke Hotel Kellie and Associates. 1992.


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Archaeological Assessment: PJ Gallagher's Hotel Parramatta

7.2 Property Records

Land Titles Office NSW Certificates of Title:

Land Titles Office NSW:

December 2002

Old Systems: Book 3681:249,73:967,151:709,151:713,162:203,365:203

Land Titles Office NSW Primary Application: 25123 Primary Application Packet: 25123

Land Titles Office NSW Computer Folio 10/732105

7.3 Miscellaneous Records

SRONSW: Index to Publicans Licences

Sands and Kenney City and Suburban Street Directory 1858 - 1932: Parramatta

Fullers County of Cumberland Year Book 1866

7.4 Maps and Plans

Plan of the Town of Parramatta c. 1792 ML Bonwick Transcripts Box 36

Plan of the Town of Parramatta 1813 ML M2 811.130/1813/1

Survey of Parramatta 1823 SRONSW AO Map 4907

William Brownrigg Plan of the Town of Parramatta and Environs: 1844 ML M3 811/1301/1844/1

Parish of St John (NO) SRONSW AO Map 278

State Rail GWR Extension Parramatta to Penrith Proclamation Plan Part 1, Sheet 1 1858 SRONSW

Sydney Water Site Survey 1892 FB 2157/2/3

Sydney Water Sewer Detail Sheet (Blackwattle) 2709


I I


I NSW Department of Lands MetroQolitan Detail Series Parramatta Sheet 1895-8 ML M Ser4 811/1301/1

I Plans of New General Bourke Hotel SRONSW AO Plans 71609 - 71615

I Plan of Lot 32 Section2 Wentworth Estate 1923 Primary AQQlication Packet 21523

I 7.5 Images

I The General Bourke Hotel: J.W.Carr Royal Australian Historical Society Foster Collection 10:56

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Cultural Resources Management for Paynter I?ixon Constructions Pty Ud Page 30

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