addressing the analytical hurdles associated with artemisia annua extracts josh l pilkington, chris...
TRANSCRIPT
Addressing the analytical hurdles associated with Artemisia annua
extracts
Josh L Pilkington, Chris Preston and Rachel L Gomes
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD
Malaria 247 million cases in 2008
Almost one million deaths annually
Concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa
Artemisinin Precursor to Artemisinin-based Combination
Therapies (ACTs), considered the most effectivetreatment against Plasmodium falciparum1
Primarily obtained through solvent extraction from the leaves of Artemisia annua, grown in temperate climates
Total synthesis is possible but prohibitively expensive
Production (Africa and Asia) requires improvements in efficiency (currently 50-60%) and cost-effectiveness
1 WHO (2011) Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance Containment [online] http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/artemisinin_resistance_containment_2011.pdf [accessed 11/07/2011]
Artemisinin Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction ConcentrationSolvent decantedCrystals harvested(Crude artemisinin)
Purification through multiple ethanol re-crystallisations
Artemisinin Detection In order to assess the efficiency of each processing stage, robust
analytical techniques are required to determine the relationship between processing parameters and overall processing efficiency
Most methods in the literature only analyse high purity artemisinin and are unsuited to earlier processing stages
Analytical techniques involving LC-MS or NMR require capital investments or expertise that are not available to producers
Liquid Chromatography (LC) HPLC-UV is likely to demonstrate the most favourable balance
between equipment cost, simplicity of operation and accuracy
Lapkin et al.[2] recently undertook a substantial investigation into various different HPLC methods:
-Compared various detection methods- Analysed extracts produced with different solvents- Concluded that HPLC-UV was not suitable for A. annua extracts
due to the high presence of impurities.
2 Lapkin, A. A., Walker, A., Sullivan, N., Khambay, B., Mlambo, B., Chemat, S. (2009) Development of HPLC analytical protocols for quantification of artemisinin in biomass and extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 49, 908-915.
Aims and Objectives Develop a functional HPLC-UV analytical method to analyse the
artemisinin content of crude A. annua extracts
-Identify problems with Lapkin method-Overcome difficulties with impurities
- Evaluate against a range of extraction solvents
Utilise the HPLC-UV method to compare the extraction efficiency of artemisinin using different solvents
- Inform on optimum processing conditions
Producing Extracts Followed the procedure detailed in the recent
publication by Lapkin et al.[2]
Static, 4 hour extractions of 10g of leaf with 100ml solvent (ethyl acetate, hexane, ethanol and a 95:5 hexane:ethyl acetate mixture) in triplicate
An additional, agitated extraction with ethyl acetate was performed for comparison
Extracts strained through muslin fabric to separate leaves from extract (miscella) before vacuum filtration
2 Lapkin, A. A., Walker, A., Sullivan, N., Khambay, B., Mlambo, B., Chemat, S. (2009) Development of HPLC analytical protocols for quantification of artemisinin in biomass and extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 49, 908-915.
Repeating Lapkin Method Co-elution of artemisinin and impurities was
observed for all but the ethanol extracts
Greater separation of impurities from artemisinin required for quantification
New HPLC-UV Method New method has a longer duration
but provides good separation of artemisinin from impurities
Limit of Quantification (LOQ) at λ=210nm was found to be 12μg/ml
Extract concentrations were between 430 and 920μg/ml depending on the extraction solvent, so artemisinin could be readily quantified
Observation To analyse the artemisinin content of an extract, the extraction solvent
(e.g. hexane) is usually evaporated off to leave a dry residue
The residue is then re-dissolved into another solvent (often acetonitrile) to be analysed by HPLC. This is sample reconstitution
During sample reconstitution, it was observed that most of the residue remains in the vial. Any solid residue remaining after reconstitution cannot be detected
Could artemisinin remain trapped inside the residue after reconstitution? This would lead to an underestimate of the actual artemisinin content of the extract
Extract ReconstitutionAliquots of each extract were evaporated to dryness and the residue weight recorded.
Four methods of reconstitution in acetonitrile were then undertaken:
1. Thirty seconds on vortex (2800rpm)
2. Ten minutes mixing (350rpm)
3. Thirty minutes mixing
4. Twenty four hours mixing1 2 3 4
Results: Effect of reconstitution method
30 Sec Vortex 10 Min Mixing 30 Min Mixing 24 Hour Mixing0
2
4
6
8
10
12Ethyl Acetate (Mixed)
Ethyl Acetate (Static)
Hexane-Ethyl Acetate (95:5, v/v)
Hexane
Ethanol
Method of Reconstitution
Tota
l Art
emisi
nin
Dete
cted
in E
xtra
ct
Resid
ue(m
g)
Summary: Effect of reconstitution method Increasing the duration of reconstitution increased the total
amount of detectable artemisinin in all extract residues
The impurity profile of extracts is also affected by reconstitution duration
The amount of artemisinin reconstituted after 24 hours is the same as after 48 hours, indicating the maximum amount of artemisinin attainable has been achieved
Results: Effect of reconstitution method
30 Sec Vortex 10 Min Mixing 30 Min Mixing 24 Hour Mixing0
2
4
6
8
10
12Ethyl Acetate (Mixed)
Ethyl Acetate (Static)
Hexane-Ethyl Acetate (95:5, v/v)
Hexane
Ethanol
Method of Reconstitution
Tota
l Art
emisi
nin
Dete
cted
in E
xtra
ct
Resid
ue(m
g)
Hypothesis - MechanismFor 30 seconds of reconstitution, acetonitrile is only able to contact artemisinin contained on the surface of the extract residue
Extract Residue
Reconstituted
Acetonitrile
KEY
TRIPLICATE VIALS
Hypothesis - MechanismFor intermediate reconstitution durations (10 and 30 minutes), the penetration of acetonitrile into wax is variable.
Extract Residue
Reconstituted
Acetonitrile
KEY
TRIPLICATE VIALS
Application: Scaling factors Possible to correlate the amount reconstituted in 30 seconds to
that reconstituted in 24 hours with scaling factors
Can be predicted to a precision of ~3% for the commonly encountered extraction solvents
Leaf Extraction Solvent Scaling Factor CV (%)
Ethyl Acetate (Mixed) 5.77 8.69
Ethyl Acetate (Static) 2.35 9.40
Hexane-Ethyl Acetate (95:5, v/v) 3.44 3.26
Hexane 2.43 3.14
Ethanol 1.46 3.08
Application: Solvent Selectivity Ethanol showed the highest selectivity for artemisinin and had
the greatest extraction extent under the conditions investigated
Leaf Extraction Solvent Extract Artemisinin Purity Total Artemisinin Extracted
Mean (wt%) CV (%) Mean (mg) CV (%)
Ethanol 16.91 0.74 10.34 0.08
Ethyl acetate (no mixing) 12.66 1.86 7.34 0.43
95:5 hexane:ethyl acetate 11.29 1.32 6.90 0.09
Ethyl acetate (mixing) 10.71 4.24 9.32 0.27
Hexane 9.82 1.10 6.00 0.07
Conclusions Waxy extract residues provide a barrier that hinders artemisinin re-
solubilisation. This has a critical impact on the detected amount of artemisinin and could lead to large underestimates- Literature needs to clarify method and duration of reconstitution for
clarity and repeatability- Industry needs set reconstitution procedures
Scaling factors can be used as a method to reduce long reconstitution times
Ethanol was found to be the optimal extraction solvent in terms of total artemisinin extracted and purity of the extract under the conditions investigated
Further Work Investigate more thoroughly the use of ethanol as an extraction
solvent and develop methods to purify extracts efficiently
Examine improved methods of overcoming the extended reconstitution times
Examine whether similar effects are observed during column chromatography for purification. Waxy residues are observed to form on the surface of the solid phase
Acknowledgements:Dr Chris Preston, Bio Project Consulting Ltd
Dr Rachel L Gomes, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham
Afro Alpine Pharma Ltd, Kabale, Uganda
More Information:Pilkington, J. L., Preston, C. and Gomes, R. L. (2012) The impact of
impurities in various crude A. annua extracts on the analysis of artemisinin by liquid chromatographic methods. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. Article in Press.